Intestinal Parasites in an Ottoman Period Latrine from Acre (Israel) Dating to the Early 1800s CE

The aim of this study is to determine the species of parasites that affected the inhabitants of the city of Acre on the coast of the eastern Mediterranean during the Ottoman Period. This is the first archaeological study of parasites in the Ottoman Empire. We analysed sediment from a latrine dating to the early 1800s for the presence of helminth eggs and protozoan parasites which caused dysentery. The samples were examined using light microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. We found evidence for roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), fish tapeworm (Dibothriocephalus sp.), Taenia tapeworm (Taenia sp.), lancet liver fluke (Dicrocoelium dendriticum), and the protozoa Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica. The parasite taxa recovered demonstrate the breadth of species present in this coastal city. We consider the effect of Ottoman Period diet, culture, trade and sanitation upon risk of parasitism in this community living 200 years ago.

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INTESTINAL PARASITES IN EXOTIC ANIMALS IN MOSCOW

10.31016/978-5-9902341-5-4.2020.21.173-179 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 173-179

Author(s):

Kurnosova

Keyword(s):

Guinea Pigs ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Parasitic Diseases ◽

Intestinal Protozoa ◽

Exotic Animals ◽

Helminth Eggs ◽

The City ◽

Genus Eimeria

In 2019, a study was conducted of exotic animals kept in mini zoos and domestic conditions (chinchillas, ferrets, guinea pigs, rabbits, primates, reptiles, hedgehogs, squirrels) located in the city for the presence of intestinal parasitic diseases. The study showed that 2 types of intestinal protozoa were found in ferrets: Criptosporidium sp. (4%) and Isospora sp. (8%). In rabbits, one species of helminths P. amdiguus with invasion extensity (IE) 4.1% and protozoa Eimeria sp. (10.4%) was detected. The chinchillas revealed the simplest genus Giardia sp. (46.6%). In guinea pigs Entamoeba sp. (1.6%), Criptosporidium sp. (3.3%) and Giardia sp. (5%) was identified. In sguirrels, helminth eggs of Oxyurida sp. (IE 14%) and protozoa of the genus Eimeria sp. (50%) were found. In hedgehogs – two species of helminths of Capillaria sp. (20%) and Oxyurida sp. (10%). 80% of tamarins were infected with scratches; larvae of S. stercoralis nematodes were detected in saimiri (33.3%). One species of helminths of the genus Oxyurida sp. (76.2%) and 5 species of protozoa: Criptosporidium sp. (5%), Entamoeba sp. (6.25%), Trichomonas sp. (10%), Isospora sp. (6.25%) and Nyctotherus sp. (6.25%) was identified in reptiles. Pets revealed parasites, the probability of transmission of which to humans is not excluded.

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1916–1918

10.1093/oso/9780192895769.003.0010 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 100-108

Author(s):

Daniel-Joseph MacArthur-Seal

Keyword(s):

Ottoman Empire ◽

Eastern Mediterranean ◽

Russian Revolution ◽

World War ◽

The Caucasus ◽

The First World War ◽

Gallipoli Peninsula ◽

The Impact ◽

The City ◽

First World

The sub-chapter outlines the development of the First World War in the eastern Mediterranean from the evacuation of the Gallipoli peninsula to the signing of the Armistice of Moudros that took the Ottoman Empire out of the war. It examines how the growing Allied presence at Salonica instigated an uprising in the city that later took power at the Greek capital with British and French support. It assesses the impact of the Russian revolution on the Caucasus front, which led the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and local groups into a scramble for control of key towns and infrastructure. It then summarises how progress on the Palestine front, in conjunction with support for an uprising in the Hejaz, and a breakthrough in Macedonia forced the Ottoman Empire to sue for peace.

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Mass Investigation on Intestinal Parasite Infection in Masjed Soleyman, Iran, 2010-2017: A Large Population Survey

International Journal of Medical Laboratory ◽

10.18502/ijml.v7i3.4140 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Komeil Mazhab-Jafari ◽

Rouhollah Rouhandeh ◽

Razieh Bahrami ◽

Firooz Shahrivar

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Parasite ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Large Population ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Protozoan Parasites ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽

Medical Centers ◽

Southwest Of Iran ◽

The City

Background and Aims: Globally, intestinal parasitic infections are a significant risk to human health. These infections may cause many health problems for humans, such as reduced growth, especially in children. This study, epidemiologically, aims to investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections which are collected from three medical centers in the city of Masjed Soleyman located in the southwest of Iran from 2010 to 2017. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, documented data of three medical center’s laboratories in Masjed Soleyman were collected through the years 2010 to 2017. In these medical centers, conventional parasitology methods such as direct observation are employed for detection, and other techniques have been practiced in required cases. Results: Out of 45829 patients, 9.7% of the patients were infected by the intestinal parasites. Statistical analysis has revealed that there is a significant relationship between the rate of infection and sex and season. Conclusions: Considering the obtained data, the incidence of protozoan parasites is more than worm infections. Despite increased levels of public health, parasitic infections that are transmitted directly are still found in the community. The air temperature, sex, environmental pollution, and lifestyle are effective factors in increasing or decreasing these infections.

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Modern Greece and the Sephardim of Salonica an Overview

Belleten ◽

10.37879/belleten.2000.161 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 64 (239) ◽

pp. 161-186

Author(s):

Albert De Vıdas

Keyword(s):

Ottoman Empire ◽

Eastern Mediterranean ◽

Second World War ◽

Greek Population ◽

World War ◽

Modern Times ◽

Anti Semitism ◽

Basic Facts ◽

The City ◽

Second World

The first encounter between Greece and tha Spanish and Portuguese Jews (the Sephardim) in modern times started in 1821 during the Greek rebellion against the Sultan. From the beginning this encounter would follow a rocky path because of three basic facts; the faithfulness of the Sephardim to the Ottoman Empire, the traditional religious anti-Semitism of the Greek population and the economic rivalry between Jews and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean. Nowhere would the antagonism of the Greek population and government towards the Sephardim be more intense than in the city of Salonica, the Sephardic metropolis which Greece occupied in 1912. With over two-thirds of the population being Sephardi and with Spanish being the everyday language of the population, Salonica, under the liberal rule of the Sultans of the Ottoman Empire had flourished economically and had become the center of the Sephardic Nation within the Empire. Greek policy would be one of constant antagonism from the time of the occupation until the extermination of the Sephardim by the Germans and their loal collaborators during the Second World War. Every effort would be made by the Greek government to diminish the influence of the Sephardim in the city and to reduce their presence and economic wellbeing. The 70,000 Sephardim of Salonica at the time of the Greek occupation would see their numbers diminished by emigration. Those who remained would be reduced to a frightened minority in a city that had been theirs for over 400 years.

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A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, by M. Şükrü Hanioğlu. and, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, by Karen Barkey. and, Empire, Architecture, and the City: French-Ottoman Encounters, 1830-1914, by Zeynep Çelik.A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, by M. Şükrü Hanioğlu. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 2008. xii, 241 pp. $42.000 US (cloth), $24.95 US (paper).Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, by Karen Barkey. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2008. xv, 342 pp. $80.00 US (cloth), $25.99 (paper).Empire, Architecture, and the City: French-Ottoman Encounters, 1830-1914, by Zeynep Çelik. Seattle, Washington, University of Washington Press, 2008. xiii, 337 pp. $60.00 US (cloth).

Canadian Journal of History ◽

10.3138/cjh.46.2.442 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 442-447

Author(s):

Wayne H. Bowen

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Ottoman Empire ◽

Comparative Perspective ◽

Cambridge University ◽

Princeton University ◽

History Of ◽

Late Ottoman Empire ◽

The City ◽

Washington University ◽

Late Ottoman

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Reporting from the city: Vignettes from Constantinople in the Dispatches of Lord Strangford during the Eastern Crisis of the 1820s

Chronos ◽

10.31377/chr.v35i0.204 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 93-111

Author(s):

Theophilus C Prousis

Keyword(s):

Ottoman Empire ◽

Great Power ◽

Power Politics ◽

Eastern Question ◽

Explosive Force ◽

Great Power Politics ◽

The Relationship ◽

The City ◽

Shed Light

The tangled web of the Eastern Question became the single most explosive force in European great power politics during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and Constantinople became the epicenter of this contentious dispute in Ottoman-European relations. Eyewitness commentaries by diplomats, travelers, residents, and others who visited this fabled city conveyed images and episodes about various topics, including European interactions with the Ottoman Empire, European designs on contested lands, and Ottoman politics and policy. These scenes and stories not only shed light on the geopolitical heart of the Eastern Question but also reinforce the centrality of this volatile issue in the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and Europe.

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LEGAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL SITUATION IN AGRICULTURE OF THE VIROVITICA COUNTY AND THE CITY OF OSIJEK IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY

International Journal Vallis Aurea ◽

10.2507/ijva.7.1.6.81 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 73-84

Author(s):

Daniel Haman ◽

◽

Darko Iljkić ◽

Ivana Varga

Keyword(s):

Eastern Europe ◽

Ottoman Empire ◽

Central And Eastern Europe ◽

18Th Century ◽

Habsburg Monarchy ◽

New Era ◽

Regional Administration ◽

Short Time ◽

The City ◽

Laws And Regulations

The Treaty of Karlowitz signed in 1699 concluded the rule of the Ottoman Empire in most parts of Central and Eastern Europe. Liberation of Osijek in 1687, and consequently of whole Slavonia in 1699 brought a new era of freedom and prosperity to its citizens. At least for a short time, since the Habsburg Monarchy re-established their rule over the country by bringing feudal laws and regulations back into force. Austrian empress and Hungarian-Croatian Queen Maria Theresa united Slavonia with Croatia, and re-established the counties of Virovitica, Požega and Syrmia, meaning that the regional administration of Slavonia was completely relinquished to the civil authorities.

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“As if she were Jerusalem”: Placemaking in Sephardic Salonica

Muqarnas Online ◽

10.1163/22118993-0301p0007a ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 141-169

Author(s):

Peter Christensen

Keyword(s):

Material Culture ◽

Ottoman Empire ◽

Social Systems ◽

Demographic Shift ◽

Early Nineteenth Century ◽

Broad Array ◽

Specific Concept ◽

And Gender ◽

Gender Groups ◽

The City

No Mediterranean city witnessed as dramatic a demographic shift as Salonica following the expulsion of the Jews from Iberia in 1492. This article explores the specific concept of placemaking in the context of this transformation, examining how the industries, devotional spaces, mythology, and material traditions of Iberian Jews tactically engaged with extant forms of Ottoman multicultural governance and social systems. Drawing upon a broad array of visual and textual information, this article argues that under the evolving mechanics of the millet and dhimmi systems, the nimbler aspects of material culture–color, fabric, dress, spoliation–proved to be the most effective in articulating and developing diasporic Sephardic identity within both the city and the empire. This article further analyzes the ways in which this identity was capable of, if not inclined to, the delimiting of regional, class, and gender groups, ultimately contouring and challenging notions of a monolithic minority culture within the Ottoman Empire from the sixteenth through the early nineteenth century.

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The Wounded Turks and the Fall of Damascus, 1 October 1918

Belleten ◽

10.37879/belleten.2002.931 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 66 (247) ◽

pp. 931-942

Author(s):

Yücel Güçlü

Keyword(s):

Ottoman Empire ◽

Direct Result ◽

The Political ◽

Arab Nationalism ◽

Military Hospitals ◽

General Rules ◽

Military Administration ◽

Medical Organisation ◽

The Hague ◽

The City

At 6 a.m. on 1 October 1918, Feisal's forces entered Damascus. All day and night they flowed into the Omayade capital and started looting and killing, particularly Turkish soldiers who were wounded and sick. British units remained outside the city. The new Arab administration proved unable to keep order. One particularly gruesome incident was the looting of the main Turkish hospital. It contained between 600 to 800 wounded. Many of them died. The Turks had no cover for the sick. Few of the men had blankets; they had no medical organisation. There were no drugs, bandages, or food fit for sick men; no sanitation. Very little assistance could be obtained from the local Arab authorities in Damascus. They were indifferent to human suffering. However, the wounded Turks left in Damascus suffered not just because of Arab logistical problems, but also because the political need to exclude the British units from Damascus left the sick and wounded Turks bereft of care. The British re-occupied the Turkish military hospitals after four days' Arab control as the Turkish wounded were receiving no care. They then set about cutting the death rate from 70 to 15 a day. The patterns of military administration in Damascus were supposed to follow international practice as prescribed in the Fourth Convention Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land signed at the Hague in the Netherlands on 18 October 1907 and entered into force on 26 January 1910, to which both Britain and the Ottoman Empire were parties. The British clearly disregarded the general rules on the occupied enemy territories as defined by this convention. It was essential to obey the main rules of military occupation. Therefore the neglect of the Turkish hospitals in Damascus by British forces, was, to say the least, unlawful. The poor conditions for the wounded Turks were a direct result of the British army being instructed to promote an Arab administration in Damascus. The French looked upon this British connivance with indignation. Paris accused London of hiding behind the façade of Arab nationalism to undermine French influence in Syria. During the war Britain had already in the Sykes-Picot Agreement recognised French interest in Syria. In terms of international politics it must have been that the Turkish sick and wounded were marginal to the central objective of giving the impression that Feisal's Arabs were in charge. Turks suffered as a result of British realpolitik.

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