Association Between Paternal Age and Birth Weight in Preterm and Full-Term Birth: A Retrospective Study

PurposeWhile it is well documented that maternal adverse exposures contribute to a series defects on offspring health according to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) theory, paternal evidence is still insufficient. Advanced paternal age is associated with multiple metabolism and psychiatric disorders. Birth weight is the most direct marker to evaluate fetal growth. Therefore, we designed this study to explore the association between paternal age and birth weight among infants born at term and preterm (<37 weeks gestation).MethodsA large retrospective study was conducted using population-based hospital data from January 2015 to December 2019 that included 69,964 cases of singleton infant births with complete paternal age data. The primary outcome was infant birth weight stratified by sex and gestational age including small for gestational age (SGA, 10th percentile) and large for gestational age (LGA, 90th percentile). Birth weight percentiles by gestational age were based on those published in the INTERGROWTH-21st neonatal weight-for gestational-age standard. Logistic regression analysis and linear regression model were used to estimate the association between paternal age and infant birth weight.ResultsAdvanced paternal age was associated with a higher risk for a preterm birth [35–44 years: adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.13, 95%CI (1.03 to 1.24); >44 years: OR = 1.36, 95%CI (1.09 to 1.70)]. Paternal age exerted an opposite effect on birth weight with an increased risk of SGA among preterm infants (35–44years: OR = 1.85, 95%CI (1.18 to 2.89) and a decreased risk among term infant (35–44years: OR = 0.81, 95%CI (0.68 to 0.98); >44 years: OR = 0.50, 95%CI (0.26 to 0.94). U-shaped associations were found in that LGA risk among term infants was higher in both younger (<25 years) (OR = 1.32; 95%CI, 1.07 to 1.62) and older (35–44 years) (OR = 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.14) fathers in comparison to those who were 25 to 34 years old at the time of delivery.ConclusionsOur study found advanced paternal age increased the risk of SGA among preterm infants and for LGA among term infants. These findings likely reflect a pathophysiology etiology and have important preconception care implications and suggest the need for antenatal monitoring.

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Large-for-gestational-age phenotypes and obesity risk in adulthood: a study of 195,936 women

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-58827-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

José G. B. Derraik ◽

Sarah E. Maessen ◽

John D. Gibbins ◽

Wayne S. Cutfield ◽

Maria Lundgren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Reference Group ◽

Ponderal Index ◽

Large For Gestational Age ◽

Adjusted Relative Risk ◽

Obesity Risk ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽

Using Data

AbstractWhile there is evidence that being born large-for-gestational-age (LGA) is associated with an increased risk of obesity later in life, the data are conflicting. Thus, we aimed to examine the associations between proportionality at birth and later obesity risk in adulthood. This was a retrospective study using data recorded in the Swedish Birth Register. Anthropometry in adulthood was assessed in 195,936 pregnant women at 10–12 weeks of gestation. All women were born at term (37–41 weeks of gestation). LGA was defined as birth weight and/or length ≥2.0 SDS. Women were separated into four groups: appropriate-for-gestational-age according to both weight and length (AGA – reference group; n = 183,662), LGA by weight only (n = 4,026), LGA by length only (n = 5,465), and LGA by both weight and length (n = 2,783). Women born LGA based on length, weight, or both had BMI 0.12, 1.16, and 1.08 kg/m2 greater than women born AGA, respectively. The adjusted relative risk (aRR) of obesity was 1.50 times higher for those born LGA by weight and 1.51 times for LGA by both weight and height. Length at birth was not associated with obesity risk. Similarly, women born LGA by ponderal index had BMI 1.0 kg/m2 greater and an aRR of obesity 1.39 times higher than those born AGA. Swedish women born LGA by weight or ponderal index had an increased risk of obesity in adulthood, irrespective of their birth length. Thus, increased risk of adult obesity seems to be identifiable from birth weight and ignoring proportionality.

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Gestational Weight Gain Influences Neonatal Outcomes in Women With Obesity and Gestational Diabetes

10.21203/rs.3.rs-607107/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ana M Ramos-Levi ◽

Gemma Rodriguez-Carnero ◽

Cristina Garcia-Fontao ◽

Antia Fernandez-Pombo ◽

Paula Andújar-Plata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Perinatal Outcomes ◽

Large For Gestational Age ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background. Obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are associated to increased risk of perinatal complications and obesity in the offspring. However, the impact of gestational weight gain (GWG) on maternal and fetal outcomes has led to controversial results. Research design and methods. Retrospective study of 220 women with GDM and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2. Pregnant women were classified according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations regarding prior BMI and GWG. We evaluated the impact of GWG on birth weight and perinatal outcomes. Results. Mean maternal age was 34.7±5.3 years. Pre-pregnancy obesity was classified as grade I in 55.3% of cases, grade II in 32.0%, and grade III in 12.7%. GWG was adequate (5-9kg) in 24.2%, insufficient (< 5kg) in 41.8% and excessive (> 9kg) in 34.2%. Birthweight was within normal range in 81.9%, 3.6% were small for gestational age (SGA) and 14.4% were large for gestational age (LGA). Insufficient GWG was associated to a higher rate of SGA offspring, excessive GWG was associated to LGA and adequate GWG to normal birth weight. Conclusion. GWG in women with pre-pregnancy obesity and GDM impacts neonatal birthweight. Insufficient GWG is associated to SGA and excessive GWG is associated to LGA. Women with adequate GWG according to IOM guidelines obtained better perinatal outcomes.

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Does birth weight affect neonatal body weight, growth, and physiology in an animal model?

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0246954 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. e0246954

Author(s):

Khaled Adjerid ◽

Christopher J. Mayerl ◽

Francois D. H. Gould ◽

Chloe E. Edmonds ◽

Bethany M. Stricklen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Preterm Infant ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Strong Predictor ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Term Infants ◽

Functional Deficits ◽

Weight Growth ◽

Infant Birth

Infant birth weight affects neuromotor and biomechanical swallowing performance in infant pig models. Preterm infants are generally born low birth weight and suffer from delayed development and neuromotor deficits. These deficits include critical life skills such as swallowing and breathing. It is unclear whether these neuromotor and biomechanical deficits are a result of low birth weight or preterm birth. In this study we ask: are preterm infants simply low birth weight infants or do preterm infants differ from term infants in weight gain and swallowing behaviors independent of birth weight? We use a validated infant pig model to show that preterm and term infants gain weight differently and that birth weight is not a strong predictor of functional deficits in preterm infant swallowing. We found that preterm infants gained weight at a faster rate than term infants and with nearly three times the variation. Additionally, we found that the number of sucks per swallow, swallow duration, and the delay of the swallows relative to the suck cycles were not impacted by birth weight. These results suggest that any correlation of developmental or swallowing deficits with reduced birth weight are likely linked to underlying physiological immaturity of the preterm infant.

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Placental lncRNA expression associated with placental cadmium concentrations and birth weight

Environmental Epigenetics ◽

10.1093/eep/dvaa003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Michael R Hussey ◽

Amber Burt ◽

Maya A Deyssenroth ◽

Brian P Jackson ◽

Ke Hao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Rhode Island ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Health Study ◽

Large For Gestational Age ◽

Illumina Hiseq ◽

Smoking During Pregnancy ◽

Lncrna Expression ◽

Infant Birth

Abstract Heavy metal exposures, such as cadmium, can have negative effects on infant birth weight (BW)—among other developmental outcomes—with placental dysfunction potentially playing a role in these effects. In this study, we examined how differential placental expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may be associated with cadmium levels in placenta and whether differences in the expression of those lncRNAs were associated with fetal growth. In the Rhode Island Child Health Study, we used data from Illumina HiSeq whole transcriptome RNA sequencing (n = 199) to examine association between lncRNA expression and measures of infant BW as well as placental cadmium concentrations controlled for appropriate covariates. Of the 1191 lncRNAs sequenced, 46 demonstrated associations (q < 0.05) with BW in models controlling for infant sex, maternal age, BMI, maternal education, and smoking during pregnancy. Furthermore, four of these transcripts were associated with placental cadmium concentrations, with MIR22HG and ERVH48-1 demonstrating increases in expression associated with increasing cadmium exposure and elevated odds of small for gestational age birth, while AC114763.2 and LINC02595 demonstrated reduced expression associated with cadmium, but elevated odds of large for gestational age birth with increasing expression. We identified relationships between lncRNA expression with both placental cadmium concentrations and BW. This study provides evidence that disrupted placental expression of lncRNAs may be a part of cadmium’s mechanisms of reproductive toxicity.

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Hexavalent vaccines in preterm infants: an update by Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology jointly with the Italian Society of Neonatology

Italian Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s13052-019-0742-7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

E. Chiappini ◽

C. Petrolini ◽

C. Caffarelli ◽

M. Calvani ◽

F. Cardinale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adverse Events ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Standard Of Care ◽

Vaccination Schedule ◽

Italian Society ◽

System Response ◽

Term Infants ◽

Hexavalent Vaccine ◽

Increased Risk

AbstractHexavalent vaccines, protecting against six diseases (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis [DTaP], poliovirus, hepatitis B virus [HBV], and Haemophilus influenzae type b [Hib], are routinely the standard of care in Europe. The use of combined vaccines allows the reduction of number of injections and side effects, the reduction of costs, and the increase in adherence of the family to the vaccination schedule both in terms of the number of doses and timing. The safety profile, efficacy and effectiveness of hexavalent vaccines have been extensively documented in infants and children born at term, and data are accumulating in preterm infants. Hexavalent vaccines are particularly important for preterm infants, who are at increased risk for severe forms of vaccine preventable diseases. However, immunization delay has been commonly reported in this age group. All the three hexavalent vaccines currently marketed in Italy can be used in preterm infants, and recent data confirm that hexavalent vaccines have a similar or lower incidence of adverse events in preterm compared to full-term infants; this is likely due to a weaker immune system response and reduced ability to induce an inflammatory response in preterm infants. Apnoea episodes are the adverse events that can occur in the most severe preterm infants and / or with history of respiratory distress. The risk of apnoea after vaccination seems to be related to a lower gestational age and a lower birth weight, supporting the hypothesis that it represents an unspecific response of the preterm infant to different procedures. High seroprotection rates have been reported in preterm infants vaccinated with hexavalent vaccine. However, a lower gestational age seems to be associated with lower antibody titres against some vaccine antigens (e.g. HBV, Hib, poliovirus serotype 1, and pertussis), regardless of the type of hexavalent vaccine used. Waiting for large effectiveness studies, hexavalent vaccines should be administered in preterm infants according to the same schedule recommended for infants born at term, considering their chronological age and providing an adequate monitoring for cardio-respiratory events in the 48–72 h after vaccination, especially for infants at risk of recurrence of apnoea.

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Congenital Heart Disease in non-Diabetic Large-for-Gestational-Age (LGA) Neonates

Cardiovascular & Haematological Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871529x20666201216170012 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

Author(s):

Majid Firouzi ◽

Hamidreza Sherkatolabbasieh ◽

Alireza Nezami ◽

Shiva Shafizadeh

Keyword(s):

Congenital Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Congenital Heart ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Large For Gestational Age ◽

Congenital Heart Diseases ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Heart Abnormalities

Background: Congenital heart diseases are the most prevalent congenital abnormalities in the neonates, caused by the environmental and genetic factors and contribute to the leading cause of death. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between neonates with large for gestational age and increased risk of congenital heart diseases among nondiabetic mothers. Methods: In this study, 179 neonates with large for gestational age in Khorramabad were enrolled where heart abnormalities were evaluated using echocardiography. Results: 87 neonates had more than 4000 g of the birth weight with no heart abnormalities and 92 (51%) macrosomic neonates had congenital heart diseases. Statistical analysis revealed that there was a significant relationship between birth weight and increased risk of acquiring congenital heart disease between the two groups. There was no significant relationship between birth weight, maternal age, gender, labor type and blood group between the two groups. The highest incidence of congenital heart anomalies was related to 38% of arterial septal defect (ASD) and 15.2% of ASD and VSD, respectively Conclusion: The most prevalent abnormality was arterial septal ASD. None of these abnormalities were associated with maternal age, birth weight and neonate gender. Future studies for congenital heart disease and neonatal birth weight are therefore, recommended.

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Women with chronic hypoparathyroidism have low risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/clinem/dgab503 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sigridur Björnsdottir ◽

Bart Clarke ◽

Outi Mäkitie ◽

Anna Sandström ◽

Eleonor Tiblad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Perinatal Death ◽

Induction Of Labor ◽

Control Group ◽

Drug Register ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Infant Birth ◽

Chronic Hypoparathyroidism

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate pregnancy outcome and total number of births in chronic hypoparathyroidism (hypoPT). Patients The Swedish National Patient Register, The Swedish Prescribed Drug Register, Swedish Medical Birth Register and the Total Population Register were used to identify 97 women with chronic hypoPT and 1030 age-matched controls who delivered 139 and 1577 singleton infants, respectively, following diagnosis between 1997 and 2017. Results Women in the chronic hypoPT group had more frequent diabetes (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared to women in the control group (p=0.043 and p<0.001, respectively). After adjusting for DM, CKD, maternal age at delivery and calendar year of delivery, chronic hypoPT cases were associated with increased risk of induction of labor (OR 1.82; 95% CI 1.13-2.94) and giving birth to infants with lower birth weight (β-coefficient -188 g; 95% CI -312.2- -63.8) compared to controls. No difference was found in infant length, small for gestational age or head circumference after adjustments. Mean gestational age at delivery after controlling for DM, CKD and pre-eclampsia, was not significantly younger (p=0.119). There was no difference in congenital malformations or perinatal death. There was no difference in the total number of infants born to women with chronic hypoPT and controls (p=0.518). Conclusion The majority of women with chronic hypoPT had normal pregnancy outcomes, and the overall risks appear to be low. Maternal chronic hypoPT, is however, associated with a higher risk of induction of labor and slightly lower infant birth weight.

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Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Otherwise Healthy Prematurely Born Infants: A Forgotten Majority

American Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1637762 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 35 (06) ◽

pp. 541-544 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Bosco Paes

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Burden Of Illness ◽

Hospital Costs ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Term Infants ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Syncytial Virus

AbstractHealthy, premature infants ≤35 weeks' gestational age (wGA) are universally recognized to be at an increased risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Serious respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract infection imposes an additional burden of illness on these infants following hospitalization. Incurred morbidities relative to term infants include longer lengths of hospital stay, admission to intensive care, and need for oxygen and mechanical ventilation, all of which are associated with increased hospital costs. The highest morbidities are experienced by premature infants who are youngest (<3 months' chronological age) and are of lower gestational age. Short- and long-term follow-up indicates that healthy preterm infants both of lower gestational age and who are late preterm have obstructive lung function at baseline, which is further compromised by RSV-related infection during infancy. There is increasing evidence that childhood exposure to an episode of RSV infection may set the stage for an abnormal respiratory function trajectory, which, in adulthood, leads to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Healthy premature infants <32 wGA merit RSV prophylaxis based on existing data, whereas moderate- and high-risk preterm infants 32 to 35 wGA should be selectively and cost-effectively targeted for prophylaxis using validated risk scoring tools and country-specific thresholds for funding.

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Cord Blood Adipocyte Fatty Acid–Binding Protein Levels Correlate With Gestational Age and Birth Weight in Neonates

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2016-3831 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 102 (5) ◽

pp. 1606-1613 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kyoung Eun Joung ◽

Sule Umit Cataltepe ◽

Zoe Michael ◽

Helen Christou ◽

Christos S. Mantzoros

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Fetal Growth ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Fatty Acid Binding Protein ◽

Term Infants ◽

Fatty Acid Binding ◽

Acid Binding Protein ◽

Increased Risk

AbstractContext:Infants born small for gestational age (SGA) have increased risk for obesity and metabolic syndrome, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Adipocyte fatty acid–binding protein (AFABP) is an adipokine that has been implicated in modulation of insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism. Higher plasma AFABP levels are associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular morbidity in adults. Alterations in AFABP levels during fetal growth have not been characterized.Objective:To examine AFABP levels in neonatal cord blood in relation to gestational age and birth weight.Design:A cross-sectional study of 361 neonates born at a tertiary academic center.Outcome Measures:Plasma AFABP levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For comparison, venous samples from 26 adults were analyzed.Results:AFABP levels were higher in neonates compared with adults (P < 0.01). Preterm infants had higher AFABP levels [48.2 (31.2 to 73.3) ng/mL] compared with full-term infants [35.8 (25.1 to 51.5)] ng/mL, P < 0.01). There was a negative correlation between AFABP and gestational age (r = 0.28, P = 0.02). Among full-term infants, AFABP levels in SGA infants were lower [28.6 (24.2 to 37.3) ng/mL], compared with appropriate for gestational age [36.1 (25.5 to 50.4) ng/mL] and large for gestational age infants [45.0 (24.6 to 62.4) ng/mL, P < 0.05].Conclusions:These associations may reflect the higher metabolic activity during fetal development. AFABP may also be involved in fetal growth and the association between SGA status and obesity and metabolic syndrome in later life.

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Genetic Risk Score for Prediction of Newborn Adiposity and Large-for-Gestational-Age Birth

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2013-4221 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 99 (11) ◽

pp. E2377-E2386 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Reeti Chawla ◽

Sylvia E. Badon ◽

Janani Rangarajan ◽

Anna C. Reisetter ◽

Loren L. Armstrong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Risk Score ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Genetic Risk ◽

Genetic Risk Score ◽

Large For Gestational Age ◽

Adult Obesity ◽

Maternal Genotype ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Newborn Size

Context: Macrosomic infants are at increased risk for adverse metabolic outcomes. Improving prediction of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) birth may help prevent these outcomes. Objective: This study sought to determine whether genes associated with obesity-related traits in adults are associated with newborn size, and whether a genetic risk score (GRS) predicts LGA birth. Setting and Design: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 40 regions associated with adult obesity-related traits were tested for association with newborn size. GRS's for birth weight and sum of skinfolds (SSF) specific to ancestry were calculated using the most highly associated SNP for each ancestry in genomic regions with one or more SNPs associated with birth weight and/or SSF in at least one ancestry group or meta-analyses. Participants: Newborns from the Hyperglycemia Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study were studied (942 Afro-Caribbean, 1294 Northern European, 573 Mexican-American, and 1182 Thai). Outcome Measures: Birth weight >90th percentile (LGA) and newborn SSF >90th percentile were primary outcomes. Results: After adjustment for ancestry, sex, gestational age at delivery, parity, maternal genotype, maternal smoking/alcohol intake, age, body mass index, height, blood pressure and glucose, 25 and 23 SNPs were associated (P < .001) with birth weight and newborn SSF, respectively. The GRS was highly associated with both phenotypes as continuous variables across all ancestries (P ≤ 1.6 × 10−19) and improved prediction of birth weight and SSF >90th percentile when added to a baseline model incorporating the covariates listed above. Conclusions: A GRS comprised of SNPs associated with adult obesity-related traits may provide an approach for predicting LGA birth and newborn adiposity beyond established risk factors.

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