scholarly journals Current Knowledge of Small Flukes (Digenea: Heterophyidae) from South America

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-386
Author(s):  
Cláudia Portes Santos ◽  
Juliana Novo Borges
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Molecular Taxonomy ◽  
South American ◽  
Molecular Tools ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Parasite Ecology ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Host Parasite

Fish-borne heterophyid trematodes are known to have a zoonotic potential, since at least 30 species are able to infect humans worldwide, with a global infection of around 7 million people. In this paper, a ‘state-of-the-art’ review of the South American heterophyid species is provided, including classical and molecular taxonomy, parasite ecology, host-parasite interaction studies and a list of species and their hosts. There is still a lack of information on human infections in South America with undetected or unreported infections probably due to the information shortage and little attention by physicians to these small intestinal flukes. Molecular tools for specific diagnoses of South American heterophyid species are still to be defined. Additional new sequences of Pygidiopsis macrostomum, Ascocotyle pindoramensis and Ascocotyle longa from Brazil are also provided.

scholarly journals The biology and conservation status of Central and South American Falconiformes: a survey of current knowledge

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 325-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard O. Bierregaard
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
South American ◽  
Current State ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Extreme North ◽  
América Del Sur

SummaryBased on an extensive literature review for the 81 species of Falconiformes (excluding vultures) that breed primarily in Central and South America, I summarize the current state of our knowledge of the biology and conservation status of these birds. Most of what is known about the diurnal raptors in the region is based on studies carried out in the southern U.S.A., the Petén of Guatemala, extreme north-eastern South America (Venezuela through the Guianas) and Chile. The least-known species are residents of primary forest, especially in the generaAccipiter, LeucoptemisandMicrastur. Nests remain undescribed for 19 species, and less than five nests have been described for an additional 12 species. No prey data are available for six species and only anecdotal data have been published for a further 25 species. Breeding behaviour is unknown for 27 species and known only anecdotally for an additional 18. The migratory habits of 28 species are poorly understood. Available data permit a reasonable assessment of the conservation status for 39 species and a well-educated guess for another 31, but any assessment for the remaining 11 would be speculation at best.Basado en un estudio muy extensivo de la literatura para 81 especies de Falconiformes(excluyendo Cathartidae) que se aparean principalmente en Centro y Sur América, hago un resumen de nuestro conocimiento más actual de la biologia y el estado de conservación en que se encuentran estas aves. La mayor parte de la información que se tiene sobre raptores diurnos de la región está basada en estudios que fueron llevados acabo en el sur de los Estados Unidos, el Petén en Guatemala, la parte noreste de América del Sur (Venezuela hasta las Guianas) y Chile. Las especies menos conocidos son residentes de bosque primario, especialmente de los génerosAccipiter, Leucoptemis y Micrastur. Falta describir nidos para 19 especies y menos de cinco nidos han sido descritos para 12 especies adicionales. No hay informacion sobre la alimentatión para seis especies y solamente información anecdotal ha sido publicada para 25 especies adicionales. Comportamiento de apareo se desconoce para 27 especies y solamente es conocido por anécdotas par 18 especies adicionales, Las costumbres migratorias de 28 especies se conocen muy poco. Información disponible permite juzgar razonablemente el estado de conservación para 39 especies y se puede estimarlo para 31 más, pero el juzgar de los 11 que restan seria solamente especulación.

Fish-borne nematodiases in South America: neglected emerging diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 649-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Eiras ◽  
G.C. Pavanelli ◽  
R.M. Takemoto ◽  
Y. Nawa
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
South American ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Raw Fish ◽  
Human Infections

AbstractFish-borne zoonotic nematodes may infect humans when fish or squid are ingested raw or inadequately cooked. Human infections may have serious consequences, including the unexpected deaths of infected people. This kind of disease is poorly known in general, and the characteristics of such infections in South American countries as a whole have never been assessed. In this paper the present status of fish-borne nematodiases in humans in South American countries is characterized. Potentially zoonotic nematode species are very common in both freshwater and marine fish in South America. Reports of human infections have only been found in some countries, and their incidence (especially with anisakids andGnathostomaspp.) varies from country to country. Apparently they are more abundant in countries with strong traditions of eating raw fish, and are more frequent on the western coast of South America. So far fish-borne nematodes have been reported in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. In recent years, cases of human infection have appeared in probably underestimated numbers. People need to be clearly informed about risky feeding habits, and physicians need to learn more about zoonotic diseases.

scholarly journals Helminth parasites of freshwater fish from Central America

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1915 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
GUILLERMO SALGADO-MALDONADO
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Central America ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Parasite Fauna ◽  
Helminth Species ◽  
Helminth Parasite ◽  
South American ◽  
Helminth Parasites

This study is a compilation of current knowledge of the taxonomic composition and distribution of the helminth parasites of freshwater fish in Central America. A list of 111 adult helminth species up to day reported from 17 freshwater fish families from Central America was compiled. The data show a helminth parasite fauna in freshwater fish that is typical to the region. One hundred and two of the known helminth species are endemic to the area, 32 of which can be derived from South American genera. Nematodes were the most abundant group, followed by monogeneans and trematodes. None of the 29 helminth families recorded to date is exclusive to Central America, while 16 of the 65 recorded genera have been only recorded from this area. Twenty three of these genera are South American lineages. The data suggest that helminth parasites of freshwater fish from Central America constitute a recent fauna derived mainly from South America but not found there.

South American Monogenea—list of species, hosts and geographical distribution from 1997 to 2008

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1924 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
SIMONE C. COHEN ◽  
ANNA KOHN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
South American ◽  
Monogenean Species ◽  
French Guyana ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
First Time

A list of 135 monogenean species is presented updating the papers published by Kohn & Cohen (1989) and Kohn & Paiva (2000), increasing to 658 the number of known species in South America. After 1997, 104 monogeneans had been described as new species: 65 from Brazil, 13 from Argentina, 10 from Venezuela, 04 from Chile, two from Guyana, one from French Guyana, Peru and Uruguay each. Some species had been originally described in the same publication from more than one country: 04 from Brazil, Peru and Venezuela, two from Brazil and Peru, two from Brazil and Argentina and one from Argentina and Uruguay. More 31 known species had been reported for the first time in South America: 02 from Argentina, 24 from Brazil, one from Colombia and Brazil, one from Chile and Peru, one from Surinam and Brazil and two from Peru. It was also included in the present paper, 62 species which were already listed in Kohn & Cohen (1998) and reported after 1997 in different South American countries. From, Ecuador, Falkland, Galapagos and Paraguay none species had been reported in this period. A host-parasite list is also presented.

Helminth parasites of South American fishes: current status and characterization as a model for studies of biodiversity

2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Luque ◽  
F.B. Pereira ◽  
P.V. Alves ◽  
M.E. Oliva ◽  
J.T. Timi
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Fish Parasites ◽  
Current Status ◽  
South American ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Diverse Groups

AbstractThe South American subcontinent supports one of the world's most diverse and commercially very important ichthyofauna. In this context, the study of South American fish parasites is of increased relevance in understanding their key roles in ecosystems, regulating the abundance or density of host populations, stabilizing food webs and structuring host communities. It is hard to estimate the number of fish parasites in South America. The number of fish species studied for parasites is still low (less than 10%), although the total number of host–parasite associations (HPAs) found in the present study was 3971. Monogeneans, with 835 species (1123 HPAs, 28.5%), and trematodes, with 662 species (1127 HPAs, 30.9%), are the more diverse groups. Data gathered from the literature are useful to roughly estimate species richness of helminths from South American fish, even though there are some associated problems: the reliability of information depends on accurate species identification; the lack of knowledge about life cycles; the increasing number of discoveries of cryptic species and the geographically biased number of studies. Therefore, the closest true estimations of species diversity and distribution will rely on further studies combining both molecular and morphological approaches with ecological data such as host specificity, geographical distribution and life-cycle data. Research on biodiversity of fish parasites in South America is influenced by problems such as funding, taxonomic impediments and dispersion of research groups. Increasing collaboration, interchange and research networks in the context of globalization will enable a promising future for fish parasitology in South America.

scholarly journals Latitudinal influence on gametogenesis and host–parasite ecology in a marine bivalve model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate E. Mahony ◽  
Sharon A. Lynch ◽  
Sian Egerton ◽  
Rebecca E. Laffan ◽  
Simão Correia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Bivalve ◽  
Parasite Ecology ◽  
Host Parasite

scholarly journals Pleistocene Mammals from Pampean Region (Argentina). Biostratigraphic, Biogeographic, and Environmental Implications

Quaternary ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
José Luis Prado ◽  
María Teresa Alberdi ◽  
Jonathan Bellinzoni
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
South American ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Sedimentary Sequences ◽  
Pampean Region ◽  
Mammalian Faunas ◽  
Pleistocene Mammals ◽  
Fossil Records

The Pampean Region contains sedimentary sequences with abundant mammal fossil records, which constitute the chronological outline of the Plio–Pleistocene of South America. These classic localities have been used for more than a century to correlate with other South American regions. Throughout this time, a series of misinterpretations have appeared. To understand the stratigraphic significance of these localities and the geochronological situation of each unit referring to the Pleistocene, a critical historical study of the antecedents was carried out, evaluating the state of each unit. The biostratigraphic studies of the Pampean Region’s mammalian faunas improved the understanding of biogeographic changes taking into account the environmental fluctuations of the Pleistocene.

scholarly journals An Overview of Equine Influenza in South America

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 888
Author(s):  
Cecilia Olguin-Perglione ◽  
María Edith Barrandeguy
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
South American ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Vaccine Manufacturer ◽  
Gene Level ◽  
Control Procedures

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of horses as outbreaks of the disease lead to significant economic losses worldwide. In this review, we summarize the information available on equine influenza (EI) in South America. In the region, the major events of EI occurred almost in the same period in the different countries, and the EIV isolated showed high genetic identity at the hemagglutinin gene level. It is highly likely that the continuous movement of horses, some of them subclinically infected, among South American countries, facilitated the spread of the virus. Although EI vaccination is mandatory for mobile or congregates equine populations in the region, EI outbreaks continuously threaten the equine industry. Vaccine breakdown could be related to the fact that many of the commercial vaccines available in the region contain out-of-date EIV strains, and some of them even lack reliable information about immunogenicity and efficacy. This review highlights the importance of disease surveillance and reinforces the need to harmonize quarantine and biosecurity protocols, and encourage vaccine manufacturer companies to carry out quality control procedures and update the EIV strains in their products.

scholarly journals Loose Ends in the Cortinarius Phylogeny: Five New Myxotelamonoid Species Indicate a High Diversity of These Ectomycorrhizal Fungi with South American Nothofagaceae

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 420
Author(s):  
María Eugenia Salgado Salomón ◽  
Carolina Barroetaveña ◽  
Tuula Niskanen ◽  
Kare Liimatainen ◽  
Matthew E. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
South American ◽  
Edible Fungi ◽  
Rdna Its ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
High Diversity

This paper is a contribution to the current knowledge of taxonomy, ecology and distribution of South American Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray. Cortinarius is among the most widely distributed and species-rich basidiomycete genera occurring with South American Nothofagaceae and species are found in many distinct habitats, including shrublands and forests. Due to their ectomycorrhizal role, Cortinarius species are critical for nutrient cycling in forests, especially at higher latitudes. Some species have also been reported as edible fungi with high nutritional quality. Our aim is to unravel the taxonomy of selected Cortinarius belonging to phlegmacioid and myxotelamonioid species based on morphological and molecular data. After widely sampling Cortinarius specimens in Patagonian Nothofagaceae forests and comparing them to reference collections (including holotypes), we propose five new species of Cortinarius in this work. Phylogenetic analyses of concatenated rDNA ITS-LSU and RPB1 sequences failed to place these new species into known Cortinarius sections or lineages. These findings highlight our knowledge gaps regarding the fungal diversity of South American Nothofagaceae forests. Due to the high diversity of endemic Patagonian taxa, it is clear that the South American Cortinarius diversity needs to be discovered and described in order to understand the evolutionary history of Cortinarius on a global scale.

scholarly journals Comparison of <i>H</i> component geomagnetic field time series obtained at different sites over South America

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 937-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurício J. A. Bolzan ◽  
Clezio M. Denardini ◽  
Alexandre Tardelli
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Phase Coherence ◽  
South American ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Geomagnetism And Paleomagnetism ◽  
Strong Phase ◽  
Geomagnetic Fields ◽  
Time Variations ◽  
Physical Phenomena

Abstract. The geomagnetic field in the Brazilian sector is influenced by the South American Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) that causes a decrease in the magnitude of the local geomagnetic field when compared to other regions in the world. Thus, the magnetometer network and data set of space weather over Brazil led by Embrace are important tools for promoting the understanding of geomagnetic fields over Brazil. In this sense, in this work we used the H component of geomagnetic fields obtained at different sites in South America in order to compare results from the phase coherence obtained from wavelet transform (WT). Results from comparison between Cachoeira Paulista (CXP) and Eusébio (EUS), and Cachoeira Paulista and São Luis (SLZ), indicated that there exist some phenomena that occur simultaneously in both locations, putting them in the same phase coherence. However, there are other phenomena putting both locations in a strong phase difference as observed between CXP and Rio Grande, Argentina (RGA). This study was done for a specific moderate geomagnetic storm that occurred in March 2003. The results are explained in terms of nonlinear interaction between physical phenomena acting in distinct geographic locations and at different times and scales. Keywords. Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism (time variations – diurnal to secular)

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