How Is Bark Absorbability and Wettability Related to Stemflow Yield? Observations From Isolated Trees in the Brazilian Cerrado

Few investigations have examined the structural controls of bark on its water storage and influence on stemflow, despite the bark being considered a critical component that determines the time and magnitude of this process. This study seeks to answer the question: Do bark water absorbability and wettability estimates correlate with stemflow yield? We hypothesized that (1) the absorbability and wettability are correlated, that is, greater water absorbability implies greater wettability, and (2) high rates of bark water absorbability and wettability has a strong and negative correlation with stemflow generation. Stemflow yield (Sy) was monitored over 12 months for 31 trees, representing 9 species common to the Brazilian savanna ecosystem known as Cerrado. Bark absorbability, per unit dry weight, changes over time of the water absorbability (BWA - by submersion methodology), bark drying (BWD), bark absorbability rate (BWArate), bark drying rate (BWDrate), and wettability (initial contact angle – CAin and CA rate - CArate) were determined under laboratory conditions. As insoluble lignin may also act to alter bark water storage dynamics, for each species, the bark insoluble lignin content was characterized. Stemflow variability was significant across the study species. Funneling ratios (FR) indicates that all species’ canopies diverted enough rainfall as stemflow to concentrate rainwaters at the surface around their stem bases (FR > 1). Differences in bark water absorbability were notable some of tree species. A decrease in the CA value as a function of time was not observed for all barks, which in association with stemflow yields, allowed a novel classification method of wettability, based on CAin and it’s rate of change: highly wettable (CAin ≤ 75.3° and CArate ≥ 0.26°h–1) and non-wettable (CAin ≥ 93.5° and CArate ≤ 0.13°h–1). So, only from the wettability classification could be observed that the non-wettable bark species presented higher Sy, FR, BWA, and BWArate than highly wettable bark species. The stemflow from species with highly wettable bark had a strong and positive correlation with BWA. On the other hand, non-wettable bark stemflow yield has a strongly and negative correlation with FR, CAin, and BWArate. Thus, bark wettability properties showed to deserves special attention. This novel classification of bark wettability had a substantial effect on stemflow yield comprehension and proved to be an important variable to link laboratory and field investigation for understanding the stemflow yield. These findings will improve our understanding of the stemflow dynamics, water balance and the ecohydrology processes of forest ecosystems.

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Turnover of Minerals and Organics in the Postharvest Herbage of Annuals and Perennials: Winter Wheat and Goldenrod

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture8110170 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 170 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gerhard Gramss ◽

Klaus-Dieter Voigt

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Root Exudation ◽

Soil Formation ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Co2 Efflux ◽

Transient Rise ◽

Biomass N ◽

Microbial Carbon

Crossing annual cereals, legumes, and oilseeds with wild rhizomatous relatives is used to create perennial lines that fruit over 2–3 seasons. Contrary to annual crops, the year-round vegetation cover should contribute to carbon sequestration, soil formation, and root mineral preservation. Soil erosion, nutrient leaching, and labor expenses may be reduced. While deep-rooted grasses actually inhibit nitrate leaching, advantages in nutrient storage and soil formation are not yet shown. Therefore, the turnover of organics and minerals in the perennial goldenrod was compared with that of winter wheat between blooming and resprouting (28 February) by gravimetry and ICP-MS. From blooming (23 August) to harvest (13 November), goldenrod stalks of 10,070 (given in kg ha−1) lost 23% by dry weight (DW) and released 14.9/9.6/65.7 in NPK and 2193 in water-soluble organics via leaching and root exudation. Apart from a transient rise of 28.8 in N around 13 November, the stubble/rhizome system held CaKMg(N)P stable at a level avoiding metal stress from 23 August to 28 February. Filling seeds in wheat excluded net losses of minerals and organics from anthesis to harvest (23 July). Stubbles (16 cm) and spilt grains of 2890 represented 41.8/2.91/62.5 in NPK and lost 905 in biomass with 25.4/1.8/59.8 in NPK to the soil by 28 February. In wheat-maize rotations, ploughing was avoided until early March. Weeds and seedlings emerged from spilt grains replaced losses in stubble biomass, N, and P but left 40.5 in K unused to the soil. In wheat-wheat rotations, organics and minerals lost by the down-ploughed biomass were replenished by the next-rotation seedlings that left only 18.3 in K to the soil. In summary, off-season goldenrod rhizomes did not store excess minerals. The rate of mineral preservation corresponded with the quantity of the biomass irrespective of its perennial habit. Released water-soluble organics should foster microbial carbon formation and CO2 efflux while soil improving gains in humate C should depend on the lignin content of the decaying annual or perennial biomass. Clues for NPK savings by perennials were not found.

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A Comparison of Various Growth Parameters of Cell Suspension Cultures to Determine Phytotoxicity of Xenobiotics

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500058872 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 235-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

David G. Davis ◽

Rosa L. Stolzenberg ◽

Joan A. Dusky

Keyword(s):

Ethylene Oxide ◽

Cell Suspension ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Cell Suspension Cultures ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Suspension Cultures ◽

Weight Changes ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Cell Volumes

An assessment was made of various parameters to measure growth of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Wilkin’] and einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) cell suspension cultures to establish convenient methods of screening the effects of chemicals. Methods assessed were settled cell volumes, packed cell volumes, absorbance at 525 nm of sonicated aliquots, dry weights (of aliquots or entire flask contents), and electrical conductivity and pH of the culture medium. Settled cell volumes, conductivity, and dry-weight changes were the most useful of the methods tested for determining the phytotoxicity of a nonionic linear alcohol ethylene oxide detergent (an adduct of 1-dodecanol containing eight ethylene oxide units) and the methyl ester of diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid}. Because 3 to 4 weeks were required to assess whether the cultures could grow out of the initial inhibition by the detergent or herbicide, none of the methods was rapid. Advantages and disadvantages of the various methods and their relative values for screening compounds are described.

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Ecology, Phylogeny, and Potential Nutritional and Medicinal Value of a Rare White “Maitake” Collected in a Mediterranean Forest

Diversity ◽

10.3390/d12060230 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 230 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maria Letizia Gargano ◽

Georgios I. Zervakis ◽

Omoanghe S. Isikhuemhen ◽

Giuseppe Venturella ◽

Roberta Calvo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cold Water ◽

Water Extract ◽

Its Region ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Field Investigation ◽

Nutritional Composition ◽

Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Scientific Publications ◽

Living Tree

Albino Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray “maitake” mushrooms (described as G. albicans Imazeki and then placed in synonymy with G. frondosa) are particularly rare, and the few pertinent records are not treated in scientific publications. A field investigation carried out in Sicily (Italy) led to the collection of an unusual white Grifola specimen at the base of a living tree of Quercus pubescens Willd. s.l. The outcome of sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) indicated that it belongs to G. frondosa and provided an insight to the phylogenetic relationships within the genus. The results of nutritional composition analysis showed that the albino basidioma possesses relatively high contents of Ca, Fe, K, and Cu and is rather low in Na when compared with literature data on edible mushrooms. Vitamin (B1, B2, B3, B5, B9, and D2) contents ranged from 0.15 to 3.89 mg per 100 g of mushroom dry weight. The cold-water extract of this specimen was effective at inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 at the maximum screening concentration of 50% v/v. In addition, the extract slowed down the ability of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 to form biofilms. According to data hereby reported, the albino G. frondosa is a culinary-medicinal mushroom with a promising exploitation potential.

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Carbon Dioxide Assimilation by Pineapple Plants, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. I. Effects of Daily Irradiance

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9800363 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 363 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

PJM Sale ◽

TF Neales

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Extended Period ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Co2 Assimilation ◽

Co2 Exchange ◽

Ananas Comosus ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Weight Changes

Net carbon exchange over 24-h cycles was measured in well watered pineapple plants, using a 'minicrop' in field assimilation chambers and single leaves in a growth cabinet. Whole plants under natural light and a standard 30°C day/15°C night regime showed crassulacean acid metabolism, nearly all assimilation occurring in the dark period, with a net efflux of CO2 in the day. Assimilation, as measured by both CO2 exchange and changes in titratable acidity in the leaf tissue, was markedly dependent on the total photosynthetically active radiation incident in the previous photoperiod. The molar ratio of the maximum acidity change to maximum net nocturnal CO2 influx was 1.8 : 1. The rate of deacidification depended on the irradiance in the current photoperiod. Efflux in the photoperiod was largely independent of irradiance, but was greater at very low irradiances. Maximum rates of CO2 assimilation in the minicrop were about 15 ng cm-2 (leaf area) s-1 in the dark at the standard temperature regime, and 22 ng-2 s-1 when photoperiod assimilation was induced by a 20°C day/30°C night regime. Similar rates were recorded in the single-leaf experiments, and are higher than those previously found for pineapple. Over a 24-h period, mean rates of about 6 ng cm-2 (leaf area) s-1 were recorded, in good agreement with measured dry weight changes over an extended period. These data help to explain earlier discrepancies in the literature between measured rates of CO2 assimilation and of crop growth rates in pineapples.

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The Effect of Water Stress on Translocation in Relation to Photosynthesis and Growth

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1071/bi9690001 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

IF Wardlaw

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Photosynthetic Rate ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Weight Changes ◽

Root Extension ◽

Effect Of Water

Photosynthetic rate, leaf and root extension, dry weight changes, and the translocation of labelled photosynthates were followed in L. temulentum plants subjected to water shortage at a time when the eighth leaf was expanding.

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Defoliation as a factor in the growth of varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L) when grown in pure and mixed swards

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9630206 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 206 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

JN Black

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Research ◽

Subterranean Clover ◽

Trifolium Subterraneum ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Light Energy ◽

Weight Changes ◽

Agricultural Research Institute ◽

Large Seed ◽

Waite Agricultural Research Institute ◽

High Yielding Varieties

This paper describes two experiments analysing the recovery from defoliation of subterranean clover varieties grown in swards in large seed boxes at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Adelaide. The first experiment examined the way in which the six common commercial varieties recovered from a single severe defoliation, and showed that under these conditions they can be placed in three groups: Yarloop and Clare are tall, high-yielding varieties with few, large leaves, recovering slowly from defoliation; Tallarook and Dwalganup are prostrate varieties, lower-yielding, with many small leaves, recovering rapidly after defoliation; Bacchus Marsh and Mount Barker are intermediate in all respects. In the second experiment mixed swards of equal numbers of Yarloop and Tallarook plants were grown under three treatments: A, no defoliation; B, defoliated twice at a height which removed the higher Yarloop canopy but left the lower Tallarook plants untouched; C, defoliated twice at a height which removed the canopies of both varieties. Measurement of dry weight on four occasions after each defoliation showed that in the undefoliated treatment, all Tallarook plants died by the end of the experiment. In the defoliated treatments, the removal of the Yarloop canopy resulted in only a temporary improvement in the illuniination in which the Tallarook plants grew, and their dry weight and plant numbers progressively declined. Dry weight changes in the Tallarook component were shown to be dependent on the light energy available to it, which was in turn determined by the light-absorbing capacity of the superior Yarloop canopy. In mixed swards, the ability of Yarloop to re-establish quickly a leaf canopy above that of Tallarook appeared to explain its success when defoliated.

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Productivity of Vegetable Crops in a Region of High Solar Input. III. Carbon Balance of Potato Crops

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9740283 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 283 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

PJM Sale

Keyword(s):

Carbon Balance ◽

Dark Respiration ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Gas Analysis ◽

Co2 Uptake ◽

Co2 Efflux ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Weight Changes ◽

Potato Crops

The carbon balance of potato crops has been studied by measuring canopy net photosynthesis and dark respiration losses with a field assimilation chamber and semi-closed gas analysis system. Results are given for the latter part of growth in both a spring-planted and a summer-planted crop. Net CO2 uptake increased with solar input to reach 35–40mg dm-2 (ground area) h-1 at 400–450 W m-2, but light saturation then occurred and little or no further uptake resulted from increases in solar input up to 1000 W m-2. This supports the previous conclusion that net photosynthesis in the potato is determined by the size of the 'sink' provided by the developing tubers. The imposed experimental variables of reduced solar input (21 and 34% shade) and soil moisture were found not to affect the relation between solar input and CO2 uptake, and the effect of chamber temperature was also very small. Dark respiration rates of the canopy were markedly sensitive to temperature, and also to the solar input prior to measurement. Respiration from the below-ground plant parts accounted for a considerable part of the total plant respiration. In all, 15–20 % of the net assimilation during daylight hours was lost by night respiration. There was little variation in CO2 efflux from uncropped soil during the experiments. Dry weight changes calculated from the gasometric measurements were in accordance with those found from previous growth analysis. * Part II, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 1973, 24, 751–62.

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Gerris spinolaeLethierry and Severin (Hemiptera: Gerridae) andBrachydeutera longipesHendel (Diptera: Ephydridae): Two Effective Insect Bioindicators to Monitor Pollution in Some Tropical Freshwater Ponds under Anthropogenic Stress

Psyche A Journal of Entomology ◽

10.1155/2012/818490 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Arijit Pal ◽

Devashish Chandra Sinha ◽

Neelkamal Rastogi

Keyword(s):

Dissolved Oxygen ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Freshwater Ponds ◽

Abundance Patterns ◽

Water Quality Variable ◽

Free Carbon Dioxide ◽

Tropical Freshwater

The abundance patterns of two insects,Gerris spinolaeandBrachydeutera longipes, were found to be affected by abiotic aquatic factors including free carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen, BOD, and phosphate concentrations prevailing in four tropical freshwater ponds, three of which being anthropogenically stressed. Regression analysis between each individual-independent water quality variable and insect abundance demonstrated a significant positive correlation in each case betweenB. longipesabundance and BOD, phosphate, free CO2, and algae dry weight, while a significant negative correlation of each of these variables was found withGerris spinolaeabundance. Moreover, a significant negative correlation ofB. longipesabundance was calculated with dissolved oxygen concentration, whileG. spinolaeabundance exhibited a positive correlation with the same. Thus,G. spinolaeappears to be a pollution sensitive, effective bioindicator for healthy unpolluted ponds, whileB. longipeshas potential as a pollution-resistant insect species indicative of pollution occurrence.

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UV Absorbance By Thallus Extracts of Umbilicate Lichens

The Lichenologist ◽

10.1006/lich.1993.1005 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 415-422 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Dianne Fahselt

Keyword(s):

Negative Correlation ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Enzyme Polymorphism ◽

Uv Absorbance ◽

Banding Patterns

AbstractEleven stands of umbilicate lichens exhibiting a range of variabilities in enzyme banding patterns were compared on the basis of the ultraviolet (UV)absorbing properties of thallus extracts. Stands of Umbilicaria veilea, which were some of the most variable enzymatically, had the lowest UV absorbancy in extracts, and stands of Lasallia papulosa, which were among the least variable enzymatically, showed more UV absorbance than others. Umbilicaria deusta, U. muhlenbergii and U. mammulata had intermediate levels of absorbance. Negative correlations (P = 005–007) were found between enzyme polymorphism and UV absorbance in the ranges 215–220, 269–271 and 304–305 nm. There was also a significant negative correlation at P = 003 between enzyme variability and thallus dry weight extractable with either ethanol or acetone.

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Effect of herbicides and herbicide mixtures on weeds in wheat

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.18805/ijare.v50i2.9587 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Dhirender Choudhary ◽

P. K. Singh ◽

N. K. Chopra ◽

S. C. Rana

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Weed Control ◽

Harvest Index ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Field Investigation ◽

Weed Density ◽

Metsulfuron Methyl ◽

Weed Control Efficiency ◽

Herbicide Mixtures ◽

Hand Weeding

A field investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of herbicides and their mixtures on weeds in wheat (<italic>Triticum aestivum</italic> L.) cv. PBW-343. Minimum weed density per m2 and weed dry weight (5.13 and 17.31g) was recorded with sulfosulfuron at 25g ha−1 followed by clodinofop at 60g + metsulfuron methyl at 4g ha−1 (5.19 and 18.45g), metribuzin at 200gha−1(5.85 and 25.98g), pendimethalin at 1000g fb 2,4-Dat400g ha−1 (6.49 and 31.73g) and hand weeding twice(7.01 and 35g), respectively. Also, maximum weed control efficiency was recorded under sulfosulfuron at 25g ha−1 (83.85%) followed by clodinofop at 60g + metsulfuron methyl at 4g ha−1 (83.17%) and metribuzin at 200g ha−1 (75.85%), respectively. All the weed control treatments recorded significantly higher harvest index than the weedy check (40.24). Among various herbicidal treatments, application of clodinofop at 60g + metsulfuron methyl at 4g ha−1 recorded highest harvest index (41.91) followed by sulfosulfuron at 25 gha−1 (41.83) and pendimethalin at 1000g fb2,4-Dat 400gha−1 (41.25) respectively. The harvest index recorded under clodinofop at 60g + metsulfuron methyl at 4g ha−1 and sulfosulfuron at 25 g ha−1 was significantly at par with weed free (42.06).

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