scholarly journals A Brief History of Microglial Ultrastructure: Distinctive Features, Phenotypes, and Functions Discovered Over the Past 60 Years by Electron Microscopy

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie C. Savage ◽  
Katherine Picard ◽  
Fernando González-Ibáñez ◽  
Marie-Ève Tremblay
1995 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 369-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Vansina

The historian of pre-nineteenth century Africa…cannot get far without the aid of archaeology.Nevertheless, historians have good reason to be cautious about historical generalisations by archaeologists and about their own use of archaeological material…: it would be a rash historian who totally accepted the conclusions of Garlake and Huffman with the same simple-minded trust as I myself accepted the conclusions of Summers and Robinson.In the beginning, historians of Africa put great store by archeology. Was its great time depth not one of the distinctive features of the history of Africa, a condition that cannot be put aside without seriously distorting the flavor of all its history? Did not the relative scarcity and the foreign authorship of most precolonial written records render archeological sources all the more precious? Did not history and archeology both deal with the reconstruction of human societies in the past? Was the difference between them not merely the result of a division of labor based on sources, so that historical reconstruction follows in time and flows from archeological reconstruction? Such considerations explain why the Journal of African History has regularly published regional archeological surveys in order to keep historians up to date.


2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-144
Author(s):  
Honey Oberoi Vahali

In the early years of psychology’s history, creative thinkers in different pockets across the world experimented with innovative ways of envisioning the field of psychological enquiry. Over time, in its pursuit to establish for itself a status akin to that of the ‘natural sciences’, psychology lost links with its introspective beginnings and came to be largely identified as a study of ‘human behavior’ and its effects. Since the last three decades, like other social scientists, psychologists too have gone through much creative tension. As a consequence, marginal but extremely significant bodies of work have pressed for subjective, critical, cultural and non-Eurocentric modes of humanness to be considered as valid domains of psychological enquiry. The endeavour has been to outline the dimensions of a psychological human science which is contextually sensitive, is in line with the spirit of decolonalization of knowledge and which can relate to the intricacies of the human unconscious. The present writing focuses on one such radical exploration in India in the recent past. It concerns itself with the envisioning and setting up of the Psychosocial Clinical programmes at School of Human Studies, Ambedkar University Delhi. The essay includes a brief account of intellectual influences on, and the past work history, of pioneers who imagined the Psychosocial Clinical axis in the Indian context. The writing also focuses on the distinctive features of the Psychosocial Clinical perspective at the School of Human Studies, and on the methodological, practice oriented and pedagogical challenges and considerations in the training of a reflexive psychological practitioner, researcher and thinker.


2006 ◽  

"This book is the fruit of "excavations" carried out in memory of Prof. Corrado Corghi between 2004 and 2005. At the time Corghi was a member of the Presiding Council of the Istituto degli Innocenti of Florence. When the meetings of the Council were held, Corghi came down from Reggio Emilia to Florence, and in the evenings he was frequently my guest at dinner. These meetings enabled me to enjoy extensive tracking shots of the past, thanks to the extraordinary lucidity of a man born in 1920 who had devoted most of his life to politics. On the basis of our lengthy discussions I was able to revoke people and events from Fascism to the Resistance, from the times of Democrazia Cristiana to the funerals of the "victims of Reggio Emilia" (1960), through to the Vatican Council and the season of '68. These talks of ours gave rise to singular documents of the life and social history of the Italians. With this volume, the historic-social Archive on contemporary religion of San Gimignano presents itself with its distinctive features to the broad public and to researchers." (A. Nesti)


Author(s):  
Kateryna Dolhoruchenko

The author has clarified the semantic load and content of the terms «reality» and «actuality», and identified their common and distinctive features. She has considered doctrinal approaches to the definition of the terms «legal actuality» and «legal reality». Based on their analysis, her own approach to understanding the content of the category «legal reality» has been suggested. The necessity of differentiation and further correct use of the categories «actuality» and «reality» within the framework of historical and legal research has been proved. The content of the term-concept «legal actuality», its structure and characteristics have been determined. In accordance with the established historical and legal paradigm, it has been determined that only everything possible, objective, already feasible can be valid. The meaning of the term-concept «legal actuality» has been revealed as a system of actually existing or existed phenomena and processes, legal in their essence or nature, which are determined by continuous changes (development) and a specific period of time. The author's position on the methodological correctness of the use of these terms in historical and legal research has been formulated. A characteristic feature of knowledge of the phenomena and processes of historical and legal reality is retrospectiveness. Cognition is carried out from the present to the past, from consequences to causes. At the same time, the perspective nature of such knowledge (especially in the history of Ukrainian political and legal thought) has been revealed, thanks to which modern historical and legal research focuses on patterns, causes and consequences of changes in feasible (real) phenomena and processes in state and law in a particular period.


Phytotaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 394 (4) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARGARET A. HARPER ◽  
BART VAN DE VIJVER ◽  
UWE KAULFUSS ◽  
DAPHNE E. LEE

Encyonema jordanii and E. jordaniforme are two freshwater pennate diatoms from Otago, New Zealand which have been misidentified in the past. The first is of uncertain age, while E. jordaniforme, dominant in a Konservat-Lagerstätte diatomite from Foulden Maar near Middlemarch, South Island, New Zealand, is dated as earliest Miocene in age (23 Ma). The two species are similar in appearance as both are swollen at their centres. However, E. jordanii is constricted near its wide ends, which are ventrally deflected near their tips, whereas E. jordaniforme has more acute apices and less strongly radiating central striae. Both species are illustrated with light and scanning electron microscopy observations which highlight the main morphological features that can be used to separate the two species. A brief history of the taxonomy and description of both species is added.


1961 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. W. Small

It is generally accepted that history is an element of culture and the historian a member of society, thus, in Croce's aphorism, that the only true history is contemporary history. It follows from this that when there occur great changes in the contemporary scene, there must also be great changes in historiography, that the vision not merely of the present but also of the past must change.


1962 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
M. Schwarzschild

It is perhaps one of the most important characteristics of the past decade in astronomy that the evolution of some major classes of astronomical objects has become accessible to detailed research. The theory of the evolution of individual stars has developed into a substantial body of quantitative investigations. The evolution of galaxies, particularly of our own, has clearly become a subject for serious research. Even the history of the solar system, this close-by intriguing puzzle, may soon make the transition from being a subject of speculation to being a subject of detailed study in view of the fast flow of new data obtained with new techniques, including space-craft.


Author(s):  
P.J. Dailey

The structure of insect salivary glands has been extensively investigated during the past decade; however, none have attempted scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in ultrastructural examinations of these secretory organs. This study correlates fine structure by means of SEM cryofractography with that of thin-sectioned epoxy embedded material observed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Salivary glands of Gromphadorhina portentosa were excised and immediately submerged in cold (4°C) paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative1 for 2 hr, washed and post-fixed in 1 per cent 0s04 in phosphosphate buffer (4°C for 2 hr). After ethanolic dehydration half of the samples were embedded in Epon 812 for TEM and half cryofractured and subsequently critical point dried for SEM. Dried specimens were mounted on aluminum stubs and coated with approximately 150 Å of gold in a cold sputtering apparatus.Figure 1 shows a cryofractured plane through a salivary acinus revealing topographical relief of secretory vesicles.


Author(s):  
U. Aebi ◽  
P. Rew ◽  
T.-T. Sun

Various types of intermediate-sized (10-nm) filaments have been found and described in many different cell types during the past few years. Despite the differences in the chemical composition among the different types of filaments, they all yield common structural features: they are usually up to several microns long and have a diameter of 7 to 10 nm; there is evidence that they are made of several 2 to 3.5 nm wide protofilaments which are helically wound around each other; the secondary structure of the polypeptides constituting the filaments is rich in ∞-helix. However a detailed description of their structural organization is lacking to date.


Author(s):  
William B. McCombs ◽  
Cameron E. McCoy

Recent years have brought a reversal in the attitude of the medical profession toward the diagnosis of viral infections. Identification of bacterial pathogens was formerly thought to be faster than identification of viral pathogens. Viral identification was dismissed as being of academic interest or for confirming the presence of an epidemic, because the patient would recover or die before this could be accomplished. In the past 10 years, the goal of virologists has been to present the clinician with a viral identification in a matter of hours. This fast diagnosis has the potential for shortening the patient's hospital stay and preventing the administering of toxic and/or expensive antibiotics of no benefit to the patient.


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