scholarly journals Supply, Demand, and Specialized Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Specialized Production

Chestnuts in Charters

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Balzaretti
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
Specialized Production ◽  
System P ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Economic Specialization

This chapter responds to a point which Chris Wickham raised in his recent review of my book on Dark Age Liguria: did chestnut cultivation show any economic specialization in this region in the early medieval period? Chestnuts figured a great deal in that book, which drew briefly on the surviving charter documentation for the region. In this chapter a more detailed analysis of charters from the tenth and eleventh centuries develops an answer to the question of specialized production with a comparative study in which the Genoese evidence is set alongside similar charter evidence from Milan and its region, where chestnuts were also cultivated for food. The Genoa–Milan comparison puts into practice Wickham’s advocacy of comparative method at the micro as well as at the macro scale, for regions where comparison has not historically been the norm. The comparison suggests that chestnuts were more important to the Genoese than the Milanese economy, in part for local climatic reasons but also, perhaps, because of fundamental political and social differences between these two cities. It will be shown that some charters show that the production of chestnuts was to some degree specialized, how it was specialized and what the consequences of that specialization were for each economic system.

Technoparks, Industrial Parks and Special Economic Zones As a Modern Tool for Renovating Industrial Sites and Creating Conditions for the Development of Industrial Production in Russia

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
S. Radygina
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Production ◽  
Industrial Park ◽  
Industrial Sites ◽  
Specialized Production ◽  
Industrial Parks ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
Economic Zones ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
Modern Tool

The organization of industrial production according to the type of industrial park is considered the most effective way to support small and medium-sized enterprises in the real sector of the economy, ensuring socio-economic growth and the development of the national economy. The article considers the essence of the industrial park, its distinctive aspects, proves its economic efficiency in the process of economic activity based on the analysis of key indicators: the number, occupancy of residents, the number of jobs created, the total number of production areas. The dynamics of the number of industrial parks, both existing and created, was analyzed, the reasons for their further growth and development were highlighted. The importance of state support from federal and regional authorities is revealed, existing and planned measures are described, and some trends related to the functioning of specialized production sites are highlighted.

The Prehistory of Hawai‘i

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick V. Kirch
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Hawaiian Islands ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Sociopolitical Complexity ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Specialized Production ◽  
The World ◽  
Divine Kingship

The Hawaiian Islands are the most isolated inhabited archipelago in the world. Initially colonized around A.D. 1000, the environmental gradients of rainfall and island-age have influenced subsequent cultural variation and differentiation in the islands. Settlements are typically dispersed hamlets and integrated within agricultural facilities such as irrigated pondfields and dryland field systems. Populations were politically organized in idealized pie-shaped units or ahupua`a that typically encompass a cross-section of island resources. Material culture , including fishhooks, stone tools, and religious temples, is broadly similar within these units, but there is also much evidence for elite control of specialized production in some areas. The Hawaiian Islands are the archetypal chiefdom society, although based on changes in demography, monumental architecture (heiau) and royal centers, intensive agriculture, and divine kingship, the population had likely crossed the threshold of sociopolitical complexity to that of an archaic state prior to the arrival of Europeans in 1778.

The Early Postclassic Aztatlán Colonization of the Pacific Coast of Jalisco

2020 ◽  
pp. 131-156
Author(s):  
Joseph B. Mountjoy ◽  
Fabio Germán Cupul-Magaña ◽  
Rafael García de Quevedo-Machain ◽  
Martha Lorenza López Mestas Camberos
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Postclassic Period ◽  
Subsistence Strategies ◽  
Specialized Production ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
West Mexico ◽  
Early Postclassic ◽  
Northern Pacific

The focus of this chapter is a recently discovered archaeological site, Arroyo Piedras Azules, located on the northern Pacific coast of Jalisco, Mexico. Excavated materials provide considerable information about the colonization of this area by Aztatlán groups in the Early Postclassic period, as well as the nature of the expansion of the Aztatlán phenomenon in West Mexico. Based on the data thus far obtained from the site, the authors offer five significant conclusions regarding the development and the spread of the Aztatlán archaeological culture in West Mexico, concerning the timing of development, subsistence strategies of Pacific coastal groups, the nature of Aztatlán expansion, specialized production, and links between the Arroyo Piedras Azules site to the Mixteca-Puebla area.

scholarly journals Quality indicators of tank milk in different production systems of tropical regions

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4Supl1) ◽  
pp. 2819
Author(s):  
Paula Priscilla L. da Escóssia Campos ◽  
Adriano Henrique Do Nascimento Rangel ◽  
Luis Henrique Fernandes Borba ◽  
Stela Antas Urbano ◽  
Luciano Patto Novaes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Production System ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Specialized Production ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

Research was conducted in eight commercial herds located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Properties were classified according to the production system, the seasons were divided into four and the genetic groups into six. Milk samples from morning milking were collected monthly, directly from a cooling tank. Protein, fat, lactose, total solids, casein, urea nitrogen concentrations/levels, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC) were determined. For milk composition, the detected results were satisfactory and met the requirements of Normative Ruling 62, but the averages for SCC and TBC were above the recommended limit. All variables, with the exception of casein from total protein were influenced (P < 0.05) by the production system used in the production unit. A lower fat content was recorded in 2010 compared to 2011. For the seasons, all the constituents of milk had lower values in drier season (seasons 3 and 4), with the exception of casein; SCC and TBC had higher values in periods 1 and 2, which are considered rainy periods. There was variation in the chemical composition of milk according to the genotypes. Milk chemical composition met the legal and market requirements, with a positive emphasis on specialized production systems. The variations over the year and according to the genetic group of the herd are also significant and should be taken into account in the search for improvements. As for the hygiene and health aspects of milk, the results portray the need for a greater focus by the entities involved in the sector, as well as the producers, on the viability of an adequacy program and monitoring of management practices related to this criterion.

scholarly journals Public Management, Private Management and Collective Action in the Portoviejo River Basin: Visions and Conflicts

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquin Romano ◽  
Byron V. Coral
Keyword(s):  
Public Management ◽  
Market Model ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Peasant Communities ◽  
Specialized Production ◽  
Community Model ◽  
World Markets ◽  
Private Management

Agricultural policies show an orientation in the management of natural resources, such as water, towards specialized production for world markets. This is promoting models of private use against those of common use. The objective of this research is to evaluate the transformations in the institutional framework associated with the change of vision of water and the pressures created on peasant communities that culturally maintain socio-ecological systems. Based on Ostrom’s methodological proposals for the governance of common goods, a case study of the Rio Portoviejo Basin (Ecuador) was carried out. The three developed management models are analyzed: public, private and community. Evidence is provided that the community model is more equitable, efficient and sustainable. The way in which the extension of the market model, which conditions agricultural activity to profitability, is weakening the networks of peasant communities is also studied. In this context, the correlation between the loss of the traditional agrarian culture and the environmental degradation of the area is observed.

The Economic Geography of Chert Lithic Production in the Southern Maya Lowlands: A Comparative Examination of Early-Stage Reduction Debris

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Scott Speal
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Maya Lowlands ◽  
Geographic Scale ◽  
Tool Manufacture ◽  
Specialized Production ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Maya Area ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Comparative Examination

AbstractIt has been known for several decades that certain regions of the Maya Lowlands were characterized by specialized production of chert tools in ancient times. The extent, intensity, organization, and net social effects of centralized lithic production in the Maya area as a whole, however, are not well understood. In order to address issues of broader relevance to social and economic processes, lithicists working in the Maya region need to develop analytical approaches suited to the study of complex economies. The research presented here attempts to establish simple baseline measures for use in comparing the production of siliceous stone tools, both formal and expedient, at different scales across the Maya area. Scholarship in this region has been chronically plagued by prolonged, unresolved debates—mostly a factor of the multitude of single-site-focused projects employing different methodologies and research emphases. The present study therefore proposes a new direction in Maya lithic studies with the goal of enhancing comparability of data on ancient economic structure through the use of standardized statistics that facilitate spatial analysis. Using the proportion of early-stage core reduction debris to the total of all debitagefrom a given context, for instance, enables the analyst to roughly assess the amount of tool manufacture taking place locally. By extension, inferences can be made about the degree of economic integration and interdependence characterizing any given geographic scale, including the architectural group, site, region, and so on. Preliminary analysis of patterns in early-stage reduction illustrates differential spatial distributions of chert tool production and consumption at several scales from across the southern Lowlands, allowing for the refinement of current models of ancient Maya lithic economy.

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