scholarly journals Embryonic Development of Grasshopper Populations Along Latitudinal Gradients Reveal Differential Thermoaccumulation for Adaptation to Climate Warming

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuguang Hao ◽  
Chunxiang Liu ◽  
Chuan Ma ◽  
Wei Guo ◽  
Le Kang
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Mtdna Sequences ◽  
Grasshopper Species ◽  
Threshold Temperatures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Populations

Climate warming has a remarkable effect on the distribution, phenology, and development of insects. Although the embryonic development and phenology of non-diapause grasshopper species are more susceptible to warming than those of diapause species, the responses of developmental traits in conspecifically different populations to climate warming remain unknown. Here, we compared the mtDNA sequences and embryonic development of eight populations of grasshopper species (Chorthippus dubius) in field-based manipulated warming and laboratory experiments. The mtDNA sequences showed a significant genetic differentiation of the southernmost population from the other seven populations on the Mongolian Plateau. The embryonic development of the southernmost population was significantly slower than those of the northern populations at the same incubation temperatures. Interestingly, laboratory experiments showed that a significant difference exists in the effective accumulated degree days (EADD) but not in the lower development threshold temperatures (LDTT) among the different populations. The high-latitude populations required less EADD than the low-latitude populations. The warming treatments significantly accelerated the embryonic development in the field and decreased duration from embryos to hatchlings of all eight populations in the incubation. In addition, warming treatments in field significantly increased EADD requirement per stage in the incubation. Linear regression model confirmed that the embryonic development characteristics of eight populations were correlated with the annual mean temperature and total precipitation of embryonic development duration. The results indicated that grasshopper species have evolved a strategy of adjusting their EADD but not their LDTT to adapt to temperature changes. The variations in the EADD among the different populations enabled the grasshopper eggs to buffer the influences of higher temperatures on development and preserve their univoltine nature in temperate regions while encountering warmer climatic conditions. Thus, the findings of this study is valuable for our understanding species variation and evolution, and as such has direct implication for modeling biological response to climate warming.

scholarly journals Genetic Screens for Factors Involved in the Notum Bristle Loss of Interspecific Hybrids Between Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-282
Author(s):  
Toshiyuki Takano-Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Interspecific Cross ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Genetic Screens ◽  
Pure Species ◽  
Epistatic Interactions ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Powerful Means ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Deficiency Screening

Abstract Interspecific cross is a powerful means to uncover hidden within- and between-species variation in populations. One example is a bristle loss phenotype of hybrids between Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans, although both the pure species have exactly the same pattern of bristle formation on the notum. There exists a large amount of genetic variability in the simulans populations with respect to the number of missing bristles in hybrids, and the variation is largely attributable to simulans X chromosomes. Using nine molecular markers, I screened the simulans X chromosome for genetic factors that were responsible for the differences between a pair of simulans lines with high (H) and low (L) missing bristle numbers. Together with duplication-rescue experiments, a single major quantitative locus was mapped to a 13F–14F region. Importantly, this region accounted for most of the differences between H and L lines in three other independent pairs, suggesting segregation of H and L alleles at the single locus in different populations. Moreover, a deficiency screening uncovered several regions with factors that potentially cause the hybrid bristle loss due to epistatic interactions with the other factors.

Age-Dependent Three-Dimensional Evaluation of the Spheno-Occipital Synchondrosis Using Computed Tomography

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arezoo Jahanbin ◽  
Shirin Dokht Shirazi ◽  
Elaheh Kamyabnezhad ◽  
Neda Eslami ◽  
Seyed Hosein Hoseini Zarch
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Old Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Growth Center ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Ossification Process ◽  
Age And Sex

Background: The spheno‐occipital synchondrosis (SOS) is an important growth center which plays an important role in cranial base development and can define the final relation of SOS with the upper and lower jaws. The morphology and fusion degree of SOS varies in different ages among different populations. Objectives: Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the age and sex dependence of ossification of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in the Iranian population using CBCT. Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study was performed on 517 CBCT images of 6- to 18-year-old patients in Mashhad, Iran. Patients with obvious pathology or fractures were excluded from the study. The SOS ossification was classified into four stages from 0 to 3. Two independent observers scored the images. The ossification stage of the SOS was classified according to the age and sex of the patients. Kruskal-Wallis and Kendall’s tau-b used for statistical analysis. Results: In this study, 517 samples of 260 females (50.3%) and 257 males (49.7%) with a mean age of 12.03 ± 3.74 years were examined. A significant difference did not exist between males and females regarding their stage of SOS ossification, although males were younger at the SOS transitional stages of 0 to 1, and 1 to 2 compared to females. Also, the SOS starts the ossification process at the age of 11 in females and 10.8 in males. Conclusions: The present study showed in the mean age of 16.81 ± 1.12 years, most subjects were in developmental stage 3. Due to the fact that in developmental stage 3 SOS closes, there were no passive maxillary growth after this time. In none of the SOS stages, females and males differed significantly in mean age (P > 0.05). The age of the onset of SOS closure in females was 11 years and in males it was about 10.8 years.

scholarly journals HbA1c levels in individuals heterozygous for hemoglobin variants

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-346
Author(s):  
Ricardo Silva Tavares ◽  
Fábio Oliveira de Souza ◽  
Isabel Cristina Carvalho Medeiros Francescantonio ◽  
Weslley Carvalho Soares ◽  
Mauro Meira Mesquita
Keyword(s):  
Test Group ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hemoglobin Variants ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
And Control ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Hba1c Levels

Summary Objective: To evaluate the levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients heterozygous for hemoglobin variants and compare the results of this test with those of a control group. Method: This was an experimental study based on the comparison of HbA1c tests in two different populations, with a test group represented by individuals heterozygous for hemoglobin variants (AS and AC) and a control group consisting of people with electrophoretic profile AA. The two populations were required to meet the following inclusion criteria: Normal levels of fasting glucose, hemoglobin, urea and triglycerides, bilirubin > 20 mg/dL and non-use of acetylsalicylic acid. 50 heterozygous subjects and 50 controls were evaluated between August 2013 and May 2014. The comparison of HbA1c levels between heterozygous individuals and control subjects was performed based on standard deviation, mean and G-Test. Results: The study assessed a test group and a control group, both with 39 adults and 11 children. The mean among heterozygous adults for HbA1c was 5.0%, while the control group showed a rate of 5.74%. Heterozygous children presented mean HbA1c at 5.11%, while the controls were at 5.78%. G-Test yielded p=0.93 for children and p=0.89 for adults. Conclusion: Our study evaluated HbA1c using ion exchange chromatography resins, and the patients heterozygous for hemoglobin variants showed no significant difference from the control group.

scholarly journals Effects of cryoprotectants and low temperatures on hatching and abnormal embryo development of Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael S. Costa ◽  
Fabrício M. S. de Souza ◽  
José A. Senhorini ◽  
Rosicleire Veríssimo-Silveira ◽  
Alexandre Ninhaus-Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Small Bodies ◽  
Prochilodus Lineatus ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Membrane Rupture ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chilling Sensitivity

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effect of the cryoprotectants and the low temperatures on the embryonic development of Prochilodus lineatus, describing their main morphological alterations. On chilling sensitivity test, the survival rates at the twenty somites stage (20S) were 53.6% at 0ºC, and 100% in 5ºC. To test toxicity, the embryos were exposed to a graded series of 1,2-Propanediol (PROP), dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO4) and glycerol (GLY), terminating in a solution of high osmolarity. There was no significant difference in the embryos survival of toxicity test between series of PROP and Me2SO4 in the 6S and 20S. In the cooling protocols, were evaluated the effects of low temperature associated with cryoprotectants. At 5ºC, PROP showed survival rates above 75% in the gastrula stage (G) and above 90% in the 6S and 20S stages. High rates of abnormalities were observed, and the most recurrent were: small bodies, fins presenting uncontrolled cell growth, membrane rupture, and retraction. These results demonstrate the need to use cryoprotectant solutions, even when there is no ice nucleation, and, on the other hand, shows that high cryoprotectant concentrations promote numerous morphological lesions, compromising normal embryonic development.

scholarly journals Interaction of Arsenophonus with Wolbachia in Nilaparvata lugens

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huifang Guo ◽  
Na Wang ◽  
Hongtao Niu ◽  
Dongxiao Zhao ◽  
Zhichun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Double Infection ◽  
Infection Incidence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Geographic Populations ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Symbiont Species ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

Abstract Background Co-infection of endosymbionts in the same host is ubiquitous, and the interactions of the most common symbiont Wolbachia with other symbionts, including Spiroplasma et al., in invertebrate organisms have received increasing attention. However, the interactions between Wolbachia and Arsenophonus, another widely distributed symbiont in nature, are poorly understood. We tested the co-infection of Wolbachia and Arsenophonus in different populations of Nilaparvata lugens and investigated whether co-infection affected the population size of the symbionts in their host. Results A significant difference was observed in the co-infection incidence of Wolbachia and Arsenophonus among 5 populations of N. lugens from China, with nearly half of the individuals in the Zhenjiang population harbouring the two symbionts simultaneously, and the rate of occurrence was significantly higher than that of the other 4 populations. The Arsenophonus density in the superinfection line was significantly higher only in the Maanshan population compared with that of the single-infection line. Differences in the density of Wolbachia and Arsenophonus were found in all the tested double-infection lines, and the dominant symbiont species varied with the population only in the Nanjing population, with Arsenophonus the overall dominant symbiont. Conclusions Wolbachia and Arsenophonus could coexist in N. lugens, and the co-infection incidence varied with the geographic populations. Antagonistic interactions were not observed between Arsenophonus and Wolbachia, and the latter was the dominant symbiont in most populations.

scholarly journals Limited Evidence for the Effect of Red Color on Cognitive Performance: A Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Gnambs
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Evidential Value ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Color Priming ◽  
Different Populations

Red color supposedly affects cognitive functioning in achievement situations and impairs test performance. Although this has been shown for different cognitive domains in different populations and cultural contexts, recent studies including close replications failed to corroborate this effect. Reported here is a random-effects meta-analysis of 67 effect sizes (38 samples) that compared test performance after viewing red or a control color. For anagram tests and knowledge tests no significant difference between color conditions was found (Cohen’s d of -0.06 and -0.04); for reasoning tests the pooled effect of d = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.61, -0.06] indicated significantly lower scores in the red condition. The cumulative meta-analysis revealed substantially larger effects in initial studies as compared to subsequent research. After correcting for publication bias no evidential value for an effect of red color on intellectual performance was available. The review casts doubt on the existence of a robust color priming effect in achievement situations.

The impact of nanoplastic on embryonic development of Antarctic krill in current and future acidified conditions of the Southern Ocean 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Rowlands ◽  
Tamara Galloway ◽  
Matthew Cole ◽  
Ceri Lewis ◽  
Victoria Peck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Antarctic Krill ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Atlantic Sector ◽  
Antarctic Species ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

<p>Antarctic krill (<em>Euphausia superba</em>), hereafter krill, are pivotal to the Antarctic marine ecosystem, forming the base of a highly productive system and contributing significantly to the biogeochemical cycle. The negative effects of anthropogenic climate stressors amplified in the Southern Ocean such as rapid warming and ocean acidification (OA) have been acknowledged for krill. Less explored is the impact of increasing plastic pollution, particularly in conditions that reflect the likely future Southern Ocean environment. We hypothesise that krill have heightened vulnerability to multi-stressor scenarios due to their physiological and behavioural traits coupled with rapid environmental changes of their Antarctic habitats. Here, we investigate the single and combined effects of nanoplastic (NP; spherical, aminated (NP-NH<sub>2</sub>), yellow-green, fluorescent polystyrene nanoparticles) and OA (pCO<sub>2</sub>-manipulated seawater, pH 7.7) on the embryonic development of krill eggs. Krill were collected in the Scotia Sea within the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean in austral summer 2019. Eggs from a single female were incubated in seawater at 0.5 °C for 6 days with three treatments: (i) with 0.16 μm NP, (ii) in acidified conditions, and (iii) with a combined treatment of NP (0.16μm) and acidification. All NP treatments were at a concentration of 2.5μg/ml. We found that exposure to the NP-OA multi-stress treatment negatively impacted the development of embryos, decreasing the probability of reaching the limb bud stage by 9% compared with the control, whilst no significant difference was observed for the singular NP or OA treatments. This preliminary study supports our hypothesis regarding the potential impacts of multiple stressors on vulnerable embryonic stages of this ecologically critical Antarctic species.</p>

scholarly journals Nepalese Esthetic Dental (NED) Proportion in Nepalese Population

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Rokaya ◽  
J. Kitisubkanchana ◽  
A. Wonglamsam ◽  
P. Santiwong ◽  
T. Srithavaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Central Incisor ◽  
Golden Proportion ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Golden Standard ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Facial Types ◽  
One Way Anova

Background Lots of studies on maxillary anterior teeth proportions have been studied in different populations in various countries, but no studies have been conducted in Nepal on the esthetic maxillary anterior teeth proportions.Objective The study was done to investigate the maxillary anterior teeth proportions in a Nepalese population. Teeth proportions in the total population were compared with golden proportion (GP) and golden standard (GS).Method A total of 150 Nepalese subjects were divided in three facial types; broad, average and narrow group. Maxillary anterior teeth were measured from dental casts using digital calipers. The perceived width ratios of lateral to central incisor (LI/CI) and canine to lateral incisor (CN/LI), ratios of mean central incisor length to 2 central incisor widths (CIL/2CIW), and actual width to length ratios (WLRs) (%) were calculated in each facial type and compared. Mean LI/CI, CN/LI and CIL/2CIW in total population were calculated and compared with GP (0.618), and mean WLRs in the total population were compared with GS (80%). All teeth proportions were compared among three facial types. One-sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were performed to analyze the data (α = 0.05).Result The LI/CI, CN/LI, CIL/2CIW and WLRs in three facial types showed no significant difference. The LI/CI, CN/LI and CIL/2CIW in the total population were 66%, 70% and 55% respectively, and were significantly different from GP. The WLRs for CI, LI and CN in the total population were 90%, 86% and 89% respectively and significantly differed from GS. These values were considered to constitute the Nepalese Esthetic Dental (NED) proportion.Conclusion No significant difference of maxillary anterior teeth proportions were observed among three facial types. Teeth proportions in the total population significantly differed from GP and GS. We propose the NED proportion as a guideline for dental treatment in the maxillary anterior region in Nepalese populations.

Impact of seam types on thermal properties of athletic bodywear

2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (9) ◽  
pp. 1052-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Beaudette ◽  
Huiju Park
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Property Testing ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Significant Difference

This study investigated the differences in thermal properties of primary seam types used in athletic apparel construction. Traditional seam types, such as overlock and flatlock, as well as adhesive films, were studied. Laboratory experiments in a controlled environment showed that adhesives created a considerably thinner seam than the other methods, while flatlock seaming showed the greatest increase in the garment weight because of dense stitching. A series of thermal manikin tests and statistical analysis showed a significantly higher thermal insulation rating in a bodysuit constructed with flatlock seams, which was found to have lower air permeability than the overlock and adhesive physical property testing samples. There was no significant difference in water vapor transport properties among the three test seams. The findings of this study provide the impacts of seams on thermal properties of active bodywear, which may have practical applications in the sports apparel industry’s decision-making in activewear design and production.

4 SUPPRESSION OF ASH2L ALTERS DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE PATTERNS DURING BOVINE EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
M. D. Snyder ◽  
J. H. Pryor ◽  
M. D. Peoples ◽  
G. L. Williamson ◽  
M. C. Golding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Early Embryonic Development ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Commercial Supplier ◽  
Secondary Antibodies ◽  
Laboratory Protocol

Epigenetic patterns established during early bovine embryogenesis via DNA methylation and histone modification patterns are essential for proper gene expression and embryonic development. We have previously discovered that suppression of absent, small, or homeotic-like (ASH2L) with small interfering RNA (siRNA) had no significant effect during in vitro embryo development when compared with its respective control (31.3 ± 2.0% standard error of the mean, n = 466 v. 34.8 ± 1.9%, n = 418). Analysing DNA methylation and histone modifications via immunocytochemistry will further explain the role of ASH2L during embryonic development, specifically at the blastocyst stage. In this experiment, we obtained mature bovine oocytes from a commercial supplier (De Soto Biosciences, Seymour, TN) and preformed IVF following standard laboratory protocol. Eighteen hours after IVF, presumptive zygotes were divided into 3 treatments: noninjected controls, nontargeting siRNA injected controls (siNULL), and injection with siRNA targeting ASH2L (siASH2L). Each embryo was injected with ~100 pL of 20 nM siRNA previously verified to suppress expression of ASH2L by ~79%. Embryos were cultured in Bovine Evolve (Zenith Biotech, Guilford, CT) supplemented with 4 mg mL–1 of BSA (Probumin, Millipore) for 7 days. Blastocysts from each treatment (N = 601) were fixed and prepared for immunocytochemistry following standard laboratory protocol. The following primary antibodies were used to target specific DNA and histone methylation marks: 5mc mAb (Epigentek, Farmingdale, NY), 5hmc pAb, H3K4me3 pAb (Active Motif, Carlsbad, CA), H3K4me2 pAb, H3K9me2–3 mAb, and H3K27me3 mAb (Abcam, Cambridge, MA). Embryos were fluorescently labelled with the following secondary antibodies: Alexa Flour 488 Goat Anti-Rabbit, Alexa 488 Donkey Anti-Goat, and Alexa Flour 594 Goat Anti-Mouse (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). The DNA was stained with Hoechst 33342 (Invitrogen). Fluorescent images were captured using the Zeiss Stallion digital imaging work station. Ratio averages (targeting mark/DNA) were calculated and statistical analysis performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s honestly significant difference to assess treatment effects. The ratio of DNA methylation to total DNA increased in siASH2L as compared with control and siNULL embryos (0.35 ± 0.01, 0.26 ± 0.02, and 0.30 ± 0.01, respectively; P < 0.01). The 5hmC was inversely related to 5mC levels and decreased in siASH2L embryos (0.75 ± 0.01, 0.93 ± 0.02, 0.87 ± 0.02, respectively; P < 0.0001). The H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 are also inversely related with decreased H3K4me3 in siASH2L versus control and siNULL embryos (0.48 ± 0.02, 0.57 ± 0.02, 0.58 ± 0.02, respectively; P < 0.001) and increased H3K27me3 (0.62 ± 0.02, 0.053 ± 0.01, 0.54 ± 0.02, respectively; P < 0.001). No differences were observed in H3K9me2–3 or H3K4me2 labelling across treatments. These results indicate that ASH2L may play a role in DNA methylation by decreasing 5mc and 5hmc conversion, which is a key event during early embryonic development. Suppression of ASH2L also alters global levels of H3H4me3 and H3K27me3, which may lead to transcription aberrations. Further analysis of siASH2L embryos via RNA-seq will help define its role during early embryonic development.

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