scholarly journals Citrulline Accumulation Mechanism of Pediococcus acidilactici and Weissella confusa in Soy Sauce and the Effects of Phenolic Compound on Citrulline Accumulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Zhou ◽  
Xiao Zhang ◽  
Bingyong Li ◽  
Chaoqun Shen ◽  
Yuan-Ming Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Light Condition ◽  
Arginine Deiminase ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Pediococcus Acidilactici ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Weissella Confusa ◽  
Accumulation Ability

Citrulline is one of the major precursors of ethyl carbamate in soy sauce, and the accumulation of citrulline is attributed to the metabolism of arginine by bacteria with the arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway. However, key strains and factors affecting citrulline accumulation are not yet clear. In this study, two key strains of Pediococcus acidilactici and Weissella confusa were isolated from soy sauce moromi, and the regularity of citrulline formation was studied. Results showed that the conversion rates from arginine to citrulline (A/C rate) and the citrulline accumulation ability of W. confusa and P. acidilactici significantly increased in the presence of different concentrations of NaCl, indicating that salt stress was the main factor for citrulline accumulation. The inconsistent expression of arc genes by salt stress was the reason for citrulline accumulation for P. acidilactici, but for W. confusa, it may be due to the influence of arginine/citrulline on the transportation system: the intracellular citrulline could neither transport to extracellular space nor convert into ornithine. Environmental factors greatly influenced citrulline accumulation of the two key bacteria; A/C rate and citrulline formation in both strains decreased at low temperature (15°C) under high salt stress, but opposite effects were observed for the two key strains under anaerobic light condition. Moreover, quercetin and gallic acid significantly decreased the A/C rate and citrulline accumulation ability of the two key strains. The optimal quercetin and gallic acid as suggested by simulation experiment were 100 and 10 mg/l, respectively, and the lowest A/C rate of 28.4% and citrulline level of 1326.7 mg/l were achieved in the simulation system. This study explored the main factors for citrulline formation by the two key strains and proposed a targeted way to control citrulline in soy sauce.

Factors Affecting the Germination of Tall Morningglory (Ipomoea purpurea)

Weed Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megh Singh ◽  
Analiza H. M. Ramirez ◽  
Shiv D. Sharma ◽  
Amit J. Jhala
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Optimum Range ◽  
Ipomoea Purpurea ◽  
Flooding Duration

Tall morningglory is an annual broadleaf vine and a problem weed in many annual and perennial crops in several countries including the United States. A better understanding of the germination biology of tall morningglory would facilitate the development of better control strategies for this weed. Experiments were conducted under greenhouse and laboratory conditions to evaluate the effects of various environmental factors, such as temperature, light, planting depth, pH, osmotic and salt stress, and flooding duration, on the germination of tall morningglory. The results suggested that the optimum day/night temperature range for the germination of tall morningglory was 20/12.5 to 35/25 C and maximum germination (89%) was observed at 30/20 C. Temperature higher and lower than the optimum range significantly reduced germination. Alternate light and dark did not have any adverse effect on the germination of tall morningglory seeds. The germination was 10% at an osmotic stress of −0.3 and −0.4 MPa, and above that, no germination was observed. Tall morningglory showed some tolerance to salt stress. The germination was 40% and 12% at salt concentrations of 50 mM and 200 mM, respectively. Germination was affected by pH levels, and maximum germination occurred at pH 6, whereas above or below that level, germination was significantly reduced. Maximum germination of seeds was 83 and 94% when sown at 0 and 2 cm depth in soil, within a week of sowing; however, germination was significantly reduced to 76% when placed at a depth of 4 cm or deeper. Under no flooding treatment, 87% of seed germinated, but flooding delayed and inhibited the germination of tall morningglory seeds. It is concluded that several environmental factors affected the germination of tall morningglory, and this information could help to predict the spread of tall morningglory in new areas such as Florida.

scholarly journals Transposition of IS4Family Insertion Sequences ISTeha3, ISTeha4, and ISTeha5into thearcOperon Disrupts Arginine Deiminase System inTetragenococcus halophilus

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takura Wakinaka ◽  
Jun Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Insertion Sequence ◽  
Starter Culture ◽  
Arginine Deiminase ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Target Sequence ◽  
Insertion Sequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Wild Strains ◽  
Potential Carcinogen

ABSTRACTTetragenococcus halophilus, a halophilic lactic acid bacterium, is often used as a starter culture in the manufacturing of soy sauce.T. halophiluspossesses an arginine deiminase system, which is responsible for the accumulation of citrulline, the main precursor of the potential carcinogen ethyl carbamate. In this study, we generated five derivatives lacking arginine deiminase activity fromT. halophilusNBRC 12172 by UV irradiation. Using these derivatives as a fermentation starter prevented arginine deimination in soy sauce. DNA sequence analysis of the derivatives revealed that novel IS4family insertion sequences, designated ISTeha3, ISTeha4, and ISTeha5, were transposed into the region around the arginine deiminase (arc) operon in the mutants. These insertion sequences contain a single open reading frame encoding a putative transposase and 13- to 15-bp inverted repeats at both termini, which are adjacent to 7- to 9-bp duplications of the target sequence. Investigation of wild strains isolated from soy sauce mash incapable of arginine deimination also indicated that insertion sequences are involved in the disruption of the arginine deiminase system inT. halophilus.IMPORTANCEInsertion sequences play important roles in bacterial evolution and are frequently utilized in mutagenesis systems. However, the intrinsic insertion sequences of tetragenococci are not well characterized. Here, we identified three active insertion sequences ofT. halophilusby transposition into the region around thearcoperon. This report provides an example of insertion sequence-mediated generation and evolution ofT. halophilusand primary information about their characteristics.

scholarly journals The arginine deiminase pathway of koji bacteria is involved in ethyl carbamate precursor production in soy sauce

2014 ◽  
Vol 358 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiran Zhang ◽  
Fang Fang ◽  
Jian Chen ◽  
Guocheng Du
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Carbamate ◽  
Arginine Deiminase ◽  
Soy Sauce

scholarly journals The diversity among the species Tetragenococcus halophilus including new isolates from a lupine seed fermentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Link ◽  
Rudi F. Vogel ◽  
Matthias A. Ehrmann
Keyword(s):  
Starter Culture ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Arginine Deiminase ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
Salted Fish ◽  
Lupine Seed ◽  
Thick Juice ◽  
Seed Fermentation ◽  
Type Strains

Abstract Background Tetragenococcus (T.) halophilus can be isolated from a variety of fermented foods, such as soy sauce, different soy pastes, salted fish sauce and from cheese brine or degraded sugar beet thick juice. This species contributes by the formation of short chain acids to the flavor of the product. Recently, T. halophilus has been identified as a dominant species in a seasoning sauce fermentation based on koji made with lupine seeds. Results In this study we characterized six strains of T. halophilus isolated from lupine moromi fermentations in terms of their adaptation towards this fermentation environment, salt tolerance and production of biogenic amines. Phylogenic and genomic analysis revealed three distinctive lineages within the species T. halophilus with no relation to their isolation source, besides the lineage of T. halophilus subsp. flandriensis. All isolated strains from lupine moromi belong to one lineage in that any of the type strains are absent. The strains form lupine moromi could not convincingly be assigned to one of the current subspecies. Taken together with strain specific differences in the carbohydrate metabolism (arabinose, mannitol, melibiose, gluconate, galactonate) and amino acid degradation pathways such as arginine deiminase pathway (ADI) and the agmatine deiminase pathway (AgDI) the biodiversity in the species of T. halophilus is greater than expected. Among the new strains, some strains have a favorable combination of traits wanted in a starter culture. Conclusions Our study characterized T. halophilus strains that were isolated from lupine fermentation. The lupine moromi environment appears to select strains with specific traits as all of the strains are phylogenetically closely related, which potentially can be used as a starter culture for lupine moromi. We also found that the strains can be clearly distinguished phylogenetically and phenotypically from the type strains of both subspecies T. halophilus subsp. halophilus and T. halophilus subsp. flandriensis.

scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING SEED GERMINATION OF COMMON TEASEL (Dipsacus fullonum)

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.F.F. DADDARIO ◽  
D.J. BENTIVEGNA ◽  
G. TUCAT ◽  
O.A. FERNÁNDEZ
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Buenos Aires Province ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Dry Storage ◽  
Native Grasslands ◽  
Germination Parameters

ABSTRACT Common teasel is a widespread, invasive species that has been introduced in Buenos Aires province, Argentina, where it alters the species composition of protected areas and native grasslands. A better understanding of seed germination behavior is essential for predicting its invasion potential in new areas and would be useful for developing effective management strategies. This research, conducted under laboratory conditions, evaluated the influence of several environmental factors such as pH, constant temperature, osmotic stress, salt stress and dry storage, on germination and rate of germination of common teasel seed. Between-year variation in germination responses was also examined. Seed germination was not affected by different pH levels. Although common teasel seeds germinated over a range of temperatures from 6 to 36 oC, the optimum temperature was 22 oC. Common teasel seed germination showed moderate tolerance to osmotic stress and a relatively high tolerance to salt stress. No seed germination was observed at - 1 MPa and 640 mM of osmotic potential and salt concentration, respectively. Seed germination remained high (> 90%) after all the dry storage treatments. Besides, the response of seeds to germination parameters showed between-year variation. It was shown that common teasel is able to germinate over a broad range of environmental conditions. This capacity would explain, at least partially, why this species is so widely distributed and its great potential to invade new areas.

Factors Affecting Seed Germination of Feather Fingergrass (Chloris virgata)

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nimesha Fernando ◽  
Talia Humphries ◽  
Singarayer K. Florentine ◽  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The World ◽  
Chloris Virgata

Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the effect of several environmental factors on seed germination of feather fingergrass, one of the most significant emerging weeds in warm regions of the world. Seed germination occurred over a broad range of temperatures (17/7, 25/10, and 30/20 C), but germination being highest at alternating temperatures of 30/20 C under both 12 h light/12 h dark and 24 h dark conditions. Although seed germination was favored by light, some seeds were capable of germinating in the dark. Increasing salt stress decreased seed germination until complete inhibition was reached at 250-mM sodium chloride. Germination decreased from 64 to 0.7% as osmotic potential decreased from 0 to −0.4 MPa, and was completely inhibited at −0.6 MPa. Higher seed germination (> 73%) was observed in the range of pH 6.4 to 8 than the other tested pH levels. Heat shock had a significant effect on seed germination. Germination of seeds placed at 130 C for 5 min was completely inhibited for both dry and presoaked seeds. The results of this study will help to develop protocols for managing feather fingergrass, and to thus avoid its establishment as a troublesome weed in economically important cropping regions.

The effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on antioxidant activity in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under salt stress

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilal Yýlmaz ◽  
Haluk Kulaz
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Positive Development ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Harmful Effects

In chickpea soil salinity is one of the most important factors affecting yield, nodulation and physiological events. Salinity affects the growth of salt sensitive varieties. The inoculation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) allows to reduce the harmful effects of salinity. To prevent adverse effects of chickpea salinity, the effects of four bacteria (Rhizobium ciceri, A-08, EB-80 and Isolate-30) in root rhizosphere under controlled environmental growth conditions were studied. This study has shown that PGPRs play an important role in growth regulators for the positive development of plants under salt stress. It has been observed that these isolates, common in roots, are tolerant to salinity antioxidant activity and an increase in proline, MDA, APX, SOD and CAT concentrations were found under saline conditions when unvaccinated plants were compared with grafted plants. The results also suggested that inoculated PGPR strains can reduce salinity stress by increasing salt tolerance.

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