scholarly journals Nature of Relationships Between Atmospheric Electricity Parameters at Ground Surface and Air Ionization on the Basis of Nuclear Accidents in Power Plants and Weapons Tests

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Kubicki ◽  
Bogna Mysłek-Laurikainen ◽  
Anna Odzimek
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Atmospheric Electricity ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Radioactive Aerosol ◽  
Chernobyl Disaster ◽  
Nuclear Weapons Testing ◽  
Radioactive Substances ◽  
Air Ionization ◽  
The Impact

In this work we present an analysis of selected atmospheric electricity parameters, measured at the Geophysical Observatory in Świder (near Warsaw, Poland), in a review of the major events that resulted in the release of a significant amount of artificial radioactive substances in the Earth’s atmosphere: the radioactive accident in Fukushima, Japan, beginning 12 March 2011, followed by the 9.0 earthquake and tsunami; Chernobyl disaster (27 April 1986); and nuclear weapons testing (1958–1965). The physical mechanisms of the impact of radioactive sources on the electrical parameters of the atmosphere are analyzed. The formation of free charge (small ions, represented by electric air conductivity) and bound-induced charges (measured vertical electric field and current) by radioactive aerosol and cloud nuclei were taken into account. The values of electric field Ez, atmospheric air conductivity λ, and aerosol concentrations measured at a certain site depend on the time and space location of the released radioactive materials in relation to the measurement site and the meteorological situation. A frontal inflow of air masses containing radioactive substances may be noticeable at a large distance from the atmospheric electricity measuring site in fair weather conditions (Chernobyl disaster). Atmospheric precipitation plays a very important role in the transport of radioactive substances to the ground level (nuclear weapons testing). The relationship between the ionospheric potential Vi and the electric field near ground level Ez resulting from the Global Electric Circuit (GEC) concept for the presence of a strongly ionized air layer in the lower stratosphere and the ground level was disturbed in nuclear weapons testing time. The aim of this work is a qualitative characterization of discussed events. Future modeling works are needed to investigate the dependence of quantitative GEC parameters in situations of global or regional high air ionization. For this purpose, available measurements of recorded atmospheric electricity parameters will be used.

Ground-level atmospheric electricity of mid-latitude Nimbostratus and Stratus cloud at Swider station, Poland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Odzimek ◽  
Piotr Baranski ◽  
Marek Kubicki ◽  
Jerzy Berlinski ◽  
Danuta Jasinkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Atmospheric Electricity ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Convection Current ◽  
Conduction Current ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Stratus Cloud ◽  
Geophysical Observatory ◽  
Main Components

<p>We present main results of our analysis of the ground-level atmospheric electricity under  Nimbostratus and Stratus clouds at mid-latitude Geophysical Observatory in Swider. Atmospheric electricity data from the Geophysical Observatory in Swider was analysed according to the calculation scheme allowing to obtain the main components of the current density in such conditions, i.e. conduction current density and precipitation or convection current, based on the basic measured parameters: electric field, Maxwell current density and total air conductivity. The atmospheric electric field and conduction current is more likely downward under Stratus cloud as is the precipitation or convection current. The electric field under Nimbostratus during snow at the ground is downward and during rain is upward and sometimes also upward precipitation current occurs during heavier rain. Mean values of electric field, conductivity, conduction and precipitation current have been obtained and an average mean current budget was calculated. Another analysis concerns the dependence of precipitation current density on the electric field at the Earth's surface in the conditions of Nimbostratus with continuous, stable precipitation, in historical cases reported as linear. The dependence of the linear regression coefficients on the value of electrical conductivity of the air was particularly investigated from the angle of the theoretical results of the work of Ette and Oladiran (1980).</p>

scholarly journals Negative Anomalies of the Earth’s Electric Field as Earthquake Precursors

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Sergey Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Potential Gradient ◽  
Earthquake Precursors ◽  
Electric Field Potential ◽  
The World ◽  
Air Ionization ◽  
The Impact

Anomalies of the electric field potential gradient have been observed in the near-ground air before earthquakes in different regions of the world. Such anomalies are likely caused by radon air ionization. In this study, the impact of this precursor was estimated according to continuous observations of the electric field in Kamchatka in 1997–2002.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Electric Field on Surface Condensation of Water Vapor: Insight from Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Wang ◽  
Hui Xie ◽  
Zhiming Hu ◽  
Chao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Intermolecular Forces ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Attraction Force ◽  
Condensation Rate ◽  
Shape Transformation ◽  
The Impact

In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to study the coupling effect of electric field strength and surface wettability on the condensation process of water vapor. Our results show that an electric field can rotate water molecules upward and restrict condensation. Formed clusters are stretched to become columns above the threshold strength of the field, causing the condensation rate to drop quickly. The enhancement of surface attraction force boosts the rearrangement of water molecules adjacent to the surface and exaggerates the threshold value for shape transformation. In addition, the contact area between clusters and the surface increases with increasing amounts of surface attraction force, which raises the condensation efficiency. Thus, the condensation rate of water vapor on a surface under an electric field is determined by competition between intermolecular forces from the electric field and the surface.

scholarly journals The ground-level ozone concentration is inversely correlated with the number of COVID-19 cases in Warsaw, Poland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oskar Wiśniewski ◽  
Wiesław Kozak ◽  
Maciej Wiśniewski
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Ozone Concentration ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Ground Level Ozone ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact

AbstractCOVID-19, which is a consequence of infection with the novel viral agent SARS-CoV-2, first identified in China (Hubei Province), has been declared a pandemic by the WHO. As of September 10, 2020, over 70,000 cases and over 2000 deaths have been recorded in Poland. Of the many factors contributing to the level of transmission of the virus, the weather appears to be significant. In this work, we analyze the impact of weather factors such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and ground-level ozone concentration on the number of COVID-19 cases in Warsaw, Poland. The obtained results show an inverse correlation between ground-level ozone concentration and the daily number of COVID-19 cases.

scholarly journals Restraining Surface Charge Accumulation and Enhancing Surface Flashover Voltage through Dielectric Coating

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 750
Author(s):  
Jixing Sun ◽  
Sibo Song ◽  
Xiyu Li ◽  
Yunlong Lv ◽  
Jiayi Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Metallic Particle ◽  
Particle Charging ◽  
Insulating Surfaces ◽  
Surface Flashover ◽  
Charging Time ◽  
The Impact

A conductive metallic particle in a gas-insulated metal-enclosed system can charge through conduction or induction and move between electrodes or on insulating surfaces, which may lead to breakdown and flashover. The charge on the metallic particle and the charging time vary depending on the spatial electric field intensity, the particle shape, and the electrode surface coating. The charged metallic particle can move between the electrodes under the influence of the spatial electric field, and it can discharge and become electrically conductive when colliding with the electrodes, thus changing its charge. This process and its factors are mainly affected by the coating condition of the colliding electrode. In addition, the interface characteristics affect the particle when it is near the insulator. The charge transition process also changes due to the electric field strength and the particle charging state. This paper explores the impact of the coating material on particle charging characteristics, movement, and discharge. Particle charging, movement, and charge transfer in DC, AC, and superimposed electric fields are summarized. Furthermore, the effects of conductive particles on discharge characteristics are compared between coated and bare electrodes. The reviewed studies demonstrate that the coating can effectively reduce particle charge and thus the probability of discharge. The presented research results can provide theoretical support and data for studying charge transfer theory and design optimization in a gas-insulated system.

scholarly journals The Early Days of Personal Solar Ultraviolet Dosimetry

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Diffey
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Uv Exposure ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Atmospheric Ozone ◽  
Quantitative Understanding ◽  
Solar Uv ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Solar Ultraviolet

In the early 1970s, environmental conservationists were becoming concerned that a reduction in the thickness of the atmospheric ozone layer would lead to increased levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation at ground level, resulting in higher population exposure to UV and subsequent harm, especially a rise in skin cancer. At the time, no measurements had been reported on the normal levels of solar UV radiation which populations received in their usual environment, so this lack of data, coupled with increasing concerns about the impact to human health, led to the development of simple devices that monitored personal UV exposure. The first and most widely used UV dosimeter was the polymer film, polysulphone, and this review describes its properties and some of the pioneering studies using the dosimeter that led to a quantitative understanding of human exposure to sunlight in a variety of behavioral, occupational, and geographical settings.

The Four Paradoxes of Nuclear Strategy

1964 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans J. Morgenthau
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
Nuclear Strategy ◽  
Nuclear Age ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Modes Of Thought ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Middle Ages

The nuclear age has ushered in a novel period of history, as distinct from the age that preceded it as the modern age has been from the Middle Ages or the Middle Ages have been from antiquity. Yet while our conditions of life have drastically changed under the impact of the nuclear age, we still live in our thoughts and act through our institutions in an age that has passed. There exists, then, a gap between what we think about our social, political, and philosophic problems and the objective conditions which the nuclear age has created.This contradiction between our modes of thought and action, belonging to an age that has passed, and the objective conditions of our existence has engendered four paradoxes in our nuclear strategy: the commitment to the use of force, nuclear or otherwise, paralyzed by the fear of having to use it; the search for a nuclear strategy which would avoid the predictable consequences of nuclear war; the pursuit of a nuclear armaments race joined with attempts to stop it; the pursuit of an alliance policy which the availability of nuclear weapons has rendered obsolete. All these paradoxes result from the contrast between traditional attitudes and the possibility of nuclear war and from the fruitless attempts to reconcile the two.

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