scholarly journals A Review of Recent Research Results on Soot: The Formation of a Kind of Carbon-Based Material in Flames

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfei Xi ◽  
Guoqing Yang ◽  
Jie Cai ◽  
Zhongzhu Gu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Diffusion Flames ◽  
Soot Formation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fuel Type ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Carbon Based

As a product generated from incomplete combustion, soot is harmful to people’s health and the environment. In recent decades, much attention has been paid to the control of soot generation in combustion systems. Efforts to reduce soot emissions depend on a basic understanding of the physical and chemical pathways from fuel to soot particles in flames. At the same time, flame synthesis method has become an alternative method for the preparation of carbon nanomaterials because of its advantages of low cost and mass production. Carbon-based materials can be synthesized within the sooting zones in flames. The research of soot formation mechanism in flames can provide support for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials. In this paper, the effects of additives, temperature, and fuel type on soot formation characteristics and soot nanostructure in diffusion flames are reviewed. The deficiencies and prospects are put forward for future research.

scholarly journals Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1148-1166
Author(s):  
Ganjar Fadillah ◽  
Septian Perwira Yudha ◽  
Suresh Sagadevan ◽  
Is Fatimah ◽  
Oki Muraza
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Photocatalytic Oxidation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Magnetic Iron Oxide ◽  
Oxidation Processes ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Physical And Chemical

AbstractPhysical and chemical methods have been developed for water and wastewater treatments. Adsorption is an attractive method due to its simplicity and low cost, and it has been widely employed in industrial treatment. In advanced schemes, chemical oxidation and photocatalytic oxidation have been recognized as effective methods for wastewater-containing organic compounds. The use of magnetic iron oxide in these methods has received much attention. Magnetic iron oxide nanocomposite adsorbents have been recognized as favorable materials due to their stability, high adsorption capacities, and recoverability, compared to conventional sorbents. Magnetic iron oxide nanocomposites have also been reported to be effective in photocatalytic and chemical oxidation processes. The current review has presented recent developments in techniques using magnetic iron oxide nanocomposites for water treatment applications. The review highlights the synthesis method and compares modifications for adsorbent, photocatalytic oxidation, and chemical oxidation processes. Future prospects for the use of nanocomposites have been presented.

scholarly journals N-doped carbon nanomaterials are durable catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in acidic fuel cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. e1400129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianglan Shui ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Feng Du ◽  
Liming Dai
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Oxygen Reduction Reaction ◽  
Oxygen Reduction ◽  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Pem Fuel Cells ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Metal Free ◽  
Carbon Based

The availability of low-cost, efficient, and durable catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a prerequisite for commercialization of the fuel cell technology. Along with intensive research efforts of more than half a century in developing nonprecious metal catalysts (NPMCs) to replace the expensive and scarce platinum-based catalysts, a new class of carbon-based, low-cost, metal-free ORR catalysts was demonstrated to show superior ORR performance to commercial platinum catalysts, particularly in alkaline electrolytes. However, their large-scale practical application in more popular acidic polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells remained elusive because they are often found to be less effective in acidic electrolytes, and no attempt has been made for a single PEM cell test. We demonstrated that rationally designed, metal-free, nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes and their graphene composites exhibited significantly better long-term operational stabilities and comparable gravimetric power densities with respect to the best NPMC in acidic PEM cells. This work represents a major breakthrough in removing the bottlenecks to translate low-cost, metal-free, carbon-based ORR catalysts to commercial reality, and opens avenues for clean energy generation from affordable and durable fuel cells.

scholarly journals Application of Nanostructured Carbon-Based Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors for Screening of Emerging Pharmaceutical Pollutants in Waters and Aquatic Species: A Review

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Álvaro Torrinha ◽  
Thiago M. B. F. Oliveira ◽  
Francisco W.P. Ribeiro ◽  
Adriana N. Correia ◽  
Pedro Lima-Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Aquatic Species ◽  
Transfer Rates ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Pharmaceutical Pollutants ◽  
Carbon Based Nanomaterials ◽  
Carbon Based

Pharmaceuticals, as a contaminant of emergent concern, are being released uncontrollably into the environment potentially causing hazardous effects to aquatic ecosystems and consequently to human health. In the absence of well-established monitoring programs, one can only imagine the full extent of this problem and so there is an urgent need for the development of extremely sensitive, portable, and low-cost devices to perform analysis. Carbon-based nanomaterials are the most used nanostructures in (bio)sensors construction attributed to their facile and well-characterized production methods, commercial availability, reduced cost, high chemical stability, and low toxicity. However, most importantly, their relatively good conductivity enabling appropriate electron transfer rates—as well as their high surface area yielding attachment and extraordinary loading capacity for biomolecules—have been relevant and desirable features, justifying the key role that they have been playing, and will continue to play, in electrochemical (bio)sensor development. The present review outlines the contribution of carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerene, carbon nanofibers, carbon black, carbon nanopowder, biochar nanoparticles, and graphite oxide), used alone or combined with other (nano)materials, to the field of environmental (bio)sensing, and more specifically, to pharmaceutical pollutants analysis in waters and aquatic species. The main trends of this field of research are also addressed.

scholarly journals Carbon nanomaterials for metal-free electrocatalysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Ana M.B. Honorato ◽  
Mohd Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Metal Free ◽  
Hydrogen Evolution Reactions ◽  
Storage Technologies ◽  
Conversion Technologies ◽  
Carbon Based

Carbon materials are continuing in progress to accomplish the requirements of energy conversion and energy storage technologies because of their plenty in nature, high surface area, outstanding electrical properties, and readily obtained from varieties of chemical and natural sources. Recently, carbon-based electrocatalysts have been developed in the quest to replacement of noble metal based catalysts for low cost energy conversion technologies, such as fuel cell, water splitting, and metal-air batteries. Herein, we will present our short overview on recently developed carbon-based electrocatalysts for energy conversion reactions such as oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution, and hydrogen evolution reactions, along with challenges and perspectives in the emerging field of metal-free electrocatalysts.

scholarly journals Plant-Extract-Mediated Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Yunhui Bao ◽  
Jian He ◽  
Ke Song ◽  
Jie Guo ◽  
Xianwu Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Nanoparticles ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Stabilizing Agents ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have been widely used in several fields including catalysis, bioengineering, photoelectricity, antibacterial, anticancer, and medical imaging due to their unique physical and chemical properties. In the traditional synthesis method of MNPs, toxic chemicals are generally used as reducing agents and stabilizing agents, which is fussy to operate and extremely environment unfriendly. Based on this, the development of an environment-friendly synthesis method of MNPs has recently attracted great attention. The use of plant extracts as reductants and stabilizers to synthesize MNPs has the advantages of low cost, environmental friendliness, sustainability, and ease of operation. Besides, the as-synthesized MNPs are nontoxic, more stable, and more uniform in size than the counterparts prepared by the traditional method. Thus, green preparation methods have become a research hotspot in the field of MNPs synthesis. In this review, recent advances in green synthesis of MNPs using plant extracts as reductants and stabilizers have been systematically summarized. In addition, the insights into the potential applications and future development for MNPs prepared by using plant extracts have been provided.

scholarly journals Textile-Based Mechanical Sensors: A Review

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6073
Author(s):  
Zaiwei Zhou ◽  
Nuo Chen ◽  
Hongchuan Zhong ◽  
Wanli Zhang ◽  
Yue Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Machine Interaction ◽  
Everyday Objects ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Mechanical Sensors ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Innovations related to textiles-based sensors have drawn great interest due to their outstanding merits of flexibility, comfort, low cost, and wearability. Textile-based sensors are often tied to certain parts of the human body to collect mechanical, physical, and chemical stimuli to identify and record human health and exercise. Until now, much research and review work has been carried out to summarize and promote the development of textile-based sensors. As a feature, we focus on textile-based mechanical sensors (TMSs), especially on their advantages and the way they achieve performance optimizations in this review. We first adopt a novel approach to introduce different kinds of TMSs by combining sensing mechanisms, textile structure, and novel fabricating strategies for implementing TMSs and focusing on critical performance criteria such as sensitivity, response range, response time, and stability. Next, we summarize their great advantages over other flexible sensors, and their potential applications in health monitoring, motion recognition, and human-machine interaction. Finally, we present the challenges and prospects to provide meaningful guidelines and directions for future research. The TMSs play an important role in promoting the development of the emerging Internet of Things, which can make health monitoring and everyday objects connect more smartly, conveniently, and comfortably efficiently in a wearable way in the coming years.

scholarly journals Progress in Preparation and Research of Water Electrolysis Catalyst for Transition Metal Phosphide

2022 ◽  
Vol 2152 (1) ◽  
pp. 012063
Author(s):  
Miguang Sun ◽  
Jiajun Gu
Keyword(s):  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Metal Phosphide ◽  
Transitional Metal ◽  
Phase Tuning ◽  
Transition Metal Phosphide

Abstract Confronted with growing energy crisis and environmental challenges, water electrolysis for hydrogen production can provide high-density, clean and renewable energy, but limited by sluggish kinetics of two half reaction, anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction(HER). Noble-metal-based electrocatalysts can decrease overpotential and accelerate kinetics dramatically, but limited by its scarcity and high cost. Transitional metal catalysts are abundant, low cost and have potential to become excellent catalyst due to unique electronic structure. Beginning from basic principle of electrocatalysis, this paper focuses on the synthesis method of transitional metal phosphide (TMP), and further discusses modification methods of TMP, including phase tuning, element doping/alloying, interfacial/structural engineering and three-dimensional architecture. Finally, the challenges of TMP are analyzed and future research focuses are prospected.

Perspectives of Hydrothermal Synthesis of Fluorides for Luminescence Applications

2018 ◽  
pp. 277-303
Author(s):  
Nilesh. S. Ugemuge ◽  
Chhatrasal Gayner ◽  
V. Natrajan ◽  
Sanjay. J. Dhoble
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Synthesis ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hygroscopic Nature ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Size And Morphology ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Hydrothermal synthesis is an easy, portable, less-hazardous, and low-cost synthesis method. Various researchers across the globe are worked on the synthesis of different materials via this route. Practically, fluorides are difficult to synthesize due to their hygroscopic nature by conventional methods. But, the hydrothermal synthesis is used to prepare several compositionally optimized fluoride-based materials using closed-system physical and chemical processes in an aqueous solution at low temperatures and pressures. The silent features of the hydrothermal method over conventional methods of materials processing are a crystallization of materials, crystal growth, in the processing of a wide range of materials not only the bulk crystals but fine particles with a controlled size and morphology. Therefore, in order to place its numerous recent developments, past and current research come together in this chapter. This chapter is a recent clocking update for synthesis, materials, and their applications.

Carbon Nanocomposites: The Potential Heterogeneous Catalysts for Organic Transformations

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambika ◽  
Pradeep Pratap Singh
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysis ◽  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
High Stability ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Organic Transformations ◽  
Wide Availability ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Carbon Based

: One of the major challenges in chemistry confronted by the chemists is the replacement of conventional homogeneous catalysts by heterogeneous catalysts for the development of green, sustainable and economical chemical processes. Recently, carbon based nanocomposites have attracted the attention of scientists due to their unique physical and chemical properties such as large surface area and pore volume, chemical inertness, high stability and high electrical conductivity. These NCs have been employed in energy storage, electronic devices, sensors, environmental remediation etc. Owing to the wide availability and low cost, carbon‐based‐materials have been utilized as supports for transition metals and other materials. The carbon based NCs offers a number of advantages such as high stability, easy recovery, reusability with often minimal leaching of metal ions, and green and sustainable approaches to heterogeneous catalysis for various organic transformations. Hence, they can be used as the substitute of the existing catalyst used for heterogeneous catalysis in industries. In this review, various processing methods for carbon based nanocomposites and their applications as heterogeneous catalyst for organic transformations like hydrogenation, oxidation, coupling, and multi‐component reactions, have been discussed.

scholarly journals Phototherapy Combined with Carbon Nanomaterials (1D and 2D) and Their Applications in Cancer Therapy

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 4830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabhavathi Sundaram ◽  
Heidi Abrahamse
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Therapeutic Modality ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Carbon Based Nanomaterials ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Carbon Based

Carbon-based materials have attracted research interest worldwide due to their physical and chemical properties and wide surface area, rendering them excellent carrier molecules. They are widely used in biological applications like antimicrobial activity, cancer diagnosis, bio-imaging, targeting, drug delivery, biosensors, tissue engineering, dental care, and skin care. Carbon-based nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes and graphene have drawn more attention in the field of phototherapy due to their unique properties such as thermal conductivity, large surface area, and electrical properties. Phototherapy is a promising next-generation therapeutic modality for many modern medical conditions that include cancer diagnosis, targeting, and treatment. Phototherapy involves the major administration of photosensitizers (PSs), which absorb light sources and emit reactive oxygen species under cellular environments. Several types of nontoxic PSs are functionalized on carbon-based nanomaterials and have numerous advantages in cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss the potential role and combined effect of phototherapy and carbon nanomaterials, the mechanism and functionalization of PSs on nanomaterials, and their promising advantages in cancer therapy.

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