scholarly journals The Prevalence and Clinical Implications of Rectal SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Danish COVID-19 Patients and the General Population

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Niemann Holm-Jacobsen ◽  
Caspar Bundgaard-Nielsen ◽  
Louise Søndergaard Rold ◽  
Ann-Maria Jensen ◽  
Shakil Shakar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Envelope Gene ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Rectal Swabs ◽  
Adults And Children

Background: SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in a global pandemic since its outbreak in Wuhan, 2019. Virus transmission primarily occurs through close contact, respiratory droplets, and aerosol particles. However, since SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in fecal and rectal samples from infected individuals, the fecal-oral route has been suggested as another potential route of transmission. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and clinical implications of rectal SARS-CoV-2 shedding in Danish COVID-19 patients.Methods: Hospitalized and non-hospitalized adults and children who were recently tested with a pharyngeal COVID-19 test, were included in the study. A rectal swab was collected from all participants. Hospitalized adults and COVID-19 positive children were followed with both pharyngeal and rectal swabs until two consecutive negative results were obtained. RT-qPCR targeting the envelope gene was used to detect SARS-CoV-2 in the samples. Demographic, medical, and biochemical information was obtained through questionnaires and medical records.Results: Twenty-eight of 52 (53.8%) COVID-19 positive adults and children were positive for SARS-CoV-2 in rectal swabs. Seven of the rectal positive participants were followed for more than 6 days. Two of these (28.6%) continued to test positive in their rectal swabs for up to 29 days after the pharyngeal swabs had turned negative. Hospitalized rectal positive and rectal negative adults were comparable regarding demographic, medical, and biochemical information. Furthermore, no difference was observed in the severity of the disease among the two groups.Conclusions: We provided evidence of rectal SARS-CoV-2 shedding in Danish COVID-19 patients. The clinical importance of rectal SARS-CoV-2 shedding appears to be minimal.

scholarly journals Prolonged rectal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in a 22-day-old-neonate: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Niemann Holm-Jacobsen ◽  
Julia Helena Vonasek ◽  
Søren Hagstrøm ◽  
Mette Line Donneborg ◽  
Suzette Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
Oral Route ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Current Case ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Rectal Swabs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is characterized by a diverse clinical picture. Children are often asymptomatic or experience mild symptoms and have a milder disease course compared to adults. Rectal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 has been observed in both adults and children, suggesting the fecal-oral route as a potential route of transmission. However, only a few studies have investigated this in neonates. We present a neonate with a mild disease course and prolonged rectal SARS-CoV-2 shedding. Case presentation A 22-day old neonate was admitted to the hospital with tachycardia and a family history of COVID-19. The boy later tested positive for COVID-19. His heart rate normalized overnight without intervention , but a grade 1/6 heart murmur on the left side of the sternum was found. After excluding signs of heart failure, the boy was discharged in a habitual state after three days of admission. During his admission, he was enrolled in a clinical study examining the rectal shedding of SARS-CoV-2. He was positive for SARS-CoV-2 in his pharyngeal swabs for 11 days after initial diagnosis and remained positive in his rectal swabs for 45 days. Thereby, the boy remained positive in his rectal swabs for 29 days after his first negative pharyngeal swab. Conclusions The presented case shows that neonates with a mild disease course can shed SARS-CoV-2 in the intestines for 45 days. In the current case, it was not possible to determine if fecal-oral transfer to the family occurred, and more research is needed to establish the potential risk of the fecal-oral transmission route.

scholarly journals Environmental Vulnerability: Theoretical Study of SARSCoV-2 Control During Team Water Sports / Vulnerabilidade ambiental: Estudo teórico do controle do SARSCoV-2 durante esportes aquáticos coletivos

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 116959-116974
Author(s):  
Fabio Henrique Faria ◽  
Alesandra Fátima Saraiva Soares ◽  
Rosane Aparecida Gomes Battistelle
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
International Health ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Current State ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Poor Ventilation ◽  
Water Sports ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

This paper analyzes possible chains of transmission of SARS CoV-2 during water sports practice and discuss control measures of COVID-19 adopted through specific national and international health protocols, more specifically related to the insertion of interventions in the city to propitiate the development of aquatic activities. This is explorative research of technical literature review to present the current state of knowledge regarding the occurrence, persistence and possibility of virus transmission during the practice of collective water sports and related activities. National and International health protocols were analyzed in terms of their safety, functionality and premises. The protocols and studies examined emphasize concerns that the airways are the route of transmission with the highest rate of contamination through respiratory droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces. The research confirmed the hypothesis that the current preventive measures established in health protocols to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 in aquatic environments if observed, are sufficient to prevent the transmission of the disease in these locations. More specifically, to control the spread of the new coronavirus, it is necessary to avoid close contact with another individual without facial protection, crowds, and places with poor ventilation.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in Healthcare Workers in Germany: A Follow-Up Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4540
Author(s):  
Johannes Korth ◽  
Benjamin Wilde ◽  
Sebastian Dolff ◽  
Jasmin Frisch ◽  
Michael Jahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Intermediate Risk ◽  
Igg Antibody

SARS-CoV-2 is a worldwide challenge for the medical sector. Healthcare workers (HCW) are a cohort vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection due to frequent and close contact with COVID-19 patients. However, they are also well trained and equipped with protective gear. The SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody status was assessed at three different time points in 450 HCW of the University Hospital Essen in Germany. HCW were stratified according to contact frequencies with COVID-19 patients in (I) a high-risk group with daily contacts with known COVID-19 patients (n = 338), (II) an intermediate-risk group with daily contacts with non-COVID-19 patients (n = 78), and (III) a low-risk group without patient contacts (n = 34). The overall seroprevalence increased from 2.2% in March–May to 4.0% in June–July to 5.1% in October–December. The SARS-CoV-2 IgG detection rate was not significantly different between the high-risk group (1.8%; 3.8%; 5.5%), the intermediate-risk group (5.1%; 6.3%; 6.1%), and the low-risk group (0%, 0%, 0%). The overall SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence remained low in HCW in western Germany one year after the outbreak of COVID-19 in Germany, and hygiene standards seemed to be effective in preventing patient-to-staff virus transmission.

Viral Hepatitis in School-Aged Children

1982 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 105-111
Author(s):  
Lance Chilton
Keyword(s):  
Day Care ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Immunoglobulin Prophylaxis

Hepatitis A is a common disease in children, usually passed by the fecal-oral route. Because of its route of transmission, day care centers, especially those caring for infants and toddlers in diapers, are a likely site of passage of the disease, unlike schools, where transfer of HAV occurs uncommonly. The pediatrician encountering a case of HA must ascertain (1) that other possible aiagnoses have been eliminated, (2) whether the patient or a sibling attends a day care center, and (3) the likelihood of a common source outbreak associated with contaminated food or drink. Public health help should be sought to determine that all wider implications of the patient's disease have been taken into account. In some instances, immunoglobulin use may be indicated beyond the usual group of family and sexual contacts. In many cases, the pediatrician will be asked to stretch the indications for immunoglobulin prophylaxis; the forces may be so strong as to force mass immunoglobulin administration even if inschool transmission is unlikely. There is no specific treatment for hepatitis; previously prescribed diets and restrictions of activity are unnecessary. Recovery without complications occurs in the vast majority of patients, especially children, with HA. Hepatitis B and non-A, non-B hepatitis are less common than HA in children, except those in certain groups. Those infected have a 10% likelihood of contracting chronic active hepatitis; with HB, a chronic carrier state contributes substantially to the epidemiology of the disease. The same is likely to hold true for non-A, non-B hepatitis. In patients with needle-stick, blood product, or sexual xposure to HB, standard immunoglobulin or HBIG is recommended as prophylaxis; for those exposed to NANB, immunoglobulin may be given. A vaccine to give active protection against HB exists; one is being developed for HA as well.

scholarly journals Study of variations in the pelvicalyceal system of kidney and its clinical importance

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Wadekar ◽  
SD Gangane
Keyword(s):  
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Percutaneous Nephrostomy ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Pelvicalyceal System ◽  
Collecting System

Objective The present study has been undertaken to study the variations in renal pelvicalyceal system, to compare them with previous studies and to find their clinical implications. Materials and Methods A total of 100 kidneys (from 50 cadavers) were included in this study. The following parameters were measured 1)Lower Infundibular length, 2)Infundibular Width – Lower Infundibular Width (LIW), Middle Infundibular Width (MIW), Upper Infundibular Width (UIW), 3)Number of minor calyces and 4)Number of major calyces. Results The obtained data showed that there were numerous variations not only in the numbers of calyces of kidneys but also in the infundibular length and width. Conclusion Developments in endourology, percutaneous nephrolithotomy and techniques for retrograde percutaneous nephrostomy have rekindled interest in the anatomy of the renal collecting system. To perform these procedures safely and efficiently it is essential to have a clear understanding of pelvicalyceal anatomy and its variations. Thus the in-depth knowledge of pelvicalyceal anatomy will be of immense value to the clinicians of related specialties. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2012, Vol-8, No-3, 17-21 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v8i3.8681

scholarly journals Characteristics of Three Person-to-Person Transmission Clusters of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome in Southeastern China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyong Tao ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Feng Ling ◽  
Rong Zhang ◽  
Xuguang Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Secondary Case ◽  
Southeastern China ◽  
History Of ◽  
Severe Fever ◽  
Very High ◽  
Index Cases

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease worldwide. It can be transmitted from person to person, and the fatality rate is very high. During this study, three SFTS clusters including 12 associated cases were identified in three counties in Zhejiang Province from 2018 to 2020. The median age of the three index patients was 70 years, and that of secondary case patients was 59 years. Of note, the mortality rate of the index patients was 100%. The mortality rate of secondary case patients was 11%. The total secondary attack rate (SAR) was 30% (9/30). The SARs of cluster A, cluster B, and cluster C were 38% (3/8), 21% (3/14), and 38% (3/8), respectively. Additionally, the interval from onset to diagnosis was 4 days. The intervals from disease onset to confirmation of the index cases and secondary cases were 7 days and 4 days, respectively. All secondary case patients had a history of close contact with blood or body fluids of the index patients. These results indicate that SFTS patients should not be discharged until recovery. When SFTS patients die, the corpses should be transferred directly from the hospital to the crematorium for cremation by persons wearing proper protective equipment to prevent virus transmission.

Gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19 and possibility of feco-oral route of transmission

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. e183
Author(s):  
Zubair Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Small Cluster ◽  
Gastrointestinal Manifestations ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Stool Specimens

Covid-19 is a global health emergency originating from a small cluster of pneumonia like cases which spread to an extent to be regarded as a pandemic by WHO.in this review we discuss specifically the gastrointestinal manifestations of SARS CoV-2 positive patients in the published literature along with recent detection of SARS CoV-2 RNA in stool specimens and investigate the possible of feco oral route of viral transmission .

scholarly journals Animal Model To Study Klebsiella pneumoniae Gastrointestinal Colonization and Host-to-Host Transmission

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor M. Young ◽  
Andrew S. Bray ◽  
Ravinder K. Nagpal ◽  
David L. Caudell ◽  
Hariom Yadav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Immunocompetent Mice

ABSTRACT An important yet poorly understood facet of the life cycle of a successful pathogen is host-to-host transmission. Hospital-acquired infections (HAI) resulting from the transmission of drug-resistant pathogens affect hundreds of millions of patients worldwide. Klebsiella pneumoniae, a Gram-negative bacterium, is notorious for causing HAI, with many of these infections difficult to treat, as K. pneumoniae has become multidrug resistant. Epidemiological studies suggest that K. pneumoniae host-to-host transmission requires close contact and generally occurs through the fecal-oral route. Here, we describe a murine model that can be utilized to study mucosal (oropharynx and gastrointestinal [GI]) colonization, shedding within feces, and transmission of K. pneumoniae through the fecal-oral route. Using an oral route of inoculation, and fecal shedding as a marker for GI colonization, we showed that K. pneumoniae can asymptomatically colonize the GI tract in immunocompetent mice and modifies the host GI microbiota. Colonization density within the GI tract and levels of shedding in the feces differed among the clinical isolates tested. A hypervirulent K. pneumoniae isolate was able to translocate from the GI tract and cause hepatic infection that mimicked the route of human infection. Expression of the capsule was required for colonization and, in turn, robust shedding. Furthermore, K. pneumoniae carrier mice were able to transmit to uninfected cohabitating mice. Lastly, treatment with antibiotics led to changes in the host microbiota and development of a transient supershedder phenotype, which enhanced transmission efficiency. Thus, this model can be used to determine the contribution of host and bacterial factors toward K. pneumoniae dissemination.

scholarly journals Case report of high origin of radial, ulnar, and profunda brachii arteries, its clinical implications and review of the literature

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-378
Author(s):  
Sampath Madhyastha ◽  
Soubhagya R. Nayak ◽  
Ashwin Krishnamurthy ◽  
Sujatha D’Costa ◽  
Asha Anu Jose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additional Data ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Arterial Variations ◽  
Accurate Knowledge ◽  
Variation Patterns ◽  
Fracture Management ◽  
Frequent Site ◽  
The Right ◽  
Upper Third

Arterial variations in the arm are of potential clinical implications as it is a frequent site of injury and also involved in many surgical and invasive procedures. During a dissection of the right upper extremity, an abnormal high origin of the radial and ulnar arteries was found. The brachial artery had a very short segment without any branches, divided into the radial and ulnar arteries at the upper third of the arm. The course and branching pattern of these radial and ulnar arteries in the arm are discussed. It was also observed that the profunda brachii artery was represented by two separate branches arising from the posterior circumflex humeral artery. Accurate knowledge of these variation patterns is of considerable clinical importance in the conduct of reparative surgeries around the shoulder and fracture management of the humerus. These additional data of arterial anomalies to contemporary anatomical literature are of interest to clinicians, in particular vascular and plastic surgeons and radiologists.

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