scholarly journals The Role of Heparin and Glycocalyx in Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Yang ◽  
Mingming Chen ◽  
Jiayin Zheng ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Xiaojuan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Vascular Endothelial Cells ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Endothelial Glycocalyx ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) functions as a dynamic boundary that protects the central nervous system from blood and plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the brain. Dysfunction of the BBB is a pathophysiological characteristic of multiple neurologic diseases. Glycocalyx covers the luminal side of vascular endothelial cells(ECs). Damage of glycocalyx leads to disruption of the BBB, while inhibiting glycocalyx degradation maintains BBB integrity. Heparin has been recognized as an anticoagulant and it protects endothelial glycocalyx from destruction. In this review, we summarize the role of glycocalyx in BBB formation and the therapeutic potency of heparin to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of neurological diseases related to BBB breakdown.

scholarly journals CD200Fc Improves Neurological Function by Protecting the Blood–brain Barrier after Intracerebral Hemorrhage

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 1321-1328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen-sheng Le ◽  
Xiao-di Hao ◽  
Jia-wen Li ◽  
Jia-wei Zhong ◽  
Hao-ran Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Autologous Blood ◽  
Neurological Function ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
The Central Nervous System

CD200 is widely distributed in the central nervous system and plays an essential role in the immune response in neurological diseases. However, little is currently known about the effects of CD200 signaling on the blood–brain barrier (BBB) function after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In this study, the role of CD200 during ICH in an autologous blood induced mouse ICH model was investigated. Following ICH, critical protein expression, BBB permeability, and neurological function were measured with or without CD200Fc administration. Our results showed that both the expression of CD200 and CD200R1 decreased after ICH and administration of CD200Fc attenuated BBB leakage and improved neurological functions. In conclusion, our work demonstrated that CD200Fc might be a potential treatment option for ICH by protecting the BBB and improving functional outcomes.

scholarly journals The Structure and Function of the Glycocalyx and Its Connection With Blood-Brain Barrier

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Jin ◽  
Fuquan Fang ◽  
Wei Gao ◽  
Hanjian Chen ◽  
Jiali Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Vascular Endothelial Cells ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Basement Membranes ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Endothelial Glycocalyx ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Blood Brain

The vascular endothelial glycocalyx is a dense, bush-like structure that is synthesized and secreted by endothelial cells and evenly distributed on the surface of vascular endothelial cells. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is mainly composed of pericytes endothelial cells, glycocalyx, basement membranes, and astrocytes. The glycocalyx in the BBB plays an indispensable role in many important physiological functions, including vascular permeability, inflammation, blood coagulation, and the synthesis of nitric oxide. Damage to the fragile glycocalyx can lead to increased permeability of the BBB, tissue edema, glial cell activation, up-regulation of inflammatory chemokines expression, and ultimately brain tissue damage, leading to increased mortality. This article reviews the important role that glycocalyx plays in the physiological function of the BBB. The review may provide some basis for the research direction of neurological diseases and a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases.

Role of thrombin-PAR1-PKCθ/δ axis in brain pericytes in thrombin-induced MMP-9 production and blood–brain barrier dysfunction in vitro

Neuroscience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 350 ◽  
pp. 146-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Machida ◽  
Shinya Dohgu ◽  
Fuyuko Takata ◽  
Junichi Matsumoto ◽  
Ikuya Kimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Brain Pericytes

scholarly journals The blood–brain barrier in health and disease: Important unanswered questions

2020 ◽  
Vol 217 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caterina P. Profaci ◽  
Roeben N. Munji ◽  
Robert S. Pulido ◽  
Richard Daneman
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Neurological Conditions

The blood vessels vascularizing the central nervous system exhibit a series of distinct properties that tightly control the movement of ions, molecules, and cells between the blood and the parenchyma. This “blood–brain barrier” is initiated during angiogenesis via signals from the surrounding neural environment, and its integrity remains vital for homeostasis and neural protection throughout life. Blood–brain barrier dysfunction contributes to pathology in a range of neurological conditions including multiple sclerosis, stroke, and epilepsy, and has also been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. This review will discuss current knowledge and key unanswered questions regarding the blood–brain barrier in health and disease.

Cerebrospinal fluid and serum nitric oxide metabolites in patients with multiple sclerosis

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Giovannoni
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Nitric Oxide Metabolites ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

Nitric oxide is hypothesised to play a role in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Raised cerebrospinal fluid and serum levels of the nitric oxide metabolites nitrate and nitrite have been described in patients with multiple sclerosis. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum nitrate and nitrite were measured in patients with multiple sclerosis, inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological diseases, and correlated with the albumin quotient, an index of blood-brain-barrier dysfunction. Patients undergoing diagnostic lumbar and vene puncture were prospectively recruited, clinical data were obtained from the hospital records, and the CSF and serum nitrate and nitrite levels were measured by the nitrate reductase and Griess reaction methods. Nitrate and nitrite, were raised in the CSF and serum of patients with multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory neurological diseases compared to patients with non-inflammatory neurological disorders (median nitrate and nitrite: cerebrospinal fluid=10.3 μM vs 15.4 μMvs 6.6 μM, P50.001, and serum=49.0 μM vs 46.4 μM vs 38.8 μM, P=0.02, respectively). CSF nitrate and nitrite levels correlated with the albumin quotient (n=59, r=0.42, P50.001). This study provides further evidence for a role of nitric oxide in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and supports a role for nitric oxide as a possible mediator of inflammatory blood-brain-barrier dysfunction.

scholarly journals The Dual Role of Microglia in Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction after Stroke

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1237-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruiqing Kang ◽  
Marcin Gamdzyk ◽  
Cameron Lenahan ◽  
Jiping Tang ◽  
Sheng Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
M2 Microglia ◽  
The Brain

It is well-known that stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability all over the world. After a stroke, the blood-brain barrier subsequently breaks down. The BBB consists of endothelial cells surrounded by astrocytes. Microglia, considered the long-living resident immune cells of the brain, play a vital role in BBB function. M1 microglia worsen BBB disruption, while M2 microglia assist in repairing BBB damage. Microglia can also directly interact with endothelial cells and affect BBB permeability. In this review, we are going to discuss the mechanisms responsible for the dual role of microglia in BBB dysfunction after stroke.

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