The Statutory Framework before 1968

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-41
Author(s):  
Kenneth McK. Norrie
Keyword(s):  
Child Protection ◽  
Juvenile Courts ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
Industrial Schools ◽  
Post War ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
First Time

This chapter traces the evolving legislative framework of child protection processes, from the poor law and through the early regulation of reformatory and industrial schools, to the late 19th century statutes which for the first time focused on child protection. It examines in detail the aims of the Children Act 1908 through juvenile courts, its restructuring in 1932 and its consolidation by the Children and Young Persons (Scotland) Act 1937, before exploring the post-war shift from charitable to state activity, notably with the Children Act 1948 which made child protection a central aim of local authorities with the establishment of children’s committee and children’s officers. Also explored is the beginnings of the shift from insulating vulnerable children from their families to the involvement of their families in planning for the future. Early international conventions are described.

scholarly journals Child Abuse And Neglect: Mandatory Reporting and the Legal Profession

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Deverson
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Child Abuse And Neglect ◽  
Mandatory Reporting ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
Abuse And Neglect ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
Legal Professional ◽  
Reporting Laws

Child abuse and neglect affects approximately 42 500 children in Australia each year. Parliaments in all Australian states and territories have introduced mandatory reporting into child protection legislation to protect vulnerable children by requiring certain individuals to report suspicions of abuse or neglect. However, lawyers are prevented from reporting because of the rules governing legal professional privilege and confidentiality. This article begins by examining the problem of child abuse and neglect in Australia and outlines the current legislative framework of mandatory reporting laws in Part II. Part III discusses the current rules governing lawyers and examines legal professional privilege and the duty of confidentiality. Part IV provides arguments for and against requiring lawyers to report suspected abuse and also considers the lawyer-client relationship and the special position of domestic violence victims. Part V offers recommendations for the proposed legislative reform. This article concludes that lawyers should be required to report child abuse and neglect.

EDWIN CHADWICK'S SELF-FASHIONING: PROFESSIONALISM, MASCULINITY, AND THE VICTORIAN POOR

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priti Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Legislative Politics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sanitary Condition ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post War ◽  
First Time ◽  
Scholarly Attention

IN THE PAST DECADE EDWIN CHADWICKhas been the subject of several scholarly inquiries; indeed one can almost speak of a “Chadwick industry” these days. This is not, however, the first time he has attracted significant scholarly attention: in 1952, S. E. Finer's and R. A. Lewis's biographies initiated our century's first evaluation of him, culminating in M. W. Flinn's excellently edited reprint of Chadwick's most important text,The Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain(referred to as theSanitary Report). Yet the Chadwick that emerges in recent accounts could not be more different from the mid-century Chadwick. The post-war critics saw him as a visionary, an often-embattled crusader for public health whose enemies were formidable but whose vision, extending the liberal and radical tradition, ultimately prevailed. Cultural critics, on the other hand, present a Chadwick who misrepresented (if not outright oppressed) the poor and who was instrumental in developing a massive bureaucracy to police their lives. Thus, while earlier accounts highlighted Chadwick's accomplishments, the progress of public health reforms, and the details of legislative politics, more recent ones draw attention to his representations of the poor, the erasures in his text, and the growing nineteenth-century institutionalization of the poor that theSanitary Reportpromotes. Chadwick, in other words, is portrayed as either a pioneer of reform or an avatar of bureaucratic oppression.

Boarding-out and Fostering by Public Authorities

2020 ◽  
pp. 195-231
Author(s):  
Kenneth McK. Norrie
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Poor Law ◽  
Early Child ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Statutory Authority ◽  
Unpaid Labour

The boarding out of needy children traces its origins in Scotland to 16th century Poor Law legislation and the practice was followed, often without statutory authority, by the Poor Law authorities until the Poor Law was replaced by “national assistance” in 1948. The early child protection statutes had allowed a child to be committed to the care of a “fit person”, which was later specified to include charitable organisations and, after 1932, local authorities. Children tended to be placed in rural areas far from their families, and ran the risk of being treated as unpaid labour in farms and crofts. The early regulatory control is examined in this chapter, as are the various official reports on and policy concerns about boarding out throughout the 20th century, in particular the 1946 Clyde Report. Then the increasing regulation of how foster carers are vetted and overseen by local authorities, from the 1980s on, is dealt with, through the creation of fostering panels and fostering agreements. Finally, the 21st century emphasis on kinship care is explored.

The Statutory Framework after 1968

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-84
Author(s):  
Kenneth McK. Norrie
Keyword(s):  
Child Protection ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
Provision Of Care ◽  
Hearing System

After an examination of the Kilbrandon Committee’s work in the early 1960s, this chapter will offer an analysis of the major changes to the Scottish child protection process brought about by the Social Work (Scotland) Act 1968 – including that Act’s increased focus on preventive measures, a greater involvement of the child’s family, and the clarification and enhancement of the role of the local authority. There follows the lead up to and enactment of the Children (Scotland) Act 1995, with its increased focus on participation rights and the restructuring of local authority duties towards vulnerable children and those who are now “looked after”. Thereafter, the new regimes regulating the provision of care in residential establishments and in foster care (the Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001 and the Public Services Reform (Scotland) Act 2010) are explored in detail, as is the development of “GIRFEC” as the major Governmental tool. The chapter ends by exploring the restructuring of the children’s hearing system by the Children’s Hearings (Scotland) Act 2011, and the failed “named person” scheme in the Children and Young People (Scotland) Act 2014. Contemporary international conventions are described.

Scheming

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seán Damer
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Housing Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Local Council ◽  
Housing Scheme ◽  
Post War ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Voice ◽  
House Building

This book seeks to explain how the Corporation of Glasgow, in its large-scale council house-building programme in the inter- and post-war years, came to reproduce a hierarchical Victorian class structure. The three tiers of housing scheme which it constructed – Ordinary, Intermediate, and Slum-Clearance – effectively signified First, Second and Third Class. This came about because the Corporation uncritically reproduced the offensive and patriarchal attitudes of the Victorian bourgeoisie towards the working-class. The book shows how this worked out on the ground in Glasgow, and describes the attitudes of both authoritarian housing officials, and council tenants. This is the first time the voice of Glasgow’s council tenants has been heard. The conclusion is that local council housing policy was driven by unapologetic considerations of social class.

Dissolution and Performing Homogeneous Photocatalysis of Polymeric Carbon Nitride

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaofeng Huang ◽  
Jing Wen ◽  
Yanfei Shen ◽  
Fei He ◽  
Li Mi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugated Polymer ◽  
Carbon Nitride ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Methane Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Catalytic Sites ◽  
Homogeneous Photocatalysis ◽  
Polymeric Carbon ◽  
First Time

<a></a><a>As a metal-free conjugated polymer, carbon nitride (CN) has attracted tremendous attention as heterogeneous (photo)catalysts. </a><a></a><a>By following prototype of enzymes, making all catalytic sites of accessible via homogeneous reactions is a promising approach toward maximizing CN activity, but hindered due to </a><a></a><a>the poor insolubility of CN</a>. Herein, we report the dissolution of CN in environment-friendly methane sulfonic acid and the homogeneous photocatalysis driven by CN for the first time with the activity boosted up to 10-times, comparing to the heterogeneous counterparts. Moreover, facile recycling and reusability, the <a>hallmark</a> of heterogeneous catalysts, were kept for the homogeneous CN photocatalyst via reversible precipitation using poor solvents. It opens new vista of CN in homogeneous catalysis and offers a successful example of polymeric catalysts in bridging gaps of homo/heterogeneous catalysis.

Reconstituting the International, 1918–1923

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talbot C. Imlay
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Events ◽  
Great War ◽  
Bolshevik Revolution ◽  
Meaning And Purpose ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Great War ◽  
Do So ◽  
Lengthy Process

This chapter examines the post-war efforts of European socialists to reconstitute the Socialist International. Initial efforts to cooperate culminated in an international socialist conference in Berne in February 1919 at which socialists from the two wartime camps met for the first time. In the end, however, it would take four years to reconstitute the International with the creation of the Labour and Socialist International (LSI) in 1923. That it took so long to do so is a testimony to the impact of the Great War and to the Bolshevik revolution. Together, these two seismic events compelled socialists to reconsider the meaning and purpose of socialism. The search for answers sparked prolonged debates between and within the major parties, profoundly reconfiguring the pre-war world of European socialism. One prominent stake in this lengthy process, moreover, was the nature of socialist internationalism—both its content and its functioning.

scholarly journals Taming nitroformate through encapsulation with nitrogen-rich hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jichuan Zhang ◽  
Yongan Feng ◽  
Richard J. Staples ◽  
Jiaheng Zhang ◽  
Jean’ne M. Shreeve
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Energetic Materials ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
High Oxygen Content ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Simple Preparation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hydrogen Bonded

AbstractOwing to its simple preparation and high oxygen content, nitroformate [−C(NO2)3, NF] is an extremely attractive oxidant component for propellants and explosives. However, the poor thermostability of NF-based derivatives has been an unconquerable barrier for more than 150 years, thus hindering its application. In this study, the first example of a nitrogen-rich hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF-NF) is designed and constructed through self-assembly in energetic materials, in which NF anions are trapped in pores of the resulting framework via the dual force of ionic and hydrogen bonds from the strengthened framework. These factors lead to the decomposition temperature of the resulting HOF-NF moiety being 200 °C, which exceeds the challenge of thermal stability over 180 °C for the first time among NF-based compounds. A large number of NF-based compounds with high stabilities and excellent properties can be designed and synthesized on the basis of this work.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document