scholarly journals Modern Pollen Assemblages in Typical Agro-Pastoral Ecotone in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau and Its Implications for Anthropogenic Activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronglei Duan ◽  
Haicheng Wei ◽  
Guangliang Hou ◽  
Jingyi Gao ◽  
Yongsheng Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Surface Pollen ◽  
Modern Pollen ◽  
Pollen Types ◽  
Poaceae Pollen ◽  
The Impact

Long-term evolution of human-environment interaction in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) has been discussed intensively in recent years. The identification of human-related pollen types may help explore the coupled process of climate change, ecological response and anthropogenic activities on the QTP. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of anthropogenic activities on surface pollen assemblages and identify pollen indicators associated with grazing and cultivation in typical agro-pastoral ecotone of the eastern QTP. Totally 84 surface samples were analyzed from five vegetational communities in the eastern QTP, which are identifiable based on surface pollen assemblages. Principal component analysis of 29 pollen types and two supplementary variables of human influences were used to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities on surface pollen assemblages in eastern QTP. Severe grazing led to increase of Rosaceae, Ranunculaceae, Fabaceae, Taraxacum-Type, Aster-type and Saussurea-Type in pollen assemblages. Highland agricultural cultivation can be identified by the content and morphological characteristic of Brassicaceae and Cerealia Poaceae pollen. The aerial dispersed distances of Brassicaceae and Cerealia Poaceae pollen are very short, and domesticated herbivores are important factors, which disperse the Cerealia Poaceae pollen into pastures in agro-pastoral ecotone of the QTP. Modern pollen indicators of cultivation and grazing activity will provide precise references for fossil pollen study of prehistoric human activities in the QTP.

scholarly journals Modern Pollen Rain in the Tibetan Plateau

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caiming Shen ◽  
Kam-biu Liu ◽  
Lingyu Tang ◽  
Jonathan T. Overpeck
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Modern Pollen ◽  
Pollen Types ◽  
Poaceae Pollen ◽  
Pollen Rain ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Vegetation And Climate

The basis for the interpretation of fossil-pollen assemblages in terms of vegetation and climate is the present-day relationship of vegetation and climate to pollen rain. Detailed modern pollen spectra from the Tibetan Plateau are described here to explore the relationship between modern pollen rain and vegetation. Two hundred and thirty four (234) pollen surface samples were collected from moss polsters, top soil, and lake surface sediments from forests, shrublands, shrub meadows, meadows, steppes, and deserts in the Tibetan Plateau. Pollen assemblages from each vegetation type are detailed described using pollen percentage data, and compared descriptively and numerically using cluster analysis. Pollen spectra from forests are characterized by high percentages of tree pollen types including Pinus, Abies, Picea, Quercus, and Betula. Pollen spectra from shrublands have highest amounts of shrub pollen. The dominants of shrublands, such as Rhododendron, Juniperus, Salix, and shrub Quercus, are well-represented in most of these pollen spectra. Pollen spectra from shrub meadows have less shrub pollen than those from shrublands, but more than those from meadows, steppes and deserts. The most frequent shrub pollen in this vegetation type is Rosaceae. Most of pollen spectra from shrub meadows are dominated by Cyperaceae pollen. Pollen spectra from meadows are characterized by the very high percentages of Cyperaceae pollen. The highest amounts of Cyperaceae pollen occur in pollen spectra from alpine-marshy meadows. Pollen spectra from Stipa steppes are characterized by the highest percentages of Poaceae pollen, and high Cyperaceae pollen percentages, whereas pollen spectra from Artemisia steppes have the highest percentages of Artemisia pollen. Pollen spectra from arid deserts are dominated by Chenopodiaceae. Main vegetation types can be distinguished by their modern pollen rain, i.e., modern pollen spectra do reflect the modern vegetation at local and regional scale in the Tibetan Plateau. This modern pollen database can thus be used to explore the pollen/vegetation and pollen/climate relationships by a variety of numerical methods.

scholarly journals Isopoll Maps and an Analysis of the Distribution of the Modern Pollen Rain, Eastern and Central Northern Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 91-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Elliot-Fisk ◽  
J. T. Andrews ◽  
S. K. Short ◽  
W. N. Mode
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Northern Canada ◽  
Modern Pollen ◽  
Pollen Content ◽  
Pollen Types ◽  
Pollen Rain ◽  
Multiple Samples ◽  
Percentage Data ◽  
Component Scores

ABSTRACT At 39 sites in eastern and central northern Canada, multiple samples of surface moss and lichens have been analyzed for their pollen content. Although pollen from 20 to 30 taxa were identified in the samples from each site, 8 pollen types (Alnus, Betula, Picea. Pinus, Salix, Gramineae, Cyperaceae and Ericaceae) usually comprise 90 to 100% of the pollen rain. We present isopoll maps of these taxa based on mean percentages of multiple samples from the 39 sites. The data are further analyzed by a number of statistical methods to determine whether there are specific pollen assemblages within this region and to what extent present day climatic parameters and floristic/vegetation zones correlate with pollen counts. Cluster analysis on raw data and on principal component scores yields six distinct pollen assemblages which are further examined by discriminant analysis. Pollen concentration maps for eastern Canada are also presented here and used as an aid in interpreting the percentage data.

scholarly journals Geomorphometric characterisation of natural and anthropogenic land covers

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfang Cao ◽  
Giulia Sofia ◽  
Paolo Tarolli
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Global Environmental Change ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Statistical Point ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Natural Land ◽  
Land Covers ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe scientific community has widely discussed the role of abiotic and biotic forces in reshaping the Earth’s surface. Currently, the literature is debating whether humans are leaving a topographic signature on the landscape. Apart from the influence of humans on processes, does the resulting landscape bear an unmistakable signature of anthropogenic activities? This research analyses from a statistical point of view the morphological signature of anthropogenic and natural land covers in different topographic context, as a fundamental challenge in the emerging debate of human-environment relationships and the modelling of global environmental change. It aims to explore how intrinsically small-scale processes, related to land use, can influence the form of entire landscapes and to determine whether these processes create a distinctive topography. The work focusses on four study areas in floodplains, plain to hilly, hills and mountains, for which LiDAR-derived Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) are available. Surface morphology is described with different geomorphometric parameters (slope, mean curvature and surface peak curvature) and their frequency distribution. The results show that the distribution of geomorphometric indices can reveal anthropogenic land covers and landscapes. In most cases, different land covers show statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in their morphology. Finally, this study demonstrates the possibility to use a geomorphic analysis to quantify anthropogenic impact based on land covers in different landscape contexts. This provides useful insight into understanding the impact of human activities on the present morphology and offers a comprehensive understanding of coupling human-land interaction from a geomorphological point of view.

scholarly journals Distribution Trends of Cadmium and Lead in Timberline Coniferous Forests in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 753
Author(s):  
Longyu Jia ◽  
Ji Luo ◽  
Peihao Peng ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Danli Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Eastern Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Gongga Mountain ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cadmium And Lead

The concentrations of Pb and Cd in the needles and twigs of fir and spruce collected from 26 sites in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau were measured and analyzed in this study. The mean concentrations of Cd and Pb were 0.034 and 1.291 mg/kg, respectively, in the needles and 0.101 and 2.511 mg/kg, respectively, in the twigs. These concentrations increased significantly with needle and twig age and peaked at 5 years. The twigs were significantly enriched in Pb and Cd compared with the needles. The spatial distributions of Pb and Cd were determined using the inverse-distance-weighted spatial interpolation method on the basis of the mean concentration of the elements in the needles and twigs from each site. The highest concentrations of Pb and Cd in twigs and needles were found in Yunnan Province and Gongga Mountain. They showed a tendency to decline from Yunnan Province to the northern direction, as well as from Gongga Mountain to the western area. Principal component analysis showed that Pb and Cd originated from the anthropogenic activities in this area. The mining activities and climatic factors may be the main sources of Pb and Cd in this area. Combining the HYSPLIT (The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model and PCA, the results implied that exterior Pb and Cd sources from Southeast Asia and the eastern developed cities in China can infiltrate the ecosystem through long-range transportation and accumulate in timberline forests, with atmospheric deposition in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. This plateau suffers from severe Pb pollution but slight Cd contamination.

Environmental Assessment from a Neuropsychological Perspective

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rikard Küller
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Emotional Process ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Environmental assessment is closely related to the impact environments make on people. Places that induce anxiety and stress in childhood may be regarded with dismay later in life. The relationship between people and their environments may be conceived in physiological, psychological, or ethnological terms, or, which is often the case, by concepts borrowed from these three fields simultaneously. The description of the relationship can be kept either at a molecular or a molar level. The former may be exemplified by the effect of noise on blood pressure, while the latter may be the home's impact on the developing child. The present chapter constitutes an attempt to formulate a model at the molar level of human-environment interaction, largely based on knowledge from the neuropsychological discipline. For the sake of clarity I will first discuss some of the basic concepts employed in contemporary model building in neuropsychology. I will then suggest that these concepts may be brought together into what I have called the basic emotional process. I will support this construct by results from previous research on emotion, and also demonstrate the remarkable congruence between the physiological and semantic branches of this research. Using the emotional process as a focus, a model of human-environment interaction will be proposed, which describes how the person may feel and act under the influence of the physical and social environment, mediated by his or her individual reaction tendencies. The presentation will be illustrated by reference to field studies and experiments carried out by our group since the mid-1960s. Ample use will also be made of studies carried out elsewhere. However, the chapter does not, in the conventional sense, constitute a review of the existing literature on environmental assessment. Instead, it presents one view on assessment, which naturally leads to a specific organization of the existing evidence. One advantage of the proposed model is that it has the capacity to incorporate recent findings of the neurosciences in a detailed and precise way. The model may also be developed and tested further in this direction. Another advantage is that the model has proven to be a useful tool in the environmental design process.

Human- environment interactions during the mid-late Holocene and the Anthropocene - lessons from NW Indian plains and Bengal Delta

2021 ◽  
pp. SP515-2020-122
Author(s):  
Yama Dixit ◽  
Sravani Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Indus Civilization ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Bengal Delta

AbstractThe Indian subcontinent today houses about one- third of the global population and is one of the most vulnerable regions to future climate variability. This region has seen changes in civilizations, kingdoms and more recently political regimes, that were intricately linked to changing environment over mid-late Holocene. A comparative analysis of human-environment interaction within different regions at different time scales of the Quaternary is however lacking. In this paper we discuss the human-environment interactions taking case studies from two diverse time periods and geographically different regions from the Indian sub-continent. First, we review and analyze the role of environmental change in the evolution of Indus civilization on the northwestern Indian subcontinent during the mid-late Holocene and secondly, we discuss the role of both the anthropogenic activities and environmental change during the Anthropocene in shaping up the Bengal delta. Overall, during the mid-late Holocene, Indus cultural transformations were driven by natural environmental changes, whereas the anthropogenic activities in the last few centuries modified the Bengal deltaic landscape which intensified the impacts of natural disasters - in both cases a change in socio-political scenarios occurred. Such studies can be used as benchmarks to understand the future response of societies to environmental changes.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Components and Sources of Acid Deposition in Northeast Asia: A Case Study of the Coastal and Metropolitan Cities in Northern Taiwan

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 983
Author(s):  
Hung-Yu Chen ◽  
Ling-Fei Hsu ◽  
Shih-Zhe Huang ◽  
Long Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Area ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutant ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Northern Taiwan

In this study, temporal variations, major ion reference indexes, correlation analysis, and statistical data were used to investigate the chemical characteristics of the atmospheric pollutants in wet deposition and reasons for their formation, and further insight into the impact of local and regional atmospheric pollutant distributions on urban and coastal area environments. From November 2014 to October 2015, 158 rainwater samples were collected in coastal Wanli and urban Banqiao of southern Northeast Asia (northern Taiwan). The mean pH of the coastal and urban was 4.63 and 4.58, respectively, lower than the mean (5.31) of 10 East Asia regions during the year of 2015. This was possibly because the concentration of the combined SO42− and NO3− in the study area were greater than the mean of the 10 East Asian regions. This is verified by the calculation of sea-salt fraction (SSF) and non-SSF fraction (NSSF) in study areas, which indicated that Na+ and Cl− accounted for over 85% of the SSF, without Na+ in Banqiao, were mainly due to marine sources. For the NSSF, in addition to SO42− in Wanli, nearly 90% of wet disposition was from SO42− and NO3−, which were emitted from human activities. Furthermore, the analysis of fractional acidity (FA), neutralization factors (NF), neutralization potential (NP), and acidification potential (AP) revealed that acidified precipitation was caused by a lack of neutralizing compounds, which resulted in less neutralization of acidic precipitation. Finally, the results of correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that because coastal area were geographically closer to the ocean, wet deposition mainly comes from marine sources. However, in urban with a high population density and high traffic quantity, the ions in wet deposition primarily come from anthropogenic activities, such as industrial combustion and vehicle emissions.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN RIVER OMINLA RIPARIAN CORRIDOR IN ORE TOWNSHIP, ONDO STATE, SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ayomide David Oluwatuyi ◽  
Aderemi Adediji ◽  
Ajayi Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Medicinal Tree ◽  
Vegetation Water ◽  
Riparian Corridor

The study was aim to assess the condition resulted from riparian encroachment in the study area with a view to provide a baseline information for urban and surface water sustainable development. Primary and secondary data were employed. Primary data involved field survey using questionnaire in which 245 copies were administered to the selected riparian residents to evaluate their perception and experience on human effects on riparian vegetation, water body and resultant problems. Secondary data involved an existing relevant data. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The survey results showed that urban growth had resulted to loss of farmland/garden (73.9%), riparian natural forest (86.1%), medicinal tree/herbs and shrub (77.1%), and useful timbers (62.8%). Riparian deforestation had also resulted to high sedimentation of the river basin (77.6%), increased river seasonal volume (76.7%),enhanced access of solid particles/materials into the river (76.7%), loss of riparian animals (82.9%), pollution of the river (75.5%) riparian flooding (75.9%) that subsequently resulted to loss of lives and properties (84.1%) and loss of valuable plant (95.9%).Therefore, the study concluded that there is significant negative effects of anthropogenic activities on River Ominla Riparian corridor and that this requires urgent attention.

The Impact of Shariah Governance and Corporate Governance on the Risk Management Practices: Evidence from Local and Foreign Islamic Banks in Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Sabri Embi ◽  
Zurina Shafii
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Shariah Governance ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of Shariah governance and corporate governance (CG) on the risk management practices (RMPs) of local Islamic banks and foreign Islamic banks operating in Malaysia. The Shariah governance comprises the Shariah review (SR) and Shariah audit (SA) variables. The study also evaluates the level of RMPs, CG, SR, and SA between these two type of banks. With the aid of SPSS version 20, the items for RMPs, CG, SR, and SA were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). From the PCA, one component or factor was extracted each for the CG, SR, and RMPs while another two factors were extracted for the SA. Primary data was collected using a self-administered survey questionnaire. The questionnaire covers four aspects ; CG, SR, SA, and RMPs. The data received from the 300 usable questionnaires were subjected to correlation and regression analyses as well as an independent t-test. The result of correlation analysis shows that all the four variables have large positive correlations with each other indicating a strong and significant relationship between them. From the regression analysis undertaken, CG, SR, and SA together explained 52.3 percent of the RMPs and CG emerged as the most influential variable that impacts the RMPs. The independent t-test carried out shows that there were significant differences in the CG and SA between the local and foreign Islamic banks. However, there were no significant differences between the two types of the bank in relation to SR and RMPs. The study has contributed to the body of knowledge and is beneficial to academicians, industry players, regulators, and other stakeholders.

Overseas Development Administration. A Guide to Social Analysis for Projects in Developing Countries. London: HMSO. 1995. viii+248 pages. Hardbound. £18.95.

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-190
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Social Analysis ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Overseas Development

This book, hereinafter referred to as the Guide, has been developed for those social analysts (e.g., anthropologists, sociologists, and human geographers) who have had little or no practical experience in applying their knowledge as development practitioners. In the past, development projects would be analysed from a narrow financial and economic perspective. But with the evolution of thinking on development, this narrow financial and economic aspect has now been broadened to include the impact on society as the very meaning of development has now come to symbolise social change. Thus, development is not restricted only to plans and figures; the human environment in its entirety is now considered for analysis while designing and implementing development projects.

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