scholarly journals Obesity in Humans Is Characterized by Gut Inflammation as Shown by Pro-Inflammatory Intestinal Macrophage Accumulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa V. Rohm ◽  
Regula Fuchs ◽  
Rahel L. Müller ◽  
Lena Keller ◽  
Zora Baumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Blood Monocytes ◽  
Unhealthy Lifestyle ◽  
Gut Inflammation

Chronic low-grade inflammation is a hallmark of obesity and associated with cardiovascular complications. However, it remains unclear where this inflammation starts. As the gut is constantly exposed to food, gut microbiota, and metabolites, we hypothesized that mucosal immunity triggers an innate inflammatory response in obesity. We characterized five distinct macrophage subpopulations (P1-P5) along the gastrointestinal tract and blood monocyte subpopulations (classical, non-classical, intermediate), which replenish intestinal macrophages, in non-obese (BMI<27kg/m2) and obese individuals (BMI>32kg/m2). To elucidate factors that potentially trigger gut inflammation, we correlated these subpopulations with cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviors. In obese individuals, we found higher pro-inflammatory macrophages in the stomach, duodenum, and colon. Intermediate blood monocytes were also increased in obesity, suggesting enhanced recruitment to the gut. We identified unhealthy lifestyle habits as potential triggers of gut and systemic inflammation (i.e., low vegetable intake, high processed meat consumption, sedentary lifestyle). Cardiovascular risk factors other than body weight did not affect the innate immune response. Thus, obesity in humans is characterized by gut inflammation as shown by accumulation of pro-inflammatory intestinal macrophages, potentially via recruited blood monocytes. Understanding gut innate immunity in human obesity might open up new targets for immune-modulatory treatments in metabolic disease.

scholarly journals The Pathophysiology of HIV-/HAART-Related Metabolic Syndrome Leading to Cardiovascular Disorders: The Emerging Role of Adipokines

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Palios ◽  
Nikolaos P. E. Kadoglou ◽  
Stylianos Lampropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Cardiovascular Disorders ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) frequently demonstrate metabolic syndrome (MS) associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular disorders. Characteristics of HIV infection, such as immunodeficiency, viral load, and duration of the disease, in addition to the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have been suggested to induce MS in these patients. It is well documented that MS involves a number of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, like glucose, lipids, and arterial blood pressure abnormalities, leading to extensive atherogenic arterial wall changes. Nevertheless, the above traditional cardiovascular risk factors merely explain the exacerbated cardiovascular risk in MS. Nowadays, the adipose-tissue derivatives, known as adipokines, have been suggested to contribute to chronic inflammation and the MS-related cardiovascular disease. In view of a novel understanding on how adipokines affect the pathogenesis of HIV/HAART-related MS and cardiovascular complications, this paper focuses on the interaction of the metabolic pathways and the potential cardiovascular consequences. Based on the current literature, we suggest adipokines to have a role in the pathogenesis of the HIV/HAART-related MS. It is crucial to understand the pathophysiology of the HIV/HAART-related MS and apply therapeutic strategies in order to reduce cardiovascular risk in HIV patients.

scholarly journals Very low-grade albuminuria reflects susceptibility to chronic kidney disease in combination with cardiovascular risk factors

2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 573-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nam Ju Heo ◽  
Jeong Myung Ahn ◽  
Tae Woo Lee ◽  
Ho Jun Chin ◽  
Ki Young Na ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Low Grade

scholarly journals The importance of cardiovascular risk factors in approaching the hypertensive patient by the family doctor

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-247
Author(s):  
Cristina-Gabriela MILITARU ◽  
◽  
Gabriel Cristian BEJAN ◽  
Oana NICOLESCU ◽  
Ioana Veronica GRAJDEANU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Family Doctor ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Impact

Cardiovascular diseases, such as acute myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, chronic kidney disease, are a major health problem for the patient, in terms of declining quality of life, but also increasing spending on the health system. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the involvement of cardiovascular risk factors related to patients' lifestyle (salt intake, saturated fats, alcohol, smoking, sedentary lifestyle) or other modifiable risk factors (total cholesterol, triglycerides, obesity, hypertension arterial blood sugar, glycemia, metabolic syndrome), in the occurrence of cardiovascular disease and the impact of the association of risk factors in increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications.

scholarly journals Food intake patterns associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (10) ◽  
pp. 1471-1479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela D. Liese ◽  
Michele Nichols ◽  
Denise Hodo ◽  
Philip B. Mellen ◽  
Mandy Schulz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Cottage Cheese ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Food Pattern ◽  
Food Intake Patterns

We aimed to identify food intake patterns that operate via haemostatic and inflammatory pathways on progression of atherosclerosis among 802 middle-aged adults with baseline and 5-year follow-up ultrasound measurements of common (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) intimal medial thickness (IMT). Food intake was ascertained with an FFQ. We derived food patterns using reduced rank regression (RRR) with plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and fibrinogen as response variables. We explored the impact of various food pattern simplification approaches. We identified a food pattern characterised by higher intakes of less healthful foods (low-fibre bread and cereal, red and processed meat, cottage cheese, tomato foods, regular soft drinks and sweetened beverages) and lower intakes of more healthful foods (wine, rice and pasta, meal replacements and poultry). The pattern was positively associated with mean CCA IMT at follow-up (P = 0·0032), a 1 sd increase corresponding to an increase of 13 μm higher CCA IMT at follow-up, adjusted for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors. With increasing pattern quartile (Q), the percentage change in CCA IMT increased significantly: Q1 0·8 %; Q2 3·2 %; Q3 8·6 %; Q4 7·9 % (P = 0·0045). No clear association with ICA IMT was observed. All simplification methods yielded similar results. The present results support the contention that a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic dietary pattern increases the rate of coronary artery atherosclerosis progression, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. RRR is a promising and robust tool for moving beyond the previous focus on nutrients or foods into research on the health effects of broader dietary patterns.

scholarly journals Obesity, but not polycystic ovary syndrome, affects circulating markers of low-grade inflammation in young women without major cardiovascular risk factors

HORMONES ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiano Roberto Barcellos ◽  
Michelle Patrocínio Rocha ◽  
Sylvia Asaka Hayashida ◽  
Wagner Silva Dantas ◽  
Viviane dos Reis Vieira Yance ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Circulating Markers ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

scholarly journals COVID-19 in Chronic Kidney Disease: The Impact of Old and Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factors

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Manuel Alfredo Podestà ◽  
Federica Valli ◽  
Andrea Galassi ◽  
Matthias A. Cassia ◽  
Paola Ciceri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Impact

Cardiovascular disease is a frequent complication and the most common cause of death in patients with CKD. Despite landmark medical advancements, mortality due to cardiovascular disease is still 20 times higher in CKD patients than in the general population, which is mainly due to the high prevalence of risk factors in this group. Indeed, in addition to traditional cardiovascular risk factors, CKD patients are exposed to nontraditional ones, which include metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory alterations. The global severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has brought novel challenges for both cardiologists and nephrologists alike. Emerging evidence indicates that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) increases the risk of cardiovascular events and that several aspects of the disease may synergize with pre-existing cardiovascular risk factors in CKD patients. A better understanding of these mechanisms is pivotal for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular events in this context, and we believe that additional clinical and experimental studies are needed to improve cardiovascular outcomes in CKD patients with COVID-19. In this review, we provide a summary of traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors in CKD patients, discussing their interaction with SARS-CoV-2 infection and focusing on CO­VID-19-related cardiovascular complications that may severely affect short- and long-term outcomes in this high-risk population.

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