Comparative growth and development of the metacercariae of Fibricola seoulensis (Trematoda: Diplostomidae) in vitro, in vivo and on the chick chorioallantois

Fasciola spp. liver fluke have significant impacts in veterinary and human medicine. The absence of a vaccine and increasing anthelmintic resistance threaten sustainable control and underscore the need for novel flukicides. Functional genomic approaches underpinned by in vitro culture of juvenile Fasciola hepatica facilitate control target validation in the most pathogenic life stage. Comparative transcriptomics of in vitro and in vivo maintained 21 day old F. hepatica finds that 86% of genes are expressed at similar levels across maintenance treatments suggesting commonality in core biological functioning within these juveniles. Phenotypic comparisons revealed higher cell proliferation and growth rates in the in vivo juveniles compared to their in vitro counterparts. These phenotypic differences were consistent with the upregulation of neoblast-like stem cell and cell-cycle associated genes in in vivo maintained worms. The more rapid growth/development of in vivo juveniles was further evidenced by a switch in cathepsin protease expression profiles, dominated by cathepsin B in in vitro juveniles and then by cathepsin L in in vivo juveniles. Coincident with more rapid growth/development was the marked downregulation of both classical and peptidergic neuronal signalling components in in vivo maintained juveniles, supporting a role for the nervous system in regulating liver fluke growth and development. Differences in the miRNA complements of in vivo and in vitro juveniles identified 31 differentially expressed miRNAs, notably fhe-let-7a-5p , fhe-mir-124-3p and, miRNAs predicted to target Wnt-signalling, supporting a key role for miRNAs in driving the growth/developmental differences in the in vitro and in vivo maintained juvenile liver fluke. Widespread differences in the expression of neuronal genes in juvenile fluke grown in vitro and in vivo expose significant interplay between neuronal signalling and the rate of growth/development, encouraging consideration of neuronal targets in efforts to dysregulate growth/development for parasite control.

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Recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor stimulates thrombocytopoiesis in normal nonhuman primates

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v86.1.54.bloodjournal86154 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 54-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 145

Author(s):

AM Farese ◽

P Hunt ◽

T Boone ◽

TJ MacVittie

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Nonhuman Primates ◽

Normal Male ◽

Platelet Counts ◽

Development Factor ◽

Development In Vitro

Megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) is a novel cytokine that binds to the c-mpl receptor and stimulates megakaryocyte development in vitro and in vivo. This report describes the ability of recombinant human (r-Hu) MGDF to affect megakaryocytopoiesis in normal nonhuman primates. r-HuMGDF was administered subcutaneously to normal, male rhesus monkeys once per day for 10 consecutive days at dosages of 2.5, 25, or 250 micrograms/kg of body weight. Bone marrow and peripheral blood were assayed for clonogenic activity and peripheral blood counts were monitored. Circulating platelet counts increased significantly (P < .05) for all doses within 6 days of r-HuMGDF administration and reached maximal levels between day 12 and day 14 postcytokine administration. The 2.5, 25.0, and 250.0 micrograms/kg/d doses elicited peak mean platelet counts that were 592%, 670%, and 449% of baseline, respectively. Bone marrow-derived clonogenic data showed significant increases in the concentration of megakaryocyte (MEG)- colony-forming unit (CFU) and granulocyte-erythroid-macrophage- megakaryocyte (GEMM)-CFU, whereas that of granulocyte-macrophage (GM)- CFU and burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-e) remained unchanged during the administration of r-HuMGDF. These data show that r-HuMGDF is a potent stimulator of thrombocytopoiesis in the normal nonhuman primate.

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Platelets Exposed to Elevated Levels of Endogenous Thrombopoietin In Vivo Have a Reduced Response to Megakaryocyte Growth and Development Factor In Vitro

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1612918 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (01) ◽

pp. 152-159 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Uichi Nishiyama ◽

Haruhiko Morita ◽

Yoshifumi Torii ◽

Tomoaki Kuwaki ◽

Eiko Shimizu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Platelet Reactivity ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Human Platelets ◽

Janus Kinase ◽

Intravenous Injections ◽

Development Factor ◽

Lower Reactivity

SummaryThrombopoietin (TPO), or megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF), has been shown to potentiate the sensitivity of normal human platelets to various agonists in vitro. The present study investigated the functional and biochemical properties of platelets from mice rendered thrombocytopenic by sublethal irradiation with regard to the reactivity to recombinant murine MGDF (rmMGDF) in vitro. During the course of reversible thrombocytopenia following irradiation, platelets from irradiated mice which had lower platelet counts and reciprocally higher plasma TPO levels showed lower reactivity to rmMGDF in agonist-induced platelet aggregation. Intravenous injections of recombinant soluble murine c-Mpl (sMpl), which has the ability to capture TPO, after irradiation restored the reactivity of platelets at the platelet nadir to rmMGDF. On the other hand, platelets prepared from normal mice 3 h after a single intravenous injection of pegylated rmMGDF did not respond to rmMGDF. There was a marked decrease in c-Mpl and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) in platelets from irradiated mice at the platelet nadir. Similar results were observed with platelets from mice administered pegylated rmMGDF. JAK2 was only moderately decreased, however, in platelets from mice given sMpl after irradiation. These results indicate that exposure of platelets to increased endogenous TPO levels in vivo in thrombocytopenic mice leads to a reduction in the platelet reactivity to rmMGDF in vitro. Further, these results suggest that the c-Mpl-mediated signaling pathway, which is essential for the priming effect of rmMGDF, is defective in thrombocytopenic murine platelets.

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Pegylated megakaryocyte growth and development factor abrogates the lethal thrombocytopenia associated with carboplatin and irradiation in mice

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v86.12.4486.bloodjournal86124486 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 86 (12) ◽

pp. 4486-4492 ◽

Cited By ~ 132

Author(s):

MM Hokom ◽

D Lacey ◽

OB Kinstler ◽

E Choi ◽

S Kaufman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor ◽

Potent Inducer ◽

Development Factor ◽

Internal Bleeding ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Stimulating Factor ◽

Sublethal Irradiation

Megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) is a potent inducer of megakaryopoiesis in vitro and thrombopoiesis in vivo. The effects of MGDF appear to be lineage-selective, making this cytokine an ideal candidate for use in alleviating clinically relevant thrombocytopenias. This report describes a murine model of life-threatening thrombocytopenia that results from the combination treatment of carboplatin and sublethal irradiation. Mortality of this regimen is 94% and is associated with widespread internal bleeding. The daily administration of pegylated recombinant human MGDF (PEG-rMGDF) significantly reduced mortality (to < 15%) and ameliorated the depth and duration of thrombocytopenia. The severity of leucopenia and anemia was also reduced, although it was not clear whether these effects were direct. Platelets generated in response to PEG-rMGDF were morphologically indistinguishable from normal platelets. PEG-rMGDF administered in combination with murine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor completely prevented mortality and further reduced leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. These data support the concept that PEG-rMGDF may be useful to treat iatrogenic thrombocytopenias.

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The Impact of Forest Fungi on Promoting Growth and Development of Brassica napus L.

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11122475 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 2475

Author(s):

Grażyna B. Dąbrowska ◽

Zuzanna Garstecka ◽

Alina Trejgell ◽

Henryk P. Dąbrowski ◽

Wiktoria Konieczna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brassica Napus ◽

Oilseed Rape ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Brassica Napus L ◽

Number Of Microorganisms ◽

The Impact

Inoculation of plants with fungi has been shown to increase yields by improving germination, seedling vigor, plant growth, root morphogenesis, photosynthesis, and flowering through direct or indirect mechanisms. These mechanisms include solubilization and mineralization of nutrients, facilitating their uptake by plants, regulation of hormone balance, production of volatile organic compounds and microbial enzymes, suppression of plant pathogens, and mitigation of abiotic stresses. In the presented experiments, the effect of selected forest soil fungi on the growth and development of Brassica napus L. seedlings was investigated. Inoculation was carried out in vivo and in pot experiments with ectomycorrhizal and saprophytic fungi typical of forest soils: Collybia tuberosa, Clitocybe sp., Laccaria laccata, Hebeloma mesophaeum, and Cyathusolla. It was shown that all analyzed fungi produced IAA. In the in vitro experiment, B. napus inoculated with L. laccata showed stimulated root growth and greater number of leaves compared to control plants. A similar stimulatory effect on lateral root formation was observed in cuttings grown in pots in the presence of the C. olla fungus. In the pot experiment, the seedlings inoculated with the L. laccata fungus also showed increased growth of shoots and biomass. The effect of inoculation with the tested fungal strains, especially C. olla, on the growth and development of oilseed rape was probably indirect, as it also contributed to an increase in the number of microorganisms, especially soil bacteria. The expression of the metallothioneins in B. napus (BnMT1-BnMT3) varied depending on the fungal species. The presence of C. olla significantly increased BnMT2 expression in oilseed rape. It was found that BnMT1 expression increased and BnMT3 transcripts decreased in plants growing in the presence of L. laccata. This indicates the involvement of BnMT in the adaptation of oilseed rape to growth in fungi presence.

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O-145 Green Tea catechins EGCG and pro-drug of EGCG (Pro-EGCG) inhibit endometriosis through targeting molecules regulating macrophages and B cells

Human Reproduction ◽

10.1093/humrep/deab127.013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

S W Hung ◽

M Gaetani ◽

Z Y R Tan ◽

R Z Zhang ◽

R A Zubarev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

B Cells ◽

Gene Silencing ◽

B Cell ◽

Green Tea ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Therapeutic Targets ◽

Molecular Targets ◽

Downstream Targets

Abstract Study question What are the therapeutic targets and mechanisms of green tea EGCG and Pro-EGCG in treating endometriosis? Summary answer EGCG and Pro-EGCG have unique molecular targets to regulate interactions of B cells, macrophages and endometriotic cells and limit the growth and development of endometriosis. What is known already Current treatments of endometriosis are mainly hormonal suppression and surgical ablation or removal. Our previous studies showed EGCG significantly inhibits development of experimental endometriosis in mice. Pro-EGCG is more effective than EGCG in term of anti-endometriosis, anti-angiogenesis and anti-oxidation (Wang, et. al., 2013; Xu, et al., 2011). Dysfunctional immunological activities of macrophages and B cells were found in women with endometriosis. The molecular targets, underlying mechanism and differential therapeutic efficacy of EGCG and Pro-EGCG, as well as their anti-inflammatory activities are still not known. Study design, size, duration Multiplexed Proteome Integral Stability Alteration (PISA) assay (Gaetani et al.,2019), followed by MS/MS was applied to identify the molecular targets of EGCG and Pro-EGCG in endometriotic cells. Pharmacological studies of EGCG and Pro-EGCG on endometriotic cell line and endometriosis models in mice were performed to characterise their anti-endometriosis and anti-inflammatory effects. Gene silencing and over-expression experiments were conducted to confirm the immunoregulatory mechanisms. Participants/materials, setting, methods Endometriotic (Hs832(C)T) cell lines in culture and lysate were treated for chemical proteomics analysis. SiRNA and overexpression vectors were transfected to the cells in vitro and lesions in vivo. Hs832(C).T, monocytic cells (THP-1) and control B cell (Raji null) lines were used for co-culture assays to study the interaction between endometriotic and immune cells in vitro. Endometriosis mice model was established for immunostaining and microarray analysis of lesions to characterise the molecular pathways in vivo. Main results and the role of chance MTDH and PXK were the strongest and most differential targets of EGCG and Pro-EGCG in both cells lysate and cell culture of Hs832(C).T, respectively. Gene silencing and overexpression of the protein targets in vitro and in vivo significantly altered expressions of downstream proteins, including BLK and EGF after PXK, and MYC and AKT after MTDH, as well as endometriosis-related genes such as VEGFC and MMP9. Co-culture assays of Hs832(C).T with Raji null or THP-1 induced macrophages showed that expressions of PXK, MTDH, downstream targets, and immune-related genes were significantly increased after incubation of recombinant proteins, but were significantly decreased after EGCG and Pro-EGCG treatment. M1 and M2 macrophages, as well as B cells were significantly reduced after the treatments in vitro and in vivo. Double immunofluorescent staining of lesions showed that CD68, CD163 or CD20 co-expressed with MTDH, PXK and downstream targets, and numbers of the co-expressed cells were significantly reduced after treatments in vivo. Microarray experiment further identified the upstream and downstream genes of MTDH or PXK contributing to the growth and development of endometriosis. Limitations, reasons for caution Results of this pharmacological and mechanistic study require clinical samples to validate the anti-endometriosis effects of EGCG and Pro-EGCG. Effects of other potential pharmaceuticals targeting the macrophages and B cells on endometriosis are needed. Wider implications of the findings The findings provide pharmacological and mechanistic data for future development of EGCG and Pro-EGCG as new treatment for endometriosis. This study shows that macrophage and B cell could be potential therapeutic targets for treatment of endometriosis, which opens up new horizon for the novel immunotherapy for endometriosis. Trial registration number NA

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Post-natal growth and development of Simmental calves derived from in vivo or in vitro embryos

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/rd98126 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 459 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

T. G. McEvoy ◽

K. D. Sinclair ◽

P. J. Broadbent ◽

K. L. Goodhand ◽

J. J. Robinson

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

The Other ◽

Heart Weight ◽

Post Mortem ◽

Developmental Effects ◽

Frozen Embryos ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Ad Libitum

Large fetuses arising from embryos produced in vitro have been shown to exhibit altered organ development in utero, but it is not known whether this persists post natally. Post-natal growth and development was examined in 18 Simmental bulls derived from in vivo frozen–thawed (n = 6), in vitro frozen– thawed (n = 6) or in vitro fresh (n = 6) embryos and reared together post weaning on an ad libitum diet until slaughter at approximately 13 months old. Calves weighing less than 60 kg at birth (n = 11) were classified as normal, and heavier calves (n = 7; all from in vitro embryos) as oversize. Lifetime growth rates and slaughter weights apparently were unaffected by embryo source or birthweight. Mean (± s.e.m.) post mortem liver and kidney weights were unaffected by embryo source, but hearts of bulls from in vitro frozen embryos were heavier than those of bulls from in vivo frozen embryos (2.7 ± 0.04 v. 2.3 ± 0.07 kg, P<0.025). Heart weight per kilogram body weight at slaughter for the 7 perinatally oversize males (4.01 ± 0.08 g) exceeded that of the other 5 bulls from in vitro embryos (3.60 ± 0.10 g kg −1 ; P<0.04) and the 6 in vivo males (3.56 ± 0.12 g kg −1 ; P<0.02). Overall, one-third of the variation in heart weight at slaughter (r 2 = 0.35; P = 0.01) was due to variation in birthweight. This is the first study to demonstrate birthweight-related developmental effects on post-natal organ weight following the transfer of embryos produced in vitro.

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Comparison of the growth and development of dwarf rose cultivars propagated in vitro and in vivo by softwood cuttings

Scientia Horticulturae ◽

10.1016/0304-4238(88)90123-9 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 35 (3-4) ◽

pp. 293-299 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Lidwien A.M. Dubois ◽

J. Roggemans ◽

G. Soyeurt ◽

D.P. De Vries

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development

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OsIAGT1 Is a Glucosyltransferase Gene Involved in the Glucose Conjugation of Auxins in Rice

Rice ◽

10.1186/s12284-019-0357-z ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Qian Liu ◽

Ting-Ting Chen ◽

Dong-Wang Xiao ◽

Shu-Man Zhao ◽

Ji-Shan Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Sequence Similarity ◽

Ectopic Expression ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Auxin Homeostasis ◽

Auxin Synthesis ◽

Glucose Conjugation ◽

The One

Abstract Background In cereal crop rice, auxin is known as an important class of plant hormone that regulates a plethora of plant growth and development. Glycosylation of auxin is known to be one of the important mechanisms mediating auxin homeostasis. However, the relevant auxin glucosyltransferase (GT) in rice still remains largely unknown. Results In this study, using known auxin glucosyltransferases from other species as queries, twelve putative auxin UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) genes were cloned from rice and the one showing highest sequence similarity, named as OsIAGT1, was expressed as recombinant protein. In vitro enzymatic analysis showed that recombinant OsIAGT1 was capable of catalyzing glucosylation of IAA, IBA and other auxin analogs, and that OsIAGT1 is quite tolerant to a broad range of reaction conditions with peak activity at 30 °С and pH 8.0. OsIAGT1 showed favorite activity towards native auxins over artificially synthesized ones. Further study indicated that expression of OsIAGT1 can be upregulated by auxin in rice, and with OsIAGT1 overexpressing lines we confirmed that OsIAGT1 is indeed able to glucosylate IAA in vivo. Consistently, ectopic expression of OsIAGT1 leads to declined endogenous IAA content, as well as upregulated auxin synthesis genes and reduced expression of auxin-responsive genes, which likely leads to the reduced plant stature and root length in OsIAGT1 overexpression lines. Conclusion Our result indicated that OsIAGT1 plays an important role in mediating auxin homeostasis by catalyzing auxin glucosylation, and by which OsIAGT1 regulates growth and development in rice.

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The Effectiveness of Trichoderma Viride TNU in Inhibiting Infection of Phytophthora Palmivora on Cocoa

Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar ◽

10.21082/jtidp.v5n1.2018.p39-48 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 39

Author(s):

Samsudin Samsudin ◽

Rita Harni ◽

Efi Taufik

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Trichoderma Viride ◽

Infected Plant ◽

Phytophthora Palmivora ◽

Potato Dextrose Agar Medium ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Rot Disease

Phytophthora palmivora is a pathogenic fungus that causes pod rot and stem cancer in cacao plant. This pathogen was difficult to control because it survives in the form of mycelium and chlamydospores in infected plant parts or in soil. Trichoderma viride is expected to inhibit the growth and development of this pathogen. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of T. viride in inhibiting P. palmivora infection on cacao, conducted at Plant Protection Laboratory and Greenhouse of Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute (IIBCRI), Sukabumi from March to December 2014. The T. viride TNU isolates used was purified and propagated in the laboratory. The T. viride inhibition against P. palmivora growth and development was tested in vitro on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) and in vivo on infected cacao pods and seedlings. The parameters observed were percentage of inhibition on PDA and the disease progression on infected pods and seedlings. The results showed that T. viride inhibited the growth of P. palmivora with inhibition percentage up to 68.60%, a strong antagonist for P. palmivora on PDA and reduced P. palmivora infection on seedlings in the greenhouse. Applications of T. viride 3 days before or after inoculation with P. palmivora was able to protect cacao seedlings in polybags, respectively by 60% and 45%. However, T. viride has not been able to hinder the development of pod rot disease on cacao.

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