scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Gendered Impact on Indian Physicians

2021 ◽  
pp. 1093-1100
Author(s):  
Sabita Jiwnani ◽  
Priya Ranganathan ◽  
Virendra Tiwari ◽  
Apurva Ashok ◽  
Devayani Niyogi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Text Messaging ◽  
Domestic Work ◽  
Women Physicians ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Personal Lives ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Impact ◽  
E Mail

PURPOSE The 2018 WHO health workforce report analyzing gender equity in 104 countries reported that although women constituted 70% of the workers, they were less likely to be employed full-time and faced a 28% gender pay gap. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has affected professional as well as personal lives of physicians. We conducted a survey among Indian physicians to understand this impact. METHODS A 31-point anonymized survey to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and resultant lockdown on physicians' domestic responsibilities was disseminated via e-mail and text messaging applications. Our aim was to evaluate whether the impact was gender-based and to look for differences in aspects of domestic work, childcare, and professional commitments. RESULTS We obtained 1,041 responses, of which 643 identified themselves as men and 393 as women. An increase in the domestic responsibilities during the lockdown was confirmed by 90% of the women compared with 82% men. More women than men were solely responsible for domestic chores (38.7% v 23.7%), managed their children's education (74% v 31%), and felt an adverse impact of the pandemic on their professional work (60.8% v 42.6%). Fewer women's spouses (57/359) than men's (174/594, P = .00001) were forced to take leave or work reduced hours, and double the proportion of women (3.5% v 1.5%) had to quit their jobs to manage responsibilities at home. CONCLUSION As the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown measures threw newer challenges, more women physicians than men (81% v 63%) shouldered the burden of increased domestic work and childcare. This survey highlights the need to re-examine the specific challenges faced by women physicians and identify means to support and empower them.

Exploring the Impact of E-mail and Postcard Prenotification on Response Rates to a Mail Survey in an Academic Setting

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-103
Author(s):  
Leslie A. McCallister ◽  
Bobette Otto
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Impact Response ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Initial Mailing ◽  
Project Costs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Time Faculty

What techniques effectively and consistently impact response rates to a mail survey? No clear answer to this question exists, largely because variability in response rates occurs depending on the population of interest, questionnaire type, and procedures used by researchers. This article examines the impact of e-mail and postcard prenotification on response rates to a mail survey by using a population of university full-time faculty and staff. Comparisons were made among respondents who received a postcard prenotification, those who received an e-mail prenotification, and those who received no prenotification prior to the initial mailing of a questionnaire. Data show that e-mail prenotification had the largest impact on response rate, while postcard prenotification had the least impact. In addition, the use of e-mail prenotification reduced overall project costs (both time and money). We suggest that the uses and applicability of e-mail prenotification be further explored to examine both its initial and overall impact on response rate in populations utilizing an electronic environment.

scholarly journals Killing Me Softly: Organizational E-mail Monitoring Expectations’ Impact on Employee and Significant Other Well-Being

2019 ◽  
pp. 014920631989065 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Becker ◽  
Liuba Y. Belkin ◽  
Samantha A. Conroy ◽  
Sarah Tuskey
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Satisfaction ◽  
Electronic Communication ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Significant Others ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Psychological Stressor ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Organizational Expectations ◽  
E Mail

This paper tests the relationship between organizational expectations to monitor work-related electronic communication during nonwork hours and the health and relationship satisfaction of employees and their significant others. We integrate resource-based theories with research on interruptions to position organizational expectations for e-mail monitoring (OEEM) during nonwork time as a psychological stressor that elicits anxiety due to employee attention allocation conflict. E-mail–triggered anxiety, in turn, negatively affects the health and relationship quality of employees and their significant others. We conducted three studies to test our propositions. Using the experience sampling method with 108 working U.S. adults, Study 1 established within-employee effects of OEEM on anxiety, employee health, and relationship conflict. Study 2 used a sample of 138 dyads of full-time employees and their significant others to replicate detrimental health and relationship effects of OEEM through anxiety. It also showed crossover effects of OEEM on partner health and relationship satisfaction. Finally, Study 3 employed a two-wave data collection method with an online sample of 162 U.S. working adults to provide additional support for the OEEM construct as a distinct and reliable job stressor and replicated findings from Studies 1 and 2. Taken together, our research extends the literature on work-related electronic communication at the interface of work and nonwork boundaries, deepening our understanding of the impact of OEEM on employees and their families’ health and well-being.

scholarly journals Gender Transformative Approaches to Engaging Men in Gender-Based Violence Prevention: A Review and Conceptual Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Casey ◽  
Juliana Carlson ◽  
Sierra Two Bulls ◽  
Aurora Yager
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Social Activism ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Engaging Men ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Engaging men and boys as participants and stakeholders in gender-based violence (GBV) prevention initiatives is an increasingly institutionalized component of global efforts to end GBV. Accordingly, evidence of the impact of men’s engagement endeavors is beginning to emerge, particularly regarding interventions aimed at fostering gender equitable and nonviolent attitudes and behaviors among men. This developing evidence base suggests that prevention programs with a “gender transformative” approach, or an explicit focus on questioning gender norms and expectations, show particular promise in achieving GBV prevention outcomes. Interventions targeting attitude and behavior change, however, represent just one kind of approach within a heterogeneous collection of prevention efforts around the globe, which can also include community mobilization, policy change, and social activism. The degree to which gender transformative principles inform this broader spectrum of men’s engagement work is unclear. The goals of this article are twofold. First, we offer a conceptual model that captures and organizes a broader array of men’s antiviolence activities in three distinct but interrelated domains: (1) initial outreach and recruitment of previously unengaged males, (2) interventions intended to promote gender-equitable attitudes and behavior among men, and (3) gender equity-related social action aimed at eradicating GBV, inclusive of all genders’ contributions. Second, we review empirical literature in each of these domains. Across these two goals, we critically assess the degree to which gender transformative principles inform efforts within each domain, and we offer implications for the continuing conceptualization and assessment of efforts to increase men’s participation in ending GBV.

scholarly journals The impact of gender equity in agriculture on nutritional status, diets, and household food security: a mixed-methods systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. e002173
Author(s):  
Helen Harris-Fry ◽  
Hayaan Nur ◽  
Bhavani Shankar ◽  
Giacomo Zanello ◽  
Chittur Srinivasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionUndernutrition rates remain high in rural, low-income settings, where large, gender-based inequities persist. We hypothesised that increasing gender equity in agriculture could improve nutrition.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review to assess the associations between gender-based inequities (in income, land, livestock, and workloads) and nutrition, diets and food security outcomes in agricultural contexts of low-income and middle-income countries. Between 9 March and 7 August 2018, we searched 18 databases and 14 journals, and contacted 27 experts. We included quantitative and qualitative literature from agricultural contexts in low-income and middle-income countries, with no date restriction. Outcomes were women’s and children’s anthropometric status, dietary quality and household food security. We conducted meta-analyses using random-effects models.ResultsWe identified 19 820 records, of which 34 studies (42 809 households) met the inclusion criteria. Most (22/25) quantitative studies had a high risk of bias, and qualitative evidence was of mixed quality. Income, land and livestock equity had heterogeneous associations with household food security and child anthropometric outcomes. Meta-analyses showed women’s share of household income earned (0.32, 95% CI −4.22 to 4.86; six results) and women’s share of land owned (2.72, 95% CI -0.52 to 5.96; three results) did not increase the percentage of household budget spent on food. Higher-quality studies showed more consistently positive associations between income equity and food security. Evidence is limited on other exposure–outcome pairings.ConclusionsWe find heterogeneous associations between gender equity and household-level food security. High-quality research is needed to establish the impact of gender equity on nutrition outcomes across contexts.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018093987.

Equal pay for work of equal value, wage-setting and the gender pay gap

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-532
Author(s):  
Gillian Whitehouse ◽  
Meg Smith
Keyword(s):  
East Asian ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Wage Setting ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Impact

The principle of equal pay for work of equal value has radical potential but uneven application and impact. As one strand within the multiplicity of measures required to impede the reproduction of gender pay gaps, its strengths lie in an expanded notion of equality and capacity to challenge gendered norms embedded in wage-setting practices. Almost 70 years after the principle was given expression in the International Labour Organisation’s Equal Remuneration Convention of 1951, these strengths remain difficult to capture. This collection includes studies of advances and retreats in Australia and New Zealand, shaped by political and economic trends, changing wage-setting arrangements and varying interpretations of formal provisions. These are elaborated with examples of collective action that have redefined the problem of gender pay inequality and found pathways to redress gender-based undervaluation in the absence of a supportive regulatory framework. Studies of three East Asian countries extend understanding through stark illustrations of recurring barriers, highlighting limitations in legal expression, incompatibility of equal value measures with wage-setting norms, and the impact of highly segmented labour markets. Together the articles underline the need for interrelated reforms to formal provisions, wage-setting institutions and labour markets, and the importance of ongoing mobilisation to drive change.

scholarly journals Equality without equity: The gender pay gap at the National University of Colombia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Carolina Neira ◽  
Eduardo Rodríguez ◽  
Álvaro Valdés
Keyword(s):  
Academic Staff ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Academic Rank ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Track Record ◽  
National University ◽  
Variance Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Gender Based

The National University of Colombia boasts a clear and egalitarian salary regime for its academic staff. Apart from rules concerning maternity and paternity leaves, which follow national Colombian legislation, the Academic Personal Statute is completely free of gender-based norms. Salaries are assigned through a points system that considers training level, productivity, and academic rank. With this in mind, one might expect to find egalitarian male and female salary conditions free of the gender-related gaps existing in other, more arbitrary private work environments. In this article, we present the results of a variance decomposition analysis of the gross salaries of all full-time professors and report the existence of an unadjusted gender pay gap of 0.12 and adjusted or unexplained gaps of 0.07-0.09 obtained through a Mincer earnings regression and a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition. Partial correlations between these gaps and the different factors that come into play are examined and analyzed. The high impact of professors’ research track record on their salaries appears as the main contribution to the gender differences. It seems plausible that the crucial need for time to dedicate to research opens the window to the patriarchal society to permeate the otherwise egalitarian salary regime of the University, especially for the highest range of salaries corresponding mainly to male full professors who are very active in research.

scholarly journals The Impact of Gender Differences on Negotiations in The Workplace: Or The Underlying Effectiveness of Women

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-56
Author(s):  
Steven H. Appelbaum, Ph.D. ◽  
Serena Bruzzese, MBA ◽  
Sai Praveen Gudichuttu, MBA ◽  
Joshua Gurman, MBA ◽  
Inès Leou, MBA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Expectations ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Executive Level ◽  
The Impact

This literature review helps explain the impact gender has on negotiations. The discussion encompassed in this review will include the impact of gender stereotypes on negotiation, continuing to how these stereotypes and other gender-related issues impact salary negotiations. It will also analyze how men and women approach negotiation with the same and opposite sex and will include a discussion on gender expectations brought about by cultural differences. It will conclude with summarized findings, inconsistencies in research, shortcomings of methodology, and direction for future research. This review’s findings are sourced from articles, academic journals, theses, and web pages. The research concluded that stereotypes do play a role in determining how people negotiate with their opposition by leveraging their position and preconceived gender-based personality traits. It also concludes that the gender pay gap can, in part, be explained by the negotiation process of salary. This is due to males dominating executive-level positions. Furthermore, men and women interact differently and achieve different outcomes depending on the gender they’re negotiating with, uniformly in favor of males. Lastly, culture also plays a role in creating gender-based stereotypes and negotiation results differ significantly from country to country due to different cultural norms and practices. It has been found, with little uncertainty, that gender does play a significant role in negotiation outcomes. A direction for future research would be to explore gender as a non-binary construct and determine negotiation outcomes across a spectrum, as well as cross-analyzing gender with other individual circumstances.

scholarly journals ­­­Opportunities for gender transformative approaches in a community-based drowning reduction program in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Medhavi Gupta ◽  
Aminur Rahman ◽  
NC Dutta ◽  
Devaki Nambiar ◽  
Rebecca Ivers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Community Context ◽  
Program Sustainability ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Program Delivery ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Community-based programs in rural low-and middle-income country settings are well-placed to conduct gender transformative activities that aid program sustainability and catalyse wider social change, such as reducing gender inequities that in turn improve health outcomes. The Anchal program is a drowning prevention intervention for children aged 1-5 years old in rural Bangladesh. It provides community crèche-based supervision delivered by local trained paid-female volunteers. We aimed to identify the impact of the Anchal program on gender norms and behaviours in the community context, and the effects these had on program delivery and men and women’s outcomes. Methods: Qualitative in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and observations were conducted with program beneficiaries and providers. Gender impacts and outcomes were analysed using FHI 360’s Gender Integration Framework. Results: The Anchal program was found to be a gender accommodating program as it catered for communities’ gender-based roles and constraints but did not actively seek to change underlying beliefs, perceptions and norms that led to these. The program in some cases enhanced the independence and status of female community staff. This changed perceptions of communities towards acceptable levels of physical mobility and community involvement for women. Conversely, gender impacted program delivery by reducing the ability of female supervisory staff to engage with male community leaders. The double burden of wage and household labour carried by local female staff also limited performance and progression. Gender-based constraints on staff performance, attrition and community engagement affected efficiency of program delivery and sustainability. Conclusions: The Anchal program both adapted to and shaped community gender norms and roles. The program has well-established relationships in the community and can be leveraged to implement gender transformative activities to improve gender-based equity. Health programs can broaden their impacts and target social determinants of health like gender equity to increase program sustainability and promote equitable health outcomes.

scholarly journals Gender Issues in Italian Catheterization Laboratories: The Gender‐CATH Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Bernelli ◽  
Enrico Cerrato ◽  
Rebecca Ortega ◽  
Emanuela Piccaluga ◽  
Elisabetta Ricottini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Interventional Cardiology ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Catheterization Laboratory ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Changing Demographics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gender Specific

Background Women represent an increasing percentage of interventional cardiologists in Italy compared with other countries. However, gaps exist in understanding and adapting to the impact of these changing demographics. Methods and Results We performed a national survey to analyze demographics, gender‐based professional difference, needs in terms of catheterization laboratory (Cath‐Lab) abstention, and radiation safety issues in Italian Cath‐Lab settings. A survey supported by the Italian Society of Interventional Cardiology (Società Italiana di Cardiologia Interventistica–Gruppo Italiano di Studi Emodinamici SICI‐GISE) was mailed to all SICI‐GISE members. Categorical data were compared using the χ 2 test. P <0.05 was considered significant. There were 326 respondents: 20.2% were <35 years old, and 64.4% had >10 years of Cath‐Lab experience. Notably, 26.4% were women. Workload was not gender‐influenced (women performed “on‐call” duty 69.8% versus men 68.3%; P =0.97). Women were more frequently unmarried (22.1% women versus 8.7% men; P =0.002) and childless (43.9% versus 56.1%; P <0.001). Interestingly, 69.8% of women versus 44.6% of men ( P <0.001) argued that pregnancy/breastfeeding negatively impacts professional skill development and career advancement. For Cath‐Lab abstention, 38.9% and 69.6% of respondents considered it useful to perform percutaneous coronary intervention robotic simulations and "refresh‐skill" sessions while they were absent or on return to work, respectively, without gender differences. Overall, 80% of respondents described current radioprotection counseling efforts as inadequate and not gender specific. Finally, 26.7% faced some type of job discrimination, a significantly higher proportion of whom were women. Conclusions Several gender‐based differences exist or are perceived to exist among interventional cardiologists in Italian Cath‐Labs. Joint strategies addressing Cath‐Lab abstention and radiation exposure education should be developed to promote gender equity in interventional cardiologists.

The Impact of Gender-Based Family Roles on Criminal Sentencing

1991 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayle S. Bickle ◽  
Ruth D. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Family Roles ◽  
Criminal Sentencing ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Impact
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