scholarly journals Asynchrony of Apical Polarization, Luminogenesis, and Functional Differentiation in the Developing Thyroid Gland

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Johansson ◽  
Shawn Liang ◽  
Carmen Moccia ◽  
Therese Carlsson ◽  
Daniel Andersson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Multiplication Rate ◽  
Mucin 1 ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Vesicular Traffic

Follicular thyroid tissue originates from progenitors derived from a midline endodermal primordium. Current understanding infers that folliculogenesis in the embryonic thyroid designates the latest morphogenetic event taking place after the final anatomical shape and position of the gland is established. However, this concept does not consider the fact that the thyroid isthmus develops chronologically before the lobes and also contains all progenitors required for lobulation. To elucidate whether cells committed to a thyroid fate might be triggered to differentiate asynchronously related to maturation and developmental stage, mouse embryonic thyroid tissues from E12.5-17.5 were subjected to immunofluorescent labeling of biomarkers (progenitors: NKX2-1; differentiation: thyroglobulin/TG); folliculogenesis: E-cadherin/CDH1; luminogenesis: mucin 1/MUC1; apical polarity: pericentrin/PCNT; basement membrane: laminin; growth: Ki67), quantitative RT-PCR analysis (Nkx2.1, Tg, Muc1) and transmission electron microscopy. Tg expression was detectable as early as E12.5 and gradually increased >1000-fold until E17.5. Muc1 and Nkx2.1 transcript levels increased in the same time interval. Prior to lobulation (E12.5-13.5), MUC1 and TG distinguished pre-follicular from progenitor cells in the developing isthmus characterized by intense cell proliferation. Luminogenesis comprised redistribution of MUC1+ vesicles or vacuoles, transiently associated with PCNT, to the apical cytoplasm and the subsequent formation of MUC1+ nascent lumens. Apical polarization of pre-follicular cells and lumen initiation involved submembraneous vesicular traffic, reorganization of adherens junctions and ciliogenesis. MUC1 did not co-localize with TG until a lumen with a MUC1+ apical membrane was established. MUC1 delineated the lumen of all newly formed follicles encountered in the developing lobes at E15.5-17.5. Folliculogenesis started before establishment of a complete follicular basal lamina. These observations indicate that embryonic thyroid differentiation is an asynchronous process consistent with the idea that progenitors attaining a stationary position in the connecting isthmus portion undergo apical polarization and generate follicles already at a primordial stage of thyroid development, i.e. foregoing growth of the lobes. Although the thyroid isthmus eventually comprises minute amounts of the total thyroid volume and contributes little to the overall hormone production, it is of principal interest that local cues related to the residence status of cells – independently of a prevailing high multiplication rate – govern the thyroid differentiation program.

scholarly journals Association of selenium with thyroid volume and echostructure in 35- to 60-year-old French adults

2003 ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Derumeaux ◽  
P Valeix ◽  
K Castetbon ◽  
M Bensimon ◽  
MC Boutron-Ruault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Selenium Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between selenium status, thyroid Volume and gland echostructure. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. METHODS: In 792 men (45-60 Years) and 1108 women (35-60 Years) from the SU.VI.MAX study, thyroid Volume and gland echostructure were determined ultrasonographically. At baseline, thyrotropin, free thyroxine, selenium, zinc, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, retinol, urinary iodine and thiocyanate concentrations were measured. Alcohol consumption, smoking, and menopausal status were assessed by a questionnaire. A stepwise linear and a logistic regression model were used, adjusting for antioxidant vitamins, trace elements status and age. RESULTS: In women, there was an inverse association between selenium status and thyroid Volume (P=0.003). A protective effect of selenium against goiter (odds ratio (OR)=0.07, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.008-0.6) and thyroid tIssue damage (OR=0.2, 95% CI=0.06-0.7) was observed. There was no evidence of an association between menopausal status and other antioxidant elements, thyroid Volume or thyroid hypoechogenicity. Smoking, but not alcohol consumption, was associated with an increased risk of thyroid enlargement in women (OR=3.94, 95% CI=1.64-9.48). No association between thyroid Volume, thyroid structure or selenium was found in men. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that selenium may protect against goiter. Selenium was related to thyroid echostructure, suggesting it may also protect against autoimmune thyroid disease.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification of small heat shock protein (HSP20) gene family in grape and expression profile during berry development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ru Ji ◽  
Yi-He Yu ◽  
Pei-Yi Ni ◽  
Guo-Hai Zhang ◽  
Da-Long Guo
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Protein ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Berry Development ◽  
Hsp20 Gene Family

Abstract Background : Studies have shown that HSP20 (heat-shock protein 20) genes play important roles in regulating plant growth, development, and stress response. However, the grape HSP20 gene family has not been well studied. Results : A total of 48 VvHsp20 genes were identified from the grape genome, which were divided into 11 subfamilies (CI, CII, CIII, CV, CVI, CVII, MI, MII, ER, CP and PX/Po) based on a phylogenetic analysis and subcellular localization. Further structural analysis showed that most of the VvHsp20 genes (93.8%) had no intron or only one intron, while genes that clustered together based on a phylogenetic tree had similar motifs and evolutionarily conserved structures. The HSP20s share a conservedα-crystalline domain (ACD) and the different components of the ACD domain suggest the functional diversity of VvHSP20s. In addition, the 48 VvHSP20 genes were distributed on 12 grape chromosomes and the majority of VvHSP20 genes were located at the proximal or distal ends of chromosomes. Chromosome mapping indicated that four groups of VvHSP20 genes were identified as tandem duplication genes. Phytohormone responsive, abiotic and biotic stress-responsive, and plant development-related cis-elements were identified from the cis-regulatory elements analysis of VvHSP20s. The expression profiles of VvHSP20s genes (VvHsp20-1, 11, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 25, 28, 31, 39, 42, and 43) were largely similar between RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR analysis after hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) treatment. The results showed that most VvHSP20s were down-regulated by H 2 O 2 treatment during fruit development. VvHSP20s genes were indeed found to be involved in the grape berry development and differences in their transcriptional levels may be the result of functional differentiation during evolution. Conclusions : Our results provide valuable information on the evolutionary relationship of genes in the VvHSP20 family, which is useful for future studies on the functional characteristics of VvHSP20 genes in grape.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification of small heat shock protein (HSP20) gene family in grape and expression profile during berry development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ru Ji ◽  
Yi-He Yu ◽  
Pei-Yi Ni ◽  
Guo-Hai Zhang ◽  
Da-Long Guo
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Protein ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Berry Development ◽  
Hsp20 Gene Family

Abstract Background : Studies have shown that HSP20 (heat-shock protein 20) genes play important roles in regulating plant growth, development, and stress response. However, the grape HSP20 gene family has not been well studied. Results : A total of 48 VvHsp20 genes were identified from the grape genome, which were divided into 11 subfamilies (CI, CII, CIII, CV, CVI, CVII, MI, MII, ER, CP and PX/Po) based on a phylogenetic analysis and subcellular localization. Further structural analysis showed that most of the VvHsp20 genes (93.8%) had no intron or only one intron, while genes that clustered together based on a phylogenetic tree had similar motifs and evolutionarily conserved structures. The HSP20s share a conservedα-crystalline domain (ACD) and the different components of the ACD domain suggest the functional diversity of VvHSP20s. In addition, the 48 VvHSP20 genes were distributed on 12 grape chromosomes and the majority of VvHSP20 genes were located at the proximal or distal ends of chromosomes. Chromosome mapping indicated that four groups of VvHSP20 genes were identified as tandem duplication genes. Phytohormone responsive, abiotic and biotic stress-responsive, and plant development-related cis-elements were identified from the cis-regulatory elements analysis of VvHSP20s. The expression profiles of VvHSP20s genes (VvHsp20-1, 11, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 25, 28, 31, 39, 42, and 43) were largely similar between RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR analysis after hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) treatment. The results showed that most VvHSP20s were down-regulated by H 2 O 2 treatment during fruit development. VvHSP20s genes were indeed found to be involved in the grape berry development and differences in their transcriptional levels may be the result of functional differentiation during evolution. Conclusions : Our results provide valuable information on the evolutionary relationship of genes in the VvHSP20 family, which is useful for future studies on the functional characteristics of VvHSP20 genes in grape.

scholarly journals Sonographic assessment of thyroid gland in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maisa Elzakil ◽  
Awadia Gareeballah ◽  
Moawia Gameraddin ◽  
Mowada Burai ◽  
Fathelrehman Alagab
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Thyroid gland morphology and disorders were affected with chronic kidney diseases (CKD). The study aims to assess thyroid gland disorders and morphology in patients with CKD on regular hemodialysis.Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study included 71 participants divided into two groups. The study group included 51 patients with known chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis and healthy group included 20 participants. The exclusion criteria were thyroid disorders. The thyroid gland was scanned with ultrasound using a 7 MHz probe.Results: The thyroid is enlarged in 21.57% of patients and heterogeneous echotexture in 31.4%. The prevalence of thyroid nodules and cysts were 9.8% and 7.8% respectively. A positive linear correlation existed between duration of hemodialysis and thyroid volume. Thyroid volume and echotexture were significantly increased with duration of hemodialysis (p = .001 and .00 respectively). Thyroid nodules and cysts were not significantly correlated with duration of hemodialysis (p = .06 and .28 respectively).Conclusions: In conclusion, enlargement of thyroid gland and heterogeneity of thyroid tissue were the most common morphological changes in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. The prevalence increased with longer duration of hemodialysis. Periodic ultrasound assessment of thyroid volume and texture are recommended in hemodialyzed patients to avoid complications.

scholarly journals The involvement of epoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid in cAMP-stimulated steroidogenesis and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene expression

2006 ◽  
Vol 190 (3) ◽  
pp. 871-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
XingJia Wang ◽  
Chwan-Li Shen ◽  
Matthew T Dyson ◽  
Xianling Yin ◽  
Randolph B Schiffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory ◽  
Star Gene

The essential role of arachidonic acid (AA) in steroidogenesis has been previously demonstrated. The present study continues the investigation into how AA regulates steroidogenesis by examining the effects of epoxygenase-derived AA metabolites on cAMP-stimulated steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) gene expression and steroid hormone production in MA-10 mouse Leydig cells. The HPLC analysis of cell extracts from MA-10 cells treated with the cAMP analog dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) demonstrated an increase in three epoxygenase-generated AA metabolites: 5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET), 8,9-EET, and 11,12-EET. Incubating MA-10 cells with each of the EETs induced a dose–dependent increase in StAR protein expression and steroid hormone production in the presence of dbcAMP. These metabolites also significantly enhanced StAR gene transcription as determined by luciferase assays of StAR promoter activity and reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis of StAR mRNA levels. While the EETs enhanced steroidogenesis, inhibiting the activity of protein kinase A (PKA) abolished the stimulatory effects of these AA metabolites on StAR expression and steroid hormone production. This study suggests that cAMP stimulation of MA-10 cells increases epoxygenase-generated AA metabolites and the co-action of these metabolites with PKA significantly increases StAR gene expression and steroid hormone production.

Bilateral Truncal Ligation of the Inferior Thyroid Artery during Bilateral Subtotal Thyroidectomy Causes a Decrease in Parathormone without Clinically Manifest Hypoparathyroidism: A Randomized Clinical Trial

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Kebsch ◽  
Utz Settmacher ◽  
Thomas Lesser
Keyword(s):  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Primary Outcome Measure ◽  
Subtotal Thyroidectomy ◽  
Inferior Thyroid Artery ◽  
Old Patients ◽  
Parathyroid Function ◽  
The Difference ◽  
To Receive

Background: Bilateral truncal ligation (BTL) of the inferior thyroid artery (ITA) is frequently used during subtotal thyroidectomy to reduce the risk of post-operative bleeding as well as to reduce the blood loss intra-operatively. However, its effect on parathyroid function has not been evaluated in relation to age, residual and resected thyroid volume. Methods: A total of 83 patients were randomized to receive non-BTL or BTL. After bilateral resection, the residual thyroid tissue on each side was measured by intra-operative ultrasonography. Laboratory and clinical examinations were performed the day before operation, intra-operatively and on post-operative days 2 and 5. The primary outcome measure was the difference in intact parathormone (PTHi) on post-operative day 5. Secondary outcomes were laboratory-diagnosed hypocalcaemia or hypoparathyroidism and clinically manifest hypoparathyroidism, respectively. Results: PTHi on post-operative day 5 was significantly lower in the BTL group (29.4 vs. 34.7 ng/l in the non-BTL group, p = 0.033), especially in 61- to 80-year-old patients (0 vs. -7.91 ng/l, p = 0.029). The biggest decline in PTHi was found in the BTL group (-14.067 ng/l PTH, p = 0.018) with a residual thyroid volume of 0.5-1.9 ml. There were two cases of asymptomatic hypoparathyroidism in each group (5.1 vs. 4.8%, respectively, p = 1.000). The only case of clinically manifest hypoparathyroidism was in a BTL group patient aged 64 years (2.4%, p = 1.000). Conclusion: BTL of the ITA during subtotal thyroidectomy causes a larger decrease in PTH but does not lead to a significantly higher rate of clinically manifest hypoparathyroidism. BTL of the ITA, age >61 years, and a very small thyroid remnant (<2 ml) may be risk factors for post-operative hypoparathyroidism.

scholarly journals Increasing the Radioiodine Dose Does Not Improve Cure Rates in Severe Graves' Hyperthyroidism: A Clinical Trial with Historical Control

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Miguel Dora ◽  
Walter Escouto Machado ◽  
Vânia A. Andrade ◽  
Rafael Selbach Scheffel ◽  
Ana Luiza Maia
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Historical Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Cure Rates ◽  
Group 1

Objective. It is generally accepted that higher doses of radioiodine (131I) improve cure rates in Graves’ disease (GD). In this trial we sought to evaluate whether very high131I doses increase the efficacy of treatment in severe GD.Design. Clinical trial with historical control. Patients with GD and a goiter ≥48 mL were eligible for the study. The patients in the contemporaneous intervention cohort were treated with 250 μCi of131I/mL thyroid tissue, corrected by 24-RAIU values (Group 1;n=15). A subgroup of patients with GD and a goiter ≥48 mL who were treated with 200 μCi of131I/mL/24-RAIU in a previously published randomized controlled trial served as a historical control group (Group 2;n=15). The primary outcome evaluated was the one-year cure rate.Results. There were no significant baseline differences regarding age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, pretreatment with methimazole, thyroid volume, or thyroid hormone levels of the two treatment groups. The cumulative 12-month cure rate for the patients in Group 1 was 66.6%, a figure similar to the 12-month cure rate observed in Group 2 (60.0%;P=0.99).Conclusions. Our results suggest that increasing the131I dose does not improve cure rates in severe GD. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.govNCT01039818.

scholarly journals A correlation study between hyperthyroidism and some apoptosis markers among Iraqi patients

2021 ◽  
pp. 1484-1493
Author(s):  
Zainab A. Maaroof ◽  
Shaima R. Ibraheem ◽  
Aida H. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Autoimmune Antibodies ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Apoptosis Markers ◽  
Α Level

This study was carried out in the Center of Endocrinology and Diabetes in Baghdad during the period between October 2019 to February 2020. The aim was to measure the level of some apoptosis markers and some autoimmune antibodies related to the thyroid gland in Iraqi patients with hyperthyroidism and evaluate the correlation between all the measured parameters. The study included 88 patients who were divided into three groups; group 1 included 30 newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism patients (24 females, 6 males); group 2 included  30 patients of hyperthyroidism who were under treatment (28, 2 males); group 3 included 28 healthy individuals as control group (22 females, 6 males).      Most of the patient's ages ranged between 40 to 60 years (73.3%), while60.7% of the control group were within the same age category. The highest rate of disease was in females compared with males (86.7% vs. 13.3%). The current study included 30% of newly diagnosed hyperthyroid patients and 30% of patients undergoing treatment for a while. The majority of the hyperthyroidism patients, both newly diagnosed and treated, were overweight, and they accounted for 53.3% of each group.    Highly significant differences (p=0.001) were found in the level of TNF-α in the newly diagnosed and under treatment patient groups in comparison with the level in the control group. The results show a significant decrease in TNF-α level in the treated patients as compared to its levels in the other groups, which indicates that this factor is affected by the given therapy.    It was found that 25% of the patients with hyperthyroidism were suffering from diabetes, with a significant correlation (p=0.009) between hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus. It was observed that these patients have a significant increase (p=0.038) in the level of p53 as compared to its level in patients with non-diabetic hyperthyroidism patients and healthy subjects.     This study shows a non-significant negative correlation between TNF-α and TSH levels (r= -0.06) and a non-significant positive correlation between TNF-α and p53 levels (r= 0.17) in hyperthyroidism patients.      The positive correlations between some apoptosis markers and anti-TSHR antibodies and between TSH and these antibodies in hyperthyroidism patients refers to an increase in the concentration of apoptosis markers, which may lead to an increase in the levels of thyroid autoantibodies, which affects thyroid tissue potency and increases thyroid hormone production.

scholarly journals Study the association between IL-17 level and autoimmune antibodies in hypo and hyper thyroidisms patients

2019 ◽  
pp. 1967-1976
Author(s):  
Marwah F. Fadhil ◽  
Shaima R. Ibraheem ◽  
Abdul Al-Kareem A. Al-Kazaz
Keyword(s):  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Autoimmune Antibodies ◽  
Hypothyroid Patients ◽  
Hyperthyroid Patients

     The current study included measuring the level of IL-17A and IL-17F and some autoimmune antibodies related to the thyroid gland in case of  hypo and hyperthyroid in Iraqi patients to evaluate the correlation between all the measured parameters in this study.The study has been carried out in AL-Kindey Endocrine Gland and Diabetic Center in Baghdad during the period between February 2018 and May 2018, included:  88 patients were divided into three groups, The first group composed of 30 patients of Hypothyroidism that included (26) of them were females, (4) of them males. The second group composed of 30 of patients  of Hyperthyroidism  that included (20) of them were females, (10) of them were males . and second groups were conducted with hypo and hyperthyroidism respectively.While the third group composed of  28 of healthy individuals (Control) that composed of (25) of them were females, (3) of them were males was represented as control .The results revealed a  significant (P < 0.05) correlation between TSH concentration and age in patients groups. When the age is more than 40 years, the concentration of TSH was noticed to be higher than that in patients aged less than 40 years. The results show that the level of antibodies was significantly increased (P<0.01) in hypo and hyperthyroid patients in comparison with the control group. At the same time the level of Anti-TG antibodies was higher significantly in the hypothyroid patients than its level in hyperthyroid patients group. No significant differences have been found between hypo and hyperthyroid patients in the level of Anti-TPO and Anti TSH-R antibodies. But its noticed that the higher level of Anti-TPO Ab. was found in the hypothyroid group where as higher level of Anti TSH-R Ab. was found in the hyperthyroid group and simultaneously both types were significantly higher than their levels in the control group As well as the results demonstrated a highly significant increase (P< 0.01) in the levels of IL-17 Types (A and F) in hypo and hyperthyroid patients with bias toward the comparison with the control group. The statistical study showed a significant negative correlation between the level of TSH and Anti-TG levels (r= -0.33). While a significant positive correlation between the level of Anti-TG and level of IL-17F (r= 0.39) in hypothyroid patients.  Also in hypothyroid patients, there is a significant positive correlation between the level of Anti-TPO and IL-17A (r= 0.33). In conclusion: The positive correlation between IL-17F and Anti-TG and between IL-17A and Anti- TPO in hypothyroid patients refer to increase in the concentration of IL-17 may lead to increase the thyroid autoantibodies, which affect thyroid tissue potency, decreasing thyroid hormone production, according to feedback inhibition loop.

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