scholarly journals Building a solid foundation - sulphur, phosphorus and potassium requirements for the sedimentary soiIs of North Canterbury

1994 ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
A.H.C. Roberts ◽  
T.H. Webb ◽  
J.D. Morton ◽  
M.B. O'Connor ◽  
D.C. Edmeades
Keyword(s):  
Soil Test ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Test Level ◽  
Soil Groups

The soils of North Canterbury occur mainly on steep land (31%), hilly land (28%), rolling downs and downlands (11%) and terraces and floodplains (30%). Most soils are predominantly formed from greywacke and tertiary sediments and some 85% comprise yellow-grey earth, yellow-grey earth to yellow-brown earth intergrade, yellow-brown earth and recent soil groups. In terms of the relationship between pasture production and fertiliser nutrient use these major soil groups are considered as a single entity, namely "sedimentary" soils (a reference to their derivation from sedimentary rocks). The relationships (production functions) between pasture production and soil test level for sulphur (S), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are shown to be of the "diminishing returns" type for the sedimentary soils and the point at which near-maximum production (97%) occurs is defined as the "biological optimum" soil test level. Biological optimum sulphate-S and organic-S levels-are-l.0 and 15 respectively, for O-l.s-en- P. -is _ 20 and quick-test K is 6. Once the biologrcal optimum soil test levels have been attained then maintenance fertiliser nutrient rates are appropriate. In order to correct S deficiency sedimentary soils require an average of 35 kg S/ha. To move up the pasture production curve an average of 5 kg P/ha above maintenance will increase Olsen P by 1 unit. Potassium requirements depend on soil group within the sedimentary soils. -Keywords:~biological~optimum, North Canterbury, nutrient requirements, phosphorus, potassium, sedimentary soils, Sulphur

scholarly journals Building a solid foundation for pasture production in Northland: P, K, S and lime requirements

1995 ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
A.H.C. Roberts ◽  
J.D. Morton ◽  
M.B. O'Connor ◽  
D.C. Edmeades
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Capital Requirements ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Volcanic Soils ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Soil Groups

The generally strongly weathered, leached soils of Northland consist of four major soil groups. The yellow-brown earths and podzols and yellow brown sands are formed from sedimentary rocks, while brown granular clays and red and brown loams are formed from volcanic rocks. In terms of the relationship between pasture production and fertiliser nutrient requirements, for both sedimentary and volcanic soils, the production functions are shown to be of the "diminishing returns" type, and the point at which near-maximum production (97%) occurs is defined as the "biological optimum" soil test level. Biological optimum test values for sedimentary and volcanic soils are: Olsen P 20 and 22; quicktest K 6 and 7; sulphate-S 10; organic-S 15; and pH 5.9. Once biological optimum soil test levels have been attained then maintenance fertiliser nutrient rates are appropriate. In order to move up the pasture production curve an average of 7 and 11 kg P/ha above maintenance will increase Olsen P by 1 unit for Northland sedimentary and volcanic soils respectively. Similarly, on average 60 kg K/ha will raise quicktest K by 1 unit on volcanic soils, but capital requirements for K on sedimentary soils in Northland are not known. An average of 35 and 25 kg S/ha will correct S deficiencies on sedimentary and volcanic soils. Keywords: biological optimum, lime, Northland, nutrient requirements, phosphorus, potassium, sedimentary soils, sulphur, volcanic soils

Predicting the response of irrigated perennial pasture to superphosphate in Victoria

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. P. Gourley ◽  
G. S. James
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
P Value ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Relative Response ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Test Level ◽  
Annual Application

Experiments were conducted at 42 sites in the northern and south-eastern irrigation districts of Victoria to determine the relationship between extractable phosphorus (P) using the Olsen P soil test, and response of irrigated perennial pasture to an annual application of superphosphate. Relative responses (the response relative to the maximum yield, P non-limiting) were measured over 4 seasons (summer, autumn, winter, and spring). At 12 of these sites, selected from a range of soils with different clay contents, the effect of clay content on the curvature of the pasture dry mass (DM) response was determined. Different soil-sampling methods, with the surface organic mat included or excluded from the sample, were used to measure Olsen P. A well-defined linear model described the relationship between Olsen P values of soil sampled using these two methods. There was no significant effect of season on the relationship between relative response and Olsen P value. There was also no significant relationship between the curvature of the response to applied P and clay content of the soil. The derived relationship between Olsen P soil test level and relative response to applied fertiliser accounted for only 14 · 6% of the variation and it appears that other factors are markedly affecting irrigated pasture response to applied superphosphate. The accumulation of organic matter on the surface of irrigated perennial pastures may be influencing nutrient availability and pasture growth, and warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF FERTILISERS AND ENVIRONMENT ON LOTUS PRODUCTION ON HIGH COUNTRY ACID SOILS IN OTAGO

1985 ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
M.J.S. Floate ◽  
P.D. Mcintosh ◽  
W.H. Risk ◽  
P.D. Enright ◽  
L.C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Altitude Range ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Tussock Grassland ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus

To test the performance and nutrient requirements of Grasslands Maku lotus (Lotus pedunculatus) on high country acid soils under tussock grassland, the effects of phosphorus (P), sulphur (S) and lime on lotus and clover yields were measured in cut plots on sites ranging in altitude from 700 from 1200 m on the Remarkables Range (topsoil pH 5.5 - 4.8), and on the East Otago (Lammerlaw-Lammermoor) uplands (topsoil pH 5.2 - 4.4). On the Remarkables, mean annual yields for P + S treatments decreased from about 7000 to 3500 kg DMlha and on the Lammerlaw- Lammermoor sequence the decrease over the same altitude range was from about 2000 to 200 kg DMlha. Soi! !pSt va!lJes fgr S 2nd p were !c):l' cu.+. -C1A1,* 1 LQU-lml,,-l-l'r-l*I*~, ""-L'S-L-II-II-II-~-I^lll-""-l sites: S-deficiency was so severe that there was very little response to P until S was added and in most cases there was little response to S in the absence of P. On the Remarkables soil test values were more variable and lotus yields were closely related to soil test values. Fertiliser requirements of lotus were generally similar to those of clover, but clover occasionally continued to respond to higher rates of P than lotus. In contrast to clover, lotus showed little or no response to lime, except at the highest altitude (i.e. lowest pH) on the Lammerlaws. In both Remarkables and Lammerlaw-Lammermoor sequences lotus and clover yields were similar up to 1000 m but above this altitude lotus production exceeded clover on the Remarkables. On the Lammerlaws yields dropped off sharply at the highest altitude but clover yields where lime was applied were significantly higher than lotus. Decreasing lotus yield with increasing altitude is attributed to increasing severity of climate (probably low temperatures). The lower yields and greater decrease on the Lammerlaws suggest that the limitations are more severe there than at corresponding altitudes on the Remarkables. Keywords: Lotus, high country, fertiliser, lime, climate

scholarly journals FERTILISER REQUIREMENTS OF GISBORNE-EAST COAST HILL COUNTRY

1984 ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.B. O'Connor ◽  
M.H. Gray
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Dominant Soil ◽  
Dominant Influence ◽  
Soil Groups

Soil fertility has a dominant influence on the productivity of many hill country pastures. In the Gisborne-East Coast hill country the dominant soil groups - the yellow-brown earths (YBEs) from mudstone/argillite and the yellow-brown pumice soils (YBPs) from Taupo pumice tephra - show variations in response to fertiliser inputs. Results from a series of eight field trials, commenced in 1980, indicate widespread phosphorus (P) deficiency across both groups with optimum Olsen P soil test values being calculated as 11.5 and 20.1 respectively. Sulphur deficiencies appear less important, in the short term, than previously thought. Lime (L) and molybdenum (MO) deficiencies appear widespread on YEEs with an indication on some sites that lime effects are over and above that due to increased MO availability. Potassium (KI is the dominant deficiency (after P) on YBPs. Element deficiencies in decreasing order of importance were - Y BEs, P > L/MO > S > K; Y BPS, P > K > S > L. Keywords: Fertilisers, hill country, pasture production.

The nutritional consequences of foraging in primates: the relationship of nutrient intakes to nutrient requirements

1991 ◽  
Vol 334 (1270) ◽  
pp. 161-170 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Selection ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Dietary Protein ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Many studies have examined the proportion of time that primates devote to feeding on various types of food, but relatively little is known about the intake rates associated with each food. However, the nutritional consequences of foraging can only be interpreted by comparing nutrient intakes with estimated nutrient requirements. The energy available to primates from ingested foods will depend both on the composition of the food and the extent to which various constituents, including fibre fractions, are digested. Both human and non-human primates have relatively low requirements for protein as a consequence of slow growth rates, small milk yields and relatively dilute milk. Because the nutrient demands of growth and reproduction are spread out over time, it appears that primates do not need to seek out foods of particularly high nutrient density, except perhaps during weaning. Although food selection in some species of primates appears to be correlated with the protein concentration of foods, it is unlikely that high dietary protein levels are required, at least when foods of balanced amino acid composition (such as leaves) are included in the diet.

scholarly journals Dynamic modeling of nutrient use and individual requirements of lactating sows1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 2822-2836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaël Gauthier ◽  
Christine Largouët ◽  
Charlotte Gaillard ◽  
Laetitia Cloutier ◽  
Frédéric Guay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Modeling Approach ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
The Mean ◽  
On Farm

AbstractNutrient requirements of sows during lactation are related mainly to their milk yield and feed intake, and vary greatly among individuals. In practice, nutrient requirements are generally determined at the population level based on average performance. The objective of the present modeling approach was to explore the variability in nutrient requirements among sows by combining current knowledge about nutrient use with on-farm data available on sows at farrowing [parity, BW, backfat thickness (BT)] and their individual performance (litter size, litter average daily gain, daily sow feed intake) to estimate nutrient requirements. The approach was tested on a database of 1,450 lactations from 2 farms. The effects of farm (A, B), week of lactation (W1: week 1, W2: week 2, W3+: week 3 and beyond), and parity (P1: 1, P2: 2, P3+: 3 and beyond) on sow performance and their nutrient requirements were evaluated. The mean daily ME requirement was strongly correlated with litter growth (R2 = 0.95; P < 0.001) and varied slightly according to sow BW, which influenced the maintenance cost. The mean daily standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine requirement was influenced by farm, week of lactation, and parity. Variability in SID lysine requirement per kg feed was related mainly to feed intake (R2 = 0.51; P < 0.001) and, to a smaller extent, litter growth (R2 = 0.27; P < 0.001). It was lowest in W1 (7.0 g/kg), greatest in W2 (7.9 g/kg), and intermediate in W3+ (7.5 g/kg; P < 0.001) because milk production increased faster than feed intake capacity did. It was lower for P3+ (6.7 g/kg) and P2 sows (7.3 g/kg) than P1 sows (8.3 g/kg) due to the greater feed intake of multiparous sows. The SID lysine requirement per kg of feed was met for 80% of sows when supplies were 112 and 120% of the mean population requirement on farm A and B, respectively, indicating higher variability in requirements on farm B. Other amino acid and mineral requirements were influenced in the same way as SID lysine. The present modeling approach allows to capture individual variability in the performance of sows and litters according to farm, stage of lactation, and parity. It is an initial step in the development of new types of models able to process historical farm data (e.g., for ex post assessment of nutrient requirements) and real-time data (e.g., to control precision feeding).

Soil and tissue tests to predict pasture yield responses to applications of potassium fertiliser in high-rainfall areas of south-western Australia

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
W. J. Cox ◽  
B. J. Codling
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Yield Responses

Dairy and beef pastures in the high (>800 mm annual average) rainfall areas of south-western Australia, based on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), grow on acidic to neutral deep (>40 cm) sands, up to 40 cm sand over loam or clay, or where loam or clay occur at the surface. Potassium deficiency is common, particularly for the sandy soils, requiring regular applications of fertiliser potassium for profitable pasture production. A large study was undertaken to assess 6 soil-test procedures, and tissue testing of dried herbage, as predictors of when fertiliser potassium was required for these pastures. The 100 field experiments, each conducted for 1 year, measured dried-herbage production separately for clover and ryegrass in response to applied fertiliser potassium (potassium chloride). Significant (P<0.05) increases in yield to applied potassium (yield response) were obtained in 42 experiments for clover and 6 experiments for ryegrass, indicating that grass roots were more able to access potassium from the soil than clover roots. When percentage of the maximum (relative) yield was related to soil-test potassium values for the top 10 cm of soil, the best relationships were obtained for the exchangeable (1 mol/L NH4Cl) and Colwell (0.5 mol/L NaHCO3-extracted) soil-test procedures for potassium. Both procedures accounted for about 42% of the variation for clover, 15% for ryegrass, and 32% for clover + grass. The Colwell procedure for the top 10 cm of soil is now the standard soil-test method for potassium used in Western Australia. No increases in clover yields to applied potassium were obtained for Colwell potassium at >100 mg/kg soil. There was always a clover-yield increase to applied potassium for Colwell potassium at <30 mg/kg soil. Corresponding potassium concentrations for ryegrass were >50 and <30 mg/kg soil. At potassium concentrations 30–100 mg/kg soil for clover and 30–50 mg/kg soil for ryegrass, the Colwell procedure did not reliably predict yield response, because from nil to large yield responses to applied potassium occurred. The Colwell procedure appears to extract the most labile potassium in the soil, including soluble potassium in soil solution and potassium balancing negative charge sites on soil constituents. In some soils, Colwell potassium was low indicating deficiency, yet plant roots may have accessed potassum deeper in the soil profile. Where the Colwell procedure does not reliably predict soil potassium status, tissue testing may help. The relationship between relative yield and tissue-test potassium varied markedly for different harvests in each year of the experiments, and for different experiments. For clover, the concentration of potassium in dried herbage that was related to 90% of the maximum, potassium non-limiting yield (critical potassium) was at the concentration of about 15 g/kg dried herbage for plants up to 8 weeks old, and at <10 g/kg dried herbage for plants older than 10–12 weeks. For ryegrass, there were insufficient data to provide reliable estimates of critical potassium.

scholarly journals Relationship between macrofauna, mineralogy and exchangeable calcium and magnesium in Cerrado Oxisols under pasture

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 996-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Rodolfo Siqueira Vendrame ◽  
Robélio Leandro Marchão ◽  
Osmar Rodrigues Brito ◽  
Maria de Fátima Guimarães ◽  
Thierry Becquer
Keyword(s):  
Total Carbon ◽  
Soil Macrofauna ◽  
Exchangeable Calcium ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Distrito Federal ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Soil Groups

The objective of this work was to assess the relationship between macrofauna, mineralogy and exchangeable calcium and magnesium in Cerrado Oxisols under pasture. Twelve collection points were chosen in the Distrito Federal and in Formosa municipality, Goiás state, Brazil, representing four soil groups with varied levels of calcium + magnesium and kaolinite/(kaolinite + gibbsite) ratios. Soil macrofauna was collected in triplicate at each collection point, and identified at the level of taxonomic groups. Macrofauna density showed correlation with contents of kaolinite, gibbsite and exchangeable Ca + Mg in the soils. Mineralogy and exchangeable Ca + Mg had significant effects on taxonomic groups and relative density of soil macrofauna. The termites (Isoptera) were more abundant in soils with low exchangeable Ca + Mg; earthworms (Oligochaeta), in soils with high levels of kaolinite; and Hemiptera and Coleoptera larvae were more abundant in gibbsitic soils with higher contents of total carbon.

scholarly journals Scientific progress in ruminant production in the 1st decade of the XXI century

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (suppl spe) ◽  
pp. 478-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geraldo Tadeu dos Santos ◽  
Daniele Cristina da Silva-Kazama ◽  
Ricardo Kazama ◽  
Helene V. Petit
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Milk Fat Depression ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Transition Cows ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
The Relationship

Scientific advances in nutrition of dairy cows in the first decade of the XXI century have occurred. This paper will review the most common additives fed to transition cows to decrease the incidence of metabolic disorders, which will be discussed separately with emphasis on their mechanisms of action, utilization and efficiency. Some changes on protein in the 2001 updated version of the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle to reach better precision of the nitrogen and amino acid requirements of lactating cows also are presented. Many of the advances in nutritional manipulation of milk fat concentration are related to fat supplementation, then the relationship between the action of rumen microbes on biohydrogenation of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and milk fatty acid profile are discussed as well as the main factors identified as being responsible for milk fat depression.

Recent advancements of molecular breeding and functional genomics for improving nitrogen-, phosphorus- and potassium-use efficiencies in wheat.

2021 ◽  
pp. 170-196
Author(s):  
T. Maharajan ◽  
G. Victor Roch ◽  
S. Antony Ceasar
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Essential Nutrients ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Abstract This chapter discusses the importance and implications of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as essential nutrients and the application of molecular breeding and functional genomics for improving nutrient-use efficiency in wheat are presented. Improvement of nutrient-use efficiency through genetic modification and impact of climate change on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium management were also discussed.

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