scholarly journals The Impact of Gender Differences on Negotiations in The Workplace: Or The Underlying Effectiveness of Women

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-56
Author(s):  
Steven H. Appelbaum, Ph.D. ◽  
Serena Bruzzese, MBA ◽  
Sai Praveen Gudichuttu, MBA ◽  
Joshua Gurman, MBA ◽  
Inès Leou, MBA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Expectations ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Executive Level ◽  
The Impact

This literature review helps explain the impact gender has on negotiations. The discussion encompassed in this review will include the impact of gender stereotypes on negotiation, continuing to how these stereotypes and other gender-related issues impact salary negotiations. It will also analyze how men and women approach negotiation with the same and opposite sex and will include a discussion on gender expectations brought about by cultural differences. It will conclude with summarized findings, inconsistencies in research, shortcomings of methodology, and direction for future research. This review’s findings are sourced from articles, academic journals, theses, and web pages. The research concluded that stereotypes do play a role in determining how people negotiate with their opposition by leveraging their position and preconceived gender-based personality traits. It also concludes that the gender pay gap can, in part, be explained by the negotiation process of salary. This is due to males dominating executive-level positions. Furthermore, men and women interact differently and achieve different outcomes depending on the gender they’re negotiating with, uniformly in favor of males. Lastly, culture also plays a role in creating gender-based stereotypes and negotiation results differ significantly from country to country due to different cultural norms and practices. It has been found, with little uncertainty, that gender does play a significant role in negotiation outcomes. A direction for future research would be to explore gender as a non-binary construct and determine negotiation outcomes across a spectrum, as well as cross-analyzing gender with other individual circumstances.

scholarly journals Custody and Care of Children in Spain: Can the Two Rights be Reconciled?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Jabbaz Churba
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Parental Authority ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Children’S Voices ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis study aims to analyse the legal decision-making process in the Community of Valencia (Spain) regarding contentious divorces particularly with respect to parental authority (patria potestas), custody and visiting arrangements for children, and the opinions of mothers and fathers on the impact these judicial measures have had on their lives. It also considers the biases in these decisions produced by privileging the rights of the adults over those of the children. Three particular moments are studied: (1) the situation before the break-up, focusing on the invisible gender gap in care; (2) the judicial process, where we observe the impact of hidden gender-based violence and gender stereotypes; and (3) the situation post-decision, showing how any existing violence continues after divorce, by means of parental authority. The concept of ‘motherhood under threat’ is placed at the centre of these issues, where children’s voices are given the least attention.

scholarly journals How does mode of travel affect risks posed to other road users? An analysis of English road fatality data, incorporating gender and road type

2020 ◽  
pp. injuryprev-2019-043534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Aldred ◽  
Rob Johnson ◽  
Christopher Jackson ◽  
James Woodcock
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
Road Fatality ◽  
Road Type ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundMost analysis of road injuries examines the risk experienced by people using different modes of transport, for instance, pedestrian fatalities per-head or per-km. A small but growing field analyses the impact that the use of different transport modes has on other road users, for instance, injuries to others per-km driven.MethodsThis paper moves the analysis of risk posed to others forward by comparing six different vehicular modes, separating road types (major vs minor roads in urban vs rural settings). The comparison of risk posed by men and women for all these modes is also novel.ResultsPer-vehicle kilometre, buses and lorries pose much the highest risk to others, while cycles pose the lowest. Motorcycles pose a substantially higher per-km risk to others than cars. The fatality risk posed by cars or vans to ORUs per km is higher in rural areas. Risk posed is generally higher on major roads, although not in the case of lorries, suggesting a link to higher speeds. Men pose higher per-km risk to others than women for all modes except buses, as well as being over-represented among users of the most dangerous vehicles.ConclusionsFuture research should examine more settings, adjust for spatial and temporal confounders, or examine how infrastructure or route characteristics affect risk posed to others. Although for most victims the other vehicle involved is a car, results suggest policy-makers should also seek to reduce disproportionate risks posed by the more dangerous vehicles, for instance, by discouraging motorcycling. Finally, given higher risk posed to others by men across five of six modes analysed, policy-makers should consider how to reduce persistent large gender imbalances in jobs involving driving.

Revisiting the pathways to retirement: a latent structure model of the dynamics of transition from work to retirement

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1739-1770 ◽  
Author(s):  
FENGYAN TANG ◽  
JEFFREY A. BURR
Keyword(s):  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Latent Structure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Structure Model ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Latent Structure Model

ABSTRACTA dynamic latent structure model of the work–retirement transition process was identified, focusing on transitions of work and retirement status for men and women aged 51–74 years. Using the Health and Retirement Study data (1998–2004), latent transition analysis was used to identify a best fitting model capturing work–retirement statuses in four samples defined by age and sex. The prevalence of each status was described and the dynamic transition probabilities within the latent structure were examined. Using multinomial logistic regression, socio-demographic, health, family and occupational factors were assessed to determine how each was related to the likelihood of occupying a specific latent status at baseline. Results showed that study respondents were classified into distinct groups: full retiree, partial retiree or part-time worker, full-time worker, work-disabled or home-maker. The prevalence of full retiree status increased, while the prevalence for full-time worker status decreased over time for both men and women. Membership rates in the work-disabled and partial retiree status were generally consistent, with decreased probabilities of the work-disabled status in the older age groups and increased probabilities of partial retirees among younger men. Our findings indicated that many older Americans experience multiple transitions on the pathway to retirement. Future research on late-life labour-force transitions should evaluate the impact of the recent Great Recession and examine the role of larger socio-economic contexts.

scholarly journals The Impact of Teacher Gender on Girls’ Performance on Programming Tasks in Early Elementary School

10.28945/4082 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 153-162
Author(s):  
Amanda Sullivan ◽  
Marina Umashi Bers
Keyword(s):  
Role Models ◽  
Teaching Style ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Teacher Gender ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Programming Knowledge ◽  
The Impact

Aim/Purpose: The goal of this paper is to examine whether having female robotics teachers positively impacts girls’ performance on programming and robotics tasks Background: Women continue to be underrepresented in the technical STEM fields such as engineering and computer science. New programs and initiatives are needed to engage girls in STEM beginning in early childhood. The goal of this work is to explore the impact of teacher gender on young children’s mastery of programming concepts after completing an introductory robotics program. Methodology: A sample of N=105 children from six classrooms (2 Kindergarten, 2 first grade, and 2 second grade classes) from a public school in Somerville, Massachusetts, participated in this research. Children were taught the same robotics curriculum by either an all-male or all-female teaching team. Upon completion of the curriculum, they completed programming knowledge assessments called Solve-Its. Comparisons between the performance of boys and girls in each of the teaching groups were made. Findings: This paper provides preliminary evidence that having a female instructor may positively impact girls’ performance on certain programming tasks and reduce the number of gender differences between boys and girls in their mastery of programming concepts. Recommendations for Practitioners: Practitioners should expose children to STEM role-models from a variety of backgrounds, genders, ethnicities, and experiences. Future Research: Researchers should conduct future studies with larger samples of teachers in order to replicate the findings here. Additionally, future research should focus on collecting data from teachers in the form of interviews and surveys in order to find out more about gender-based differences in teaching style and mentorship and the impact of this on girls' interest and performance in STEM.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Gendered Impact on Indian Physicians

2021 ◽  
pp. 1093-1100
Author(s):  
Sabita Jiwnani ◽  
Priya Ranganathan ◽  
Virendra Tiwari ◽  
Apurva Ashok ◽  
Devayani Niyogi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Text Messaging ◽  
Domestic Work ◽  
Women Physicians ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Personal Lives ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Impact ◽  
E Mail

PURPOSE The 2018 WHO health workforce report analyzing gender equity in 104 countries reported that although women constituted 70% of the workers, they were less likely to be employed full-time and faced a 28% gender pay gap. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has affected professional as well as personal lives of physicians. We conducted a survey among Indian physicians to understand this impact. METHODS A 31-point anonymized survey to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and resultant lockdown on physicians' domestic responsibilities was disseminated via e-mail and text messaging applications. Our aim was to evaluate whether the impact was gender-based and to look for differences in aspects of domestic work, childcare, and professional commitments. RESULTS We obtained 1,041 responses, of which 643 identified themselves as men and 393 as women. An increase in the domestic responsibilities during the lockdown was confirmed by 90% of the women compared with 82% men. More women than men were solely responsible for domestic chores (38.7% v 23.7%), managed their children's education (74% v 31%), and felt an adverse impact of the pandemic on their professional work (60.8% v 42.6%). Fewer women's spouses (57/359) than men's (174/594, P = .00001) were forced to take leave or work reduced hours, and double the proportion of women (3.5% v 1.5%) had to quit their jobs to manage responsibilities at home. CONCLUSION As the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown measures threw newer challenges, more women physicians than men (81% v 63%) shouldered the burden of increased domestic work and childcare. This survey highlights the need to re-examine the specific challenges faced by women physicians and identify means to support and empower them.

Trend Analyses of Major Contributions in The Counseling Psychologist Cited from 1986 to 1996

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Y. Flores ◽  
S. Craig Rooney ◽  
P. Paul Heppner ◽  
LaVonne Douglas Browne ◽  
Mei-Fen Wei
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Official Publication ◽  
Professional Issues ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Past ◽  
Number Of Citations ◽  
The Impact

This study commemorates the 30th anniversary of The Counseling Psychologist (TCP), the official publication of Division 17 since 1969. The investigation analyzes trends in the professional citations of the Major Contribution articles from the inception of TCP in 1969 through 1995. Results indicate (a) the impact factors and citation half-life statistics for Major Contribution articles for the years 1986 to 1996, (b) that citations of Major Contributions have increased over the past 11 years, (c) that Major Contribution articles are cited across a diverse range of disciplines, (d) that the number of Major Contribution articles in an issue is negatively related to the average number of citations for an issue, (e) the top 10 most frequently cited Major Contribution articles, (f) the percentages of Major Contributions published by men and women, and (g) emerging topic areas from citations of Major Contributions published from 1991 to 1995. Implications of the results are discussed with regard to professional issues, TCP, and future research.

The Effect of Gender Stereotypes on Explicit and Implicit Career Preferences

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 902-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuma Gadassi ◽  
Itamar Gati
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Career Planning ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Internet Site ◽  
Short List ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Career Preferences

The present study compared gender differences in directly reported and indirectly derived career preferences and tested the hypothesis that individuals' implicit preferences would show less gender-biased occupational choices than their directly elicited ones. Two hundred sixty-six visitors to a career-related Internet site were asked to (a) list 5 to 10 suitable occupations (the directly reported list) and (b) report their preferences in terms of 31 career-related aspects. The latter were used to produce a short list of promising occupational alternatives (the indirectly derived list), using the occupational database of an Internet-based career planning system. Each occupation in the database rated for sex dominance. The findings indicated that the sex dominance ratings of the occupations on the directly reported list accorded with the participants' gender for both men and women: Men's lists included mostly “masculine” occupations, whereas women's lists included mostly “feminine” occupations. This gender bias was significantly lower for the implicit lists. The difference between the directly reported and the indirectly derived lists was larger for women than for men, suggesting that the impact of stereotypes is more pronounced in women's than in men's directly reported career preferences.

scholarly journals Cash, non-cash, or mix? Gender matters! The impact of monetary, non-monetary, and mixed incentives on performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 1253-1284
Author(s):  
Hanna M. Sittenthaler ◽  
Alwine Mohnen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Performance Pressure ◽  
Perceived Performance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Standard economic theory asserts that cash incentives are always better than non-cash ones, or at least not worse. This study employs a real effort experiment to analyze the impact of monetary, non-monetary, and a combination of monetary and non-monetary incentives on performance, where non-monetary incentives are defined as tangible incentives with market value. Our overall results suggest that there exists no significant difference in performance in response to monetary, non-monetary, and mixed incentives. However, gender-based differentiation reveals a different picture: the performances of men and women depend upon the type of incentive used. Whereas men’s performance is significantly higher in response to monetary incentives compared to non-monetary ones, women’s performance is significantly higher in response to non-monetary incentives. The gender differences in the effectiveness of monetary and non-monetary incentives do not seem to be triggered by the perceived attractiveness of the non-monetary incentives but rather by the differences between men and women in the feelings of appreciation and perceived performance pressure in a tournament setting. Therefore, our results indicate that gender differences must be considered when implementing incentives.

Gender Stereotypes and the Role of Women in Higher Education (Azerbaijan Case Study)

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 747-763
Author(s):  
Elza Alipasha Mollaeva
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Impact

Gender stereotypes are common among students of both sexes and among the teachers and students’ family environment. In addition to communication processes, they are manifested in the phenomenon of gender-based division of learning and the hidden curriculum. In developing countries, the problem of access to higher education is also unsolved, not only because of socioeconomic reasons but also because of psychological reasons—devaluation of education and professional potential of women. These factors have a negative influence on social and economic processes in general. The study of gender stereotypes is the foundation for strategies’ development to overcome gender inequality and implementing a model of gender parity (egalitarian model). This model assumes that the change must take place on both sides: the impact on people’s behavior by laws prohibiting discrimination, providing financial support and openings for women students; and changes in belief prevailing in the society by initiating discussions in media, educational institutions, and community organizations with a reasoned positioning of gender equality importance.

scholarly journals Frequency of Television Watching and Gender Stereotypes in Children and Adolescents A Review in the Context of Cultivation Theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (17) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Cultivation Theory ◽  
Tv Viewing ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Watching Tv ◽  
The Impact

Widespread use of television has brought with it the examination of the effect of exposure to TV content on its viewers. One of the most remarkable approaches put forward in this context is the Cultivation Theory developed by Gerbner (1969). The theory, which focuses on the impact of TV viewing on individuals perceptions of reality, assumes that as the frequency of exposure to messages presented in TV increases, individuals’ perceptions of the real world are shaped according to these messages. The development of gender stereotypes and beliefs in gender equality in children and adolescents may also be fed by the “cultivation” function of TV, which is widely used by them also. The aim of this study is to systematically review the studies focuses on the relationship between frequency of watching TV and children’s or adolescents’ gender-based stereotypes in the context of Cultivation Theory. A total of 23 studies conducted between 1960 and 2020 were reviewed in this context and it was determined that both children and adolescents had more traditional beliefs and attitudes about gender roles with the increase in the frequency of watching TV. Findings were discussed in the light of the relevant literature. Keywords Cultivation Theory, gender roles, watching tv, children, adolescents

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document