scholarly journals Tilapia Lake Virus-Induced Neuroinflammation in Zebrafish: Microglia Activation and Sickness Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Mojzesz ◽  
Magdalena Widziolek ◽  
Mikolaj Adamek ◽  
Urszula Orzechowska ◽  
Piotr Podlasz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Sickness Behavior ◽  
Microglia Activation ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Bottom Zone ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

In mammals, the relationship between the immune system and behavior is widely studied. In fish, however, the knowledge concerning the brain immune response and behavioral changes during brain viral infection is very limited. To further investigate this subject, we used the model of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) infection of zebrafish (Danio rerio), which was previously developed in our laboratory. We demonstrated that TiLV persists in the brain of adult zebrafish for at least 90 days, even when the virus is not detectable in other peripheral organs. The virions were found in the whole brain. During TiLV infection, zebrafish displayed a clear sickness behavior: decreased locomotor activity, reduced food intake, and primarily localizes near the bottom zone of aquaria. Moreover, during swimming, individual fish exhibited also unusual spiral movement patterns. Gene expression study revealed that TiLV induces in the brain of adult fish strong antiviral and inflammatory response and upregulates expression of genes encoding microglia/macrophage markers. Finally, using zebrafish larvae, we showed that TiLV infection induces histopathological abnormalities in the brain and causes activation of the microglia which is manifested by changes in cell shape from a resting ramified state in mock-infected to a highly ameboid active state in TiLV-infected larvae. This is the first study presenting a comprehensive analysis of the brain immune response associated with microglia activation and subsequent sickness behavior during systemic viral infection in zebrafish.

Limitations Using Neuroimaging to Reconstruct Mental State After a Crime

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-701
Author(s):  
Michael J. Vitacco ◽  
Alynda M. Randolph ◽  
Rebecca J. Nelson Aguiar ◽  
Megan L. Porter Staats
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Insanity Defense ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forensic Psychiatric ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

AbstractNeuroimaging offers great potential to clinicians and researchers for a host of mental and physical conditions. The use of imaging has been trumpeted for forensic psychiatric and psychological evaluations to allow greater insight into the relationship between the brain and behavior. The results of imaging certainly can be used to inform clinical diagnoses; however, there continue to be limitations in using neuroimaging for insanity cases due to limited scientific backing for how neuroimaging can inform retrospective evaluations of mental state. In making this case, this paper reviews the history of the insanity defense and explains how the use of neuroimaging is not an effective way of improving the reliability of insanity defense evaluations.

scholarly journals Sexual conflict drives male manipulation of female postmating responses inDrosophila melanogaster

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (17) ◽  
pp. 8437-8444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Hollis ◽  
Mareike Koppik ◽  
Kristina U. Wensing ◽  
Hanna Ruhmann ◽  
Eléonore Genzoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Single Male ◽  
Seminal Fluid Proteins ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
And Behavior

In many animals, females respond to mating with changes in physiology and behavior that are triggered by molecules transferred by males during mating. InDrosophila melanogaster, proteins in the seminal fluid are responsible for important female postmating responses, including temporal changes in egg production, elevated feeding rates and activity levels, reduced sexual receptivity, and activation of the immune system. It is unclear to what extent these changes are mutually beneficial to females and males or instead represent male manipulation. Here we use an experimental evolution approach in which females are randomly paired with a single male each generation, eliminating any opportunity for competition for mates or mate choice and thereby aligning the evolutionary interests of the sexes. After >150 generations of evolution, males from monogamous populations elicited a weaker postmating stimulation of egg production and activity than males from control populations that evolved with a polygamous mating system. Males from monogamous populations did not differ from males from polygamous populations in their ability to induce refractoriness to remating in females, but they were inferior to polygamous males in sperm competition. Mating-responsive genes in both the female abdomen and head showed a dampened response to mating with males from monogamous populations. Males from monogamous populations also exhibited lower expression of genes encoding seminal fluid proteins, which mediate the female response to mating. Together, these results demonstrate that the female postmating response, and the male molecules involved in eliciting this response, are shaped by ongoing sexual conflict.

scholarly journals Microglial Metabolism After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury – Overlooked Bystanders or Active Participants?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aria C. Shi ◽  
Ursula Rohlwink ◽  
Susanna Scafidi ◽  
Sujatha Kannan
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Metabolic Alterations ◽  
Microglial Phenotype ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Microglia play an integral role in brain development but are also crucial for repair and recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI induces an intense innate immune response in the immature, developing brain that is associated with acute and chronic changes in microglial function. These changes contribute to long-lasting consequences on development, neurologic function, and behavior. Although alterations in glucose metabolism are well-described after TBI, the bulk of the data is focused on metabolic alterations in astrocytes and neurons. To date, the interplay between alterations in intracellular metabolic pathways in microglia and the innate immune response in the brain following an injury is not well-studied. In this review, we broadly discuss the microglial responses after TBI. In addition, we highlight reported metabolic alterations in microglia and macrophages, and provide perspective on how changes in glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism can influence and modulate the microglial phenotype and response to injury.

scholarly journals Transcriptional Levels of Autophagy and UPR Markers in the Brain and Liver of Pregnant Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Alizadeh ◽  
Ghasem Ghasempour ◽  
Elnaz Golestaneh ◽  
Yasaman Safian Isfahani ◽  
Arya Emami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Er Stress ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Autophagy Pathway ◽  
Protein Response ◽  
The Brain

Background: Pregnancy is associated with oxidative stress that results in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR). Prolonged-unalleviated ER stress causes the activation of the autophagy pathway via UPR. Expression of genes encoding glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and BECLIN1 are induced in UPR and autophagy. Objectives: We studied the mRNA expression of the aforementioned genes in the liver and brain of Nulligravida versus saline and ethanol-treated pregnant rats. Methods: Control pregnant rats were orally treated with normal saline, and test animals received ethanol 250 mg/kg or resveratrol 120 mg/kg from day 1 to day 21 of gestation. Nulligravida rats treated by saline comprised the non-pregnant control group. On day 21, mRNAs encoding GRP78 and BECLIN1 were extracted from the liver and brain tissues and assessed using real-time PCR. Results: Our results showed that the level of transcripts encoding GRP78 and BECLIN1 was higher in the liver of pregnant rats compared to Nulligravida ones. Further, ethanol decreased the mRNA levels of GRP78 and BECLIN1 in the liver of pregnant rats, an effect that was reversed by resveratrol. Levels of GRP78 transcripts were decreased, and those of BECLIN1 remained unchanged in the brain of ethanol exposed pregnant rats. Conclusions: Levels of mRNAs for GRP78 and BECLIN1 are up-regulated during pregnancy. These levels are reduced in the liver of ethanol-treated rats, and resveratrol compensates these effects.

scholarly journals Diet, Stress and Mental Health

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2428 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Douglas Bremner ◽  
Kasra Moazzami ◽  
Matthew T. Wittbrodt ◽  
Jonathon A. Nye ◽  
Bruno B. Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fats ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Acute Changes ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Introduction: There has long been an interest in the effects of diet on mental health, and the interaction of the two with stress; however, the nature of these relationships is not well understood. Although associations between diet, obesity and the related metabolic syndrome (MetS), stress, and mental disorders exist, causal pathways have not been established. Methods: We reviewed the literature on the relationship between diet, stress, obesity and psychiatric disorders related to stress. Results: Diet and obesity can affect mood through direct effects, or stress-related mental disorders could lead to changes in diet habits that affect weight. Alternatively, common factors such as stress or predisposition could lead to both obesity and stress-related mental disorders, such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Specific aspects of diet can lead to acute changes in mood as well as stimulate inflammation, which has led to efforts to assess polyunsaturated fats (PUFA) as a treatment for depression. Bidirectional relationships between these different factors are also likely. Finally, there has been increased attention recently on the relationship between the gut and the brain, with the realization that the gut microbiome has an influence on brain function and probably also mood and behavior, introducing another way diet can influence mental health and disorders. Brain areas and neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that are involved in both mood and appetite likely play a role in mediating this relationship. Conclusions: Understanding the relationship between diet, stress and mood and behavior could have important implications for the treatment of both stress-related mental disorders and obesity.

scholarly journals Increased Expression of MIP-1α and MIP-1β mRNAs in the Brain Correlates Spatially and Temporally with the Spongiform Neurodegeneration Induced by a Murine Oncornavirus

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 2665-2674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srdjan Askovic ◽  
Cynthia Favara ◽  
Frank J. McAtee ◽  
John L. Portis
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Ibotenic Acid ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
Envelope Gene ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Brain Correlates ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT The chimeric murine oncornavirus FrCasE causes a rapidly progressive paralytic disease associated with spongiform neurodegeneration throughout the neuroaxis. Neurovirulence is determined by the sequence of the viral envelope gene and by the capacity of the virus to infect microglia. The neurocytopathic effect of this virus appears to be indirect, since the cells which degenerate are not infected. In the present study we have examined the possible role of inflammatory responses in this disease and have used as a control the virus F43. F43 is an highly neuroinvasive but avirulent virus which differs from FrCasE only in 3′pol and env sequences. Like FrCasE, F43 infects large numbers of microglial cells, but it does not induce spongiform neurodegeneration. RNAase protection assays were used to detect differential expression of genes encoding a variety of cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory cell-specific markers. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and TNF-β mRNAs were upregulated in advanced stages of disease but not early, even in regions with prominent spongiosis. Surprisingly there was no evidence for upregulation of the cytokines interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, and IL-6 or of the microglial marker F4/80 at any stage of this disease. In contrast, increased levels of the β-chemokines MIP-1α and -β were seen early in the disease and were concentrated in regions of the brain rich in spongiosis, and the magnitude of responses was similar to that observed in the brains of mice injected with the glutamatergic neurotoxin ibotenic acid. MIP-1α and MIP-1β mRNAs were also upregulated in F43-inoculated mice, but the responses were three- to fivefold lower and occurred later in the course of infection than was observed in FrCasE-inoculated mice. These results suggest that the robust increase in expression of MIP-1α and MIP-1β in the brain represents a correlate of neurovirulence in this disease, whereas the TNF responses are likely secondary events.

Self/other organization in human psychological development

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
KENNETH J. AITKEN ◽  
COLWYN TREVARTHEN
Keyword(s):  
Neural Development ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Cultural Behavior ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Evidence from the evolution of human cultural behavior and learning, embryology and genetics of the brain, and the behavior of human infants indicates that the critical and uniquely human motives for cooperative imagination and joint interest in objects and tasks are determined by expression of genes and epigenetic neural systems elaboration long before birth, along with essential peripheral organs of perception and motor expression that will serve in communication by rhythmic facial, vocal, gestural, and body movement signals. These cerebral motives continue to exercise their influence on neural development and behavior throughout life, transforming the behaviors of the developing individual through a succession of phases to which other individuals and cultural institutions are constrained to adapt. We discuss the theory of innate intersubjectivity and relate it to the hypothesis of an Innate Motive Formation that emerges in brain development as regulator of morphogenesis in neural systems, and that continues to function, postnatally, as generator of motives and emotions by which human contacts and relationships are regulated. We suggest that differentiates of the primary motive formation in the embryo brain later serve to generate intelligent exploration of the objective environment, and the emergence of an additional dialogic mechanism that represents the self-subject as a partner for an other-subject, intersubjectively. Intersubjective communication in infancy leads, through systematic age-related transformations of the brain and behavior, to preverbal mimetic negotiation of cooperative awareness and joint task performance. Finally we discuss, in relation to this theory, interpretations of faulty communication and development at different stages of the life cycle that result from maternal postnatal depression, autism, premature birth, and schizophrenia.

scholarly journals The Aging Brain Cohort (ABC) repository: The University of South Carolina’s multimodal lifespan database for studying the relationship between the brain, cognition, genetics and behavior in healthy aging

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 100008
Author(s):  
Roger D. Newman-Norlund ◽  
Sarah E. Newman-Norlund ◽  
Sara Sayers ◽  
Samaneh Nemati ◽  
Nicholas Riccardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Aging Brain ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain
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