scholarly journals Transcription Factors Interplay Orchestrates the Immune-Metabolic Response of Leishmania Infected Macrophages

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifa Bichiou ◽  
Cyrine Bouabid ◽  
Imen Rabhi ◽  
Lamia Guizani-Tabbane
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Obligate Intracellular

Leishmaniasis is a group of heterogenous diseases considered as an important public health problem in several countries. This neglected disease is caused by over 20 parasite species of the protozoa belonging to the Leishmania genus and is spread by the bite of a female phlebotomine sandfly. Depending on the parasite specie and the immune status of the patient, leishmaniasis can present a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, Leishmania colonize phagocytic cells, mainly the macrophages that orchestrate the host immune response and determine the fate of the infection. Once inside macrophages, Leishmania triggers different signaling pathways that regulate the immune and metabolic response of the host cells. Various transcription factors regulate such immune-metabolic responses and the associated leishmanicidal and inflammatory reaction against the invading parasite. In this review, we will highlight the most important transcription factors involved in these responses, their interactions and their impact on the establishment and the progression of the immune response along with their effect on the physiopathology of the disease.

scholarly journals Dendritic Cells andLeishmaniaInfection: Adding Layers of Complexity to a Complex Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Feijó ◽  
Rafael Tibúrcio ◽  
Mariana Ampuero ◽  
Cláudia Brodskyn ◽  
Natalia Tavares
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Neglected Diseases ◽  
Important Public Health Problem

Leishmaniasis is a group of neglected diseases whose clinical manifestations depend on factors from the host and the pathogen. It is an important public health problem worldwide caused by the protozoan parasite from theLeishmaniagenus. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is the most frequent form of this disease transmitted by the bite of an infected sandfly into the host skin. The parasites can be uptook and/or recognized by macrophages, neutrophils, and/or dendritic cells (DCs). Initially, DCs were described to play a protective role in activating the immune response againstLeishmaniaparasites. However, several reports showed a dichotomic role of DCs in modulating the host immune response to susceptibility or resistance in CL. In this review, we discuss (1) the interactions between DCs and parasites from different species ofLeishmaniaand (2) the crosstalk of DCs and other cells during CL infection. The complexity of these interactions profoundly affects the adaptive immune response and, consequently, the disease outcome, especially fromLeishmaniaspecies of the New World.

scholarly journals ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY CAUSED BY Crotalus AND Bothrops SNAKE VENOM: A REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND TREATMENT

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polianna L.M.M. Albuquerque ◽  
Camilla N. Jacinto ◽  
Geraldo B. Silva Junior ◽  
Juliana B. Lima ◽  
Maria do Socorro B. Veras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Renal Involvement ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Clinical Complications

SUMMARY Ophidic accidents are an important public health problem due to their incidence, morbidity and mortality. An increasing number of cases have been registered in Brazil in the last few years. Several studies point to the importance of knowing the clinical complications and adequate approach in these accidents. However, knowledge about the risk factors is not enough and there are an increasing number of deaths due to these accidents in Brazil. In this context, acute kidney injury (AKI) appears as one of the main causes of death and consequences for these victims, which are mainly young males working in rural areas. Snakes of the Bothrops and Crotalus genera are the main responsible for renal involvement in ophidic accidents in South America. The present study is a literature review of AKI caused by Bothrops and Crotalus snake venom regarding diverse characteristics, emphasizing the most appropriate therapeutic approach for these cases. Recent studies have been carried out searching for complementary therapies for the treatment of ophidic accidents, including the use of lipoic acid, simvastatin and allopurinol. Some plants, such as Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae and Rubiaceae seem to have a beneficial role in the treatment of this type of envenomation. Future studies will certainly find new therapeutic measures for ophidic accidents.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Hyperinflammation: Role of Steroid in Mild Disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Jhasaketan Meher ◽  
Manish Kumar Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Multiorgan Dysfunction ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Persistent Symptoms

Current COVID-19 has become a major public health problem because of its pandemicity, with wide spectrum of disease manifestation. SARS-COV-2 can have a varied clinical manifestation ranging from asymptomatic, mild symptomatic to severe disease like acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm, and multiorgan dysfunction. It has been described in literature that cytokine storm/hyperinflammation arises as result of dysregulated immune response leading to excessive release of various cytokines which causes multiorgan dysfunction. But there is paucity of literature describing the immune response and hyperinflammation in mild disease which may cause unremitting symptoms. Here we describe a case series of three patients with mild disease, who had persistent symptoms beyond 1 week and managed with low dose steroid after confirming it to be hyperinflammation. So it is imperative to detect the hyperinflammatory phase to halt the disease progression. Also we have discussed the role of immune system and role of steroid in COVID-19.

scholarly journals Nodding syndrome research, lessons learned from the NSETHIO project

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Geelhand de Merxem ◽  
J. N. Siewe Fodjo ◽  
S. Menon ◽  
A. Hotterbeekx ◽  
R. Colebunders
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Nodding Syndrome ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence ◽  
Long Time

Background.Until recently, nodding syndrome (NS) was considered as a mysterious disease of unknown etiology. A link between onchocerciasis and epilepsy was suspected for a long time. However, onchocerciasis was not considered as the cause of NS because NS was believed to occur only in onchocerciasis-endemic regions in Uganda, South Sudan, and Tanzania. In October 2015, with funding from the European Research Council, the NSETHIO group launched a trans-disciplinary, multi-country research project to identify the cause of NS and to study the link between onchocerciasis and epilepsy.Methods.We reviewed NSETHIO activities as well as all published papers, and compared project findings with results of previous research on NS.ResultsFindings from the NSETHIO project showed that NS is only one of the clinical manifestations in the wide spectrum of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE) that could be prevented by strengthening onchocerciasis elimination programs. NSETHIO demonstrated that OAE is an important neglected public health problem in onchocerciasis-endemic areas with no or a sub-optimally functioning onchocerciasis control strategies.Conclusions.Today there is overwhelming evidence that NS together with the Nakalanga syndrome is clinical presentations of OAE, a condition that could be prevented by strengthening onchocerciasis elimination programs. While research needs to continue to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms causing NS, new strategies to accelerate onchocerciasis elimination coupled with community-based surveillance and treatment programs for epilepsy are urgently needed in areas of high Onchocerca volvulus transmission.

scholarly journals Mucor circinelloidesThrives inside the Phagosome through an Atf-Mediated Germination Pathway

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Pérez-Arques ◽  
María Isabel Navarro-Mendoza ◽  
Laura Murcia ◽  
Carlos Lax ◽  
Pablo Martínez-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Gene Network ◽  
Mucor Circinelloides ◽  
Extracellular Proteins ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Molecular Processes ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fungal Genes

ABSTRACTMucormycosis is an emerging fungal infection that is often lethal due to the ineffectiveness of current therapies. Here, we have studied the first stage of this infection—the germination ofMucor circinelloidesspores inside phagocytic cells—from an integrated transcriptomic and functional perspective. A relevant fungal gene network is remodeled in response to phagocytosis, being enriched in crucial functions to survive and germinate inside the phagosome, such as nutritional adaptation and response to oxidative stress. Correspondingly, the phagocytic cells induced a specific proinflammatory and apoptotic response to the pathogenic strain. Deletion of fungal genes encoding putative transcription factors (atf1,atf2, andgcn4), extracellular proteins (chi1andpps1), and an aquaporin (aqp1) revealed that these genes perform important roles in survival following phagocytosis, germination inside the phagosome, and virulence in mice.atf1andatf2play a major role in these pathogenic processes, since their mutants showed the strongest phenotypes and both genes control a complex gene network of secondarily regulated genes, includingchi1andaqp1. These new insights into the initial phase of mucormycosis define genetic regulators and molecular processes that could serve as pharmacological targets.IMPORTANCEMucorales are a group of ancient saprophytic fungi that cause neglected infectious diseases collectively known as mucormycoses. The molecular processes underlying the establishment and progression of this disease are largely unknown. Our work presents a transcriptomic study to unveil theMucor circinelloidesgenetic network triggered in fungal spores in response to phagocytosis by macrophages and the transcriptional response of the host cells. Functional characterization of differentially expressed fungal genes revealed three transcription factors and three extracellular proteins essential for the fungus to survive and germinate inside the phagosome and to cause disease in mice. Two of the transcription factors, highly similar to activating transcription factors (ATFs), coordinate a complex secondary gene response involved in pathogenesis. The significance of our research is in characterizing the initial stages that lead to evasion of the host innate immune response and, in consequence, the dissemination of the infection. This genetic study offers possible targets for novel antifungal drugs against these opportunistic human pathogens.

scholarly journals Innate Immune Signaling Activated by MDR Bacteria in the Airway

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dane Parker ◽  
Danielle Ahn ◽  
Taylor Cohen ◽  
Alice Prince
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Immune Signaling ◽  
Innate Immune Signaling ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant

Health care-associated bacterial pneumonias due to multiple-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens are an important public health problem and are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition to antimicrobial resistance, these organisms have adapted to the milieu of the human airway and have acquired resistance to the innate immune clearance mechanisms that normally prevent pneumonia. Given the limited efficacy of antibiotics, bacterial clearance from the airway requires an effective immune response. Understanding how specific airway pathogens initiate and regulate innate immune signaling, and whether this response is excessive, leading to host-induced pathology may guide future immunomodulatory therapy. We will focus on three of the most important causes of health care-associated pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and review the mechanisms through which an inappropriate or damaging innate immune response is stimulated, as well as describe how airway pathogens cause persistent infection by evading immune activation.

Coeliac disease

2010 ◽  
pp. 2335-2341
Author(s):  
Patrick C.A. Dubois ◽  
David A. van Heel
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Coeliac Disease ◽  
Case History ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
History Of

Case History—A 38 yr old woman presenting with a long history of tiredness and abdominal bloating. Coeliac disease is a common disorder of the small intestine in which storage proteins in dietary wheat, rye, and barley (gliadin, secalins, hordeins, usually referred to as ‘gluten’) induce T-cell responses restricted by HLA DQ2 or DQ8. This immune response drives intestinal inflammation and loss of villous architecture and can lead to a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations....

scholarly journals Clinical Spectrum of Schistosomiasis: An Update

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 5521
Author(s):  
Cristina Carbonell ◽  
Beatriz Rodríguez-Alonso ◽  
Amparo López-Bernús ◽  
Hugo Almeida ◽  
Inmaculada Galindo-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Clinical Form ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Blood Flukes ◽  
Helminthic Infection ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Tropics

Schistosomiasis is a helminthic infection and one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). It is caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. It is an important public health problem, particularly in poverty-stricken areas, especially those within the tropics and subtropics. It is estimated that at least 236 million people worldwide are infected, 90% of them in sub-Saharan Africa, and that this disease causes approximately 300,000 deaths annually. The clinical manifestations are varied and affect practically all organs. There are substantial differences in the clinical presentation, depending on the phase and clinical form of schistosomiasis in which it occurs. Schistosomiasis can remain undiagnosed for a long period of time, with secondary clinical lesion. Here, we review the clinical profile of schistosomiasis. This information may aid in the development of more efficacious treatments and improved disease prognosis.

scholarly journals Oral cavity bleeding following snakebite: A case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. e12310111505
Author(s):  
Mirlany Mendes Maciel Oliveira ◽  
Lorena Mendes de Almeida ◽  
Daniela Meneses Santos ◽  
Marcelo Caetano Parreira da Silva ◽  
Claudia Jordão Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Tissue Necrosis ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Hemorrhagic Events ◽  
Systemic Manifestations ◽  
Probability Of Death

Snakebite is an important public health problem because of its incidence, morbidity, and mortality. It may be related to climatic factors and rural habits. Snakes of the genus Bothrops are responsible for most snakebites in Brazil. The venom of these snakes has peculiar characteristics, with important proteolytic, coagulant, and hemorrhagic actions, leading to local and systemic alterations. Initial manifestations include local tissue injury, pain, swelling, bleeding, and bullous lesions that can progress to abscesses or tissue necrosis. Systemic manifestations should be carefully evaluated especially for the probability of hemorrhagic events such as epistaxis, gingivorrhagia, hematuria, and hemoptysis. Knowing the clinical manifestations of snakebites, as well as the adequate treatment, is essential. Efficient and rapid diagnosis can minimize victims’ injuries and the probability of death. The present study reports the clinical case of bleeding at a distant site from the initial site of venom inoculation after bite by a Bothrops snake, emphasizing the therapeutic approach and differential diagnosis in these cases.

scholarly journals Viral Toxin NS1 Implication in Dengue Pathogenesis Making It a Pivotal Target in Development of Efficient Vaccine

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 946
Author(s):  
Grégorie Lebeau ◽  
Alisé Lagrave ◽  
Eva Ogire ◽  
Lauriane Grondin ◽  
Soundary Seriacaroupin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Severe Dengue ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Dengue Disease ◽  
Nonstructural Protein 1

The mosquito-borne viral disease dengue is a global public health problem causing a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from mild dengue fever to severe dengue with plasma leakage and bleeding which are often fatal. To date, there are no specific medications to treat dengue and prevent the risk of hemorrhage. Dengue is caused by one of four genetically related but antigenically distinct serotypes DENV-1–DENV-4. The growing burden of the four DENV serotypes has intensified both basic and applied research to better understand dengue physiopathology. Research has shown that the secreted soluble hexameric form of DENV nonstructural protein-1 (sNS1) plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of severe dengue. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the role of sNS1 in the immunopathogenesis of dengue disease. We discuss the potential use of sNS1 in future vaccine development and its potential to improve dengue vaccine efficiency, particularly against severe dengue illness.

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