A Review of Feedback Models and Theories: Descriptions, Definitions, and Conclusions

The positive effect of feedback on students’ performance and learning is no longer disputed. For this reason, scholars have been working on developing models and theories that explain how feedback works and which variables may contribute to student engagement with it. Our aim with this review was to describe the most prominent models and theories, identified using a systematic, three-step approach. We selected 14 publications and described definitions, models, their background, and specific underlying mechanisms of feedback processes. We concluded the review with eight main points reached from our analysis of the models. The goal of this paper is to inform the field and to help both scholars and educators to select appropriate models to frame their research and intervention development. In our complementary review (Panadero and Lipnevich, 2021) we further analyzed and compared the fourteen models with the goal to classify and integrate shared elements into a new comprehensive model.

Born to be young: prenatal thyroid hormones increase early-life telomere length

10.1101/2020.05.07.083667 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Antoine Stier ◽

Bin-Yan Hsu ◽

Coline Marciau ◽

Blandine Doligez ◽

Lars Gustafsson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Telomere Length ◽

Early Life ◽

Copy Number ◽

Growth Period ◽

Postnatal Growth ◽

Mtdna Copy Number ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Growth And Aging ◽

AbstractPrenatal environmental conditions can have lifelong consequences on health and aging. The underlying mechanisms remain nonetheless little understood. Thyroid hormones (THs) are important regulators of embryogenesis transferred from the mother to the embryo. In an avian model, we manipulated embryo exposure to maternal THs through egg injection and investigated the consequences on postnatal growth and aging. We first report that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and telomere length significantly decrease from early-life to late adulthood, thus confirming that these two molecular markers are hallmarks of aging in our wild bird model. The experimental elevation of prenatal THs levels had a transient positive effect on postnatal growth. Elevated prenatal THs had no effect on mtDNA copy number but significantly increased telomere length both soon after birth and at the end of the growth period (equivalent to offsetting ca. 4 years of post-growth telomere shortening). These findings suggest that prenatal THs have a key role in setting the ‘biological’ age at birth, and thus might influence longevity.

Metformin Alleviated Aβ-Induced Apoptosis via the Suppression of JNK MAPK Signaling Pathway in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2016/1421430 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Bin Chen ◽

Ying Teng ◽

Xingguang Zhang ◽

Xiaofeng Lv ◽

Yanling Yin

Keyword(s):

P38 Mapk ◽

Hippocampal Neurons ◽

Mapk Signaling ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Concentration Dependent Manner ◽

Ldh Assay ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Induced Apoptosis ◽

Both diabetes and hyperinsulinemia are confirmed risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease. Some researchers proposed that antidiabetic drugs may be used as disease-modifying therapies, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, although more evidence was poorly supported. The aim of the current study is to investigate the role of metformin in Aβ-induced cytotoxicity and explore the underlying mechanisms. First, the experimental results show that metformin salvaged the neurons exposed to Aβin a concentration-dependent manner with MTT and LDH assay. Further, the phosphorylation levels of JNK, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK were measured with western blot analysis. It was investigated that Aβincreased phospho-JNK significantly but had no effect on phospho-p38 MAPK and phospho-ERK1/2. Metformin decreased hyperphosphorylated JNK induced by Aβ; however, the protection of metformin against Aβwas blocked when anisomycin, the activator of JNK, was added to the medium, indicating that metformin performed its protection against Aβin a JNK-dependent way. In addition, it was observed that metformin protected the neurons via the suppression of apoptosis. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that metformin may have a positive effect on Aβ-induced cytotoxicity, which provides a preclinical strategy against AD for elders with diabetes.

RELATIONSHIP MODEL OF PERSONALITY, COMMUNICATION, STUDENT ENGAGEMENT, AND LEARNING SATISFACTION

Business Management and Education ◽

10.3846/bme.2015.297 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 175-202 ◽

Author(s):

Dorothea Wahyu ARIANI

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Student Engagement ◽

Survey Research ◽

Business School ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Learning Satisfaction ◽

Relationship Model ◽

The Relationship ◽

This study aims to examine the engagement as a mediating variable of the relationship between personality and communication with satisfaction. This study was conducted at business school in Indonesia with 307 students who are still active as a respondent. Survey research was conducted over four months by questionnaire that has been well-established that was taken and modified from previous studies. The results of this study indicate that student engagement mediates the relationship between personality and communication as independent variables and satisfaction as the dependent variable. Extroversion personality and communication significantly positive effect on student engagement in all three dimensions (vigor, dedication, and absorption). In addition, this study also showed that engagement and satisfaction are two different variables, but correlated, and there was no difference in terms of gender differences involvement.

Cell therapy as a treatment of secondary lymphedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.1186/s13287-021-02632-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hector Lafuente ◽

Ibon Jaunarena ◽

Eukene Ansuategui ◽

Arantza Lekuona ◽

Ander Izeta

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Clinical Studies ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Cell Types ◽

Lymphatic Drainage ◽

Secondary Lymphedema ◽

Disease Outcomes ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽

Abstract Background Lymphedema, the accumulation of interstitial fluid caused by poor lymphatic drainage, is a progressive and permanent disease with no curative treatment. Several studies have evaluated cell-based therapies in secondary lymphedema, but no meta-analysis has been performed to assess their efficacy. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of all available preclinical and clinical studies, with assessment of their quality and risk of bias. Results A total of 20 articles using diverse cell types were selected for analysis, including six clinical trials and 14 pre-clinical studies in three species. The meta-analysis showed a positive effect of cell-based therapies on relevant disease outcomes (quantification of edema, density of lymphatic capillaries, evaluation of the lymphatic flow, and tissue fibrosis). No significant publication bias was observed. Conclusion Cell-based therapies have the potential to improve secondary lymphedema. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Due to relevant heterogeneity between studies, further randomized controlled and blinded studies are required to substantiate the use of these novel therapies in clinical practice.

The Effects of Augmented Eccentric Loading upon Kinematics and Muscle Activation in Bench Press Performance

Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology ◽

10.3390/jfmk5010008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 8 ◽

Author(s):

van den Tillaar ◽

Kwan

Keyword(s):

Muscle Activation ◽

Bench Press ◽

Biceps Brachii ◽

Neural Stimulation ◽

Eccentric Load ◽

Press Performance ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

And Control ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Stored Elastic Energy

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an augmented eccentric load upon the kinematics and muscle activation of bench press, and to investigate possible mechanisms behind augmented eccentric loading during the lift. Sixteen resistance-trained males (age 28.5 ± 7.7 years, height 1.78 ± 0.08 m, body mass 80.7 ± 14.3 kg) performed three repetitions at 95/85% of 1RM (augmented eccentric loading), and 85/85% of 1RM (control) in bench press, while barbell kinematics and muscle activation of eight muscles were measured. The main findings were that no kinematic differences between the augmented and control condition were found, only an effect of repetition. Furthermore, augmented loading caused a higher activation of the biceps brachii during the pre-sticking and sticking region, while a lower activation in the sternal part of pectoralis major during the eccentric phase was observed. Based on the present findings, it can be concluded that augmented eccentric loading with 95% of 1RM in bench press did not have any acute positive effect upon the concentric phase of the lift (85% of 1RM) and that the proposed underlying mechanisms like potentiation, increased neural stimulation and preload, and recovery of stored elastic energy does not seem to occur with these loads.

Student engagement and perceived gains in transnational education in Ghana

International Journal of Comparative Education and Development ◽

10.1108/ijced-11-2020-0085 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Yaw Owusu-Agyeman ◽

Gertrude Amoakohene

Keyword(s):

Student Engagement ◽

Sense Of Belonging ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Student Assessment ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Transnational Education ◽

Content Type ◽

Campus Environment ◽

PurposeFollowing recent calls for partner institutions to address the seeming weaknesses in transnational education (TNE) delivery especially in host institutions, this article was developed to generate new insights into how student engagement could explain perceived gains in TNE in a host university in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachA quantitative research design was used to gather and analyse data from students (n = 197) who were enrolled in different masters' programmes with three different TNE partners from Europe. We relied on a survey to collect data from participants who were sampled by way of simple random sampling method. Consequently, the data was analysed using structural equation modelling.FindingsResults revealed that the psychological, behavioural and sociocultural perspectives of student engagement have positive effect on students' perceived gains in TNE. Across the findings, student–lecturer engagement, student' assessment, students' sense of belonging and peer engagement demonstrated strong positive effect on students' perceived gains in TNE. The study further revealed that a supportive campus environment and cross-cultural interaction among students enhance students' sense of belonging.Originality/valueThe findings of this article add to an emerging body of literature that suggest that student engagement provides rich information for enhancing the experiences of students who enrol in TNE programmes. Additionally, by integrating supportive campus environment as part of the multidimensional construct which has not been addressed in previous TNE student engagement literature, this shows the significance of institutional structures and commitment to supporting student engagement.

Using Digital Badges to Design a Comprehensive Model for High-Impact Experiential Learning

10.4018/978-1-7998-3820-3.ch021 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 418-434

Author(s):

Mara B. Huber ◽

Christina L. Heath ◽

Charles D. Baxter ◽

Anne Reed

Keyword(s):

Student Engagement ◽

Data Collection ◽

Experiential Learning ◽

Learning Opportunities ◽

High Impact ◽

Comprehensive Model ◽

Digital Badges ◽

Applied Learning ◽

Community Impact ◽

Research Questions

This chapter details the design, implementation, and promise of the Project Portal, a co-curricular badge system, as an exciting example of how digital badges can transcend traditional notions of credentialing. The authors begin by detailing their design approach, which frames goals within hypotheses and research questions, allowing for optimizing implementation based on student outcomes and ongoing data collection. The authors then share a comprehensive model through five primary functional lenses: (1) generating diverse applied learning opportunities, (2) incentivizing, (3) facilitating and (4) assessing student engagement, and (5) leveraging related impacts. Although still in its infancy, the model suggests that these functionalities are individually important and collectively sufficient to activate the promise of high-impact experiential learning as a driver for student and community impact along with key institutional priorities.

Exploring meaning transfer in celebrity endorsements: measurement and validation

Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration ◽

10.1108/apjba-06-2016-0058 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 87-104 ◽

Author(s):

Subhadip Roy ◽

Varsha Jain

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Transfer Model ◽

Comprehensive Model ◽

Celebrity Endorsement ◽

Celebrity Endorsements ◽

Content Type ◽

Brand Meaning ◽

Meaning Transfer ◽

Purpose The “meaning transfer model (MTM)” is one of the less researched models in celebrity endorsement. The purpose of this paper is to empirically measure and validate a comprehensive model of meaning transfer in celebrity endorsements. Design/methodology/approach Based on a conceptual model of meaning transfer that starts from celebrity identity as an antecedent of perceived celebrity meaning (CM), the study integrates CM, brand meaning (BM) and consumer behavior (CB) and two moderators leading to six studied hypotheses. The model is empirically tested using survey data (of 483 consumers) from India with the application of factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Findings Major results indicate a positive effect of CM on BM and BM on subsequent CB. The moderating effect of consumer knowledge and product involvement in successful meaning transfer is also observed. Research limitations/implications Contribution of the present study lies in the validation of a comprehensive model of meaning transfer in celebrity endorsements that may pave the way to the explanation of previous confounding results. Practical implications The present study provided an actionable model for marketers that would lead to successful meaning transfer and the various factors that need to be controlled. Originality/value This is the first study to validate the MTM that integrates the basic tenets of celebrity endorsement theory.

The Impact of Stock Liquidity on Firm Innovation: Evidence From China

Asian Journal of Social Science Studies ◽

10.20849/ajsss.v3i2.357 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Ni Zhong

Keyword(s):

Stock Market ◽

Sample Selection ◽

Additional Test ◽

Firm Innovation ◽

Stock Liquidity ◽

Financing Channel ◽

The Government ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

The Impact ◽

Stock market has become a crucial financing channel for firms nowadays. As an important dimension of the characteristics of stock market, how will stock liquidity affect firm innovation? What are the underlying mechanisms? Those questions need to be explored further. Using Chinese non-financial A-share listed companies which had disclosed R&D expenditures in year 2006 to 2016 as the study sample, this paper investigates the effect of stock liquidity on firm innovation. The result shows that stock liquidity has a significant and positive effect on firm innovation. My finding is supported by additional test using Heckman sample selection model and several robustness tests. Further analysis shows that stock liquidity improves firm innovation by reducing financing constraints and increasing agency costs. This paper deepens the research on firm innovation from the perspective of market microstructure and owns implication for the government to encourage investment in R&D and will lead to develop multi-tiered capital markets.

Mechanisms Underlying Creative Performance: Employee Perceptions of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Rewards for Creativity

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.2015.43.7.1161 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 43 (7) ◽

pp. 1161-1179 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Hye Jung Yoon ◽

Sun Young Sung ◽

Jin Nam Choi

Keyword(s):

Boundary Conditions ◽

Indirect Effect ◽

Employee Perceptions ◽

Creative Performance ◽

Employee Creativity ◽

Extrinsic Rewards ◽

Intrinsic Rewards ◽

Individual Employee ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

In this study, we clarified some of the ambiguities in the rewards–creativity relationship by focusing on creative performance in organizations that is contingent on intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Participants were 241 employee–peer pairs working in various industries. The results indicated that, regardless of the degree of importance of the reward as perceived by the employee, intrinsic rewards exerted a significant direct positive effect on creativity. In contrast, extrinsic rewards exerted only a significant indirect effect on employee creativity via commitment to creativity. Moreover, the effect of extrinsic rewards on creative performance was moderated by the degree of importance of that reward as perceived by the employee. The reward promoted creativity only when the employee regarded that reward as important. Our findings demonstrate distinct underlying mechanisms and boundary conditions of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards in shaping individual employee creativity.