scholarly journals Interplay of Good Bacteria and Central Nervous System: Cognitive Aspects and Mechanistic Considerations

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Salami
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Common Clinical Problem

The human gastrointestinal tract hosts trillions of microorganisms that is called “gut microbiota.” The gut microbiota is involved in a wide variety of physiological features and functions of the body. Thus, it is not surprising that any damage to the gut microbiota is associated with disorders in different body systems. Probiotics, defined as living microorganisms with health benefits for the host, can support or restore the composition of the gut microbiota. Numerous investigations have proved a relationship between the gut microbiota with normal brain function as well as many brain diseases, in which cognitive dysfunction is a common clinical problem. On the other hand, increasing evidence suggests that the existence of a healthy gut microbiota is crucial for normal cognitive processing. In this regard, interplay of the gut microbiota and cognition has been under focus of recent researches. In the present paper, I review findings of the studies considering beneficial effects of either gut microbiota or probiotic bacteria on the brain cognitive function in the healthy and disease statuses.

scholarly journals Vitamin C In Neuropsychiatry

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan M. Pavlović ◽  
Merdin Š. Markišić ◽  
Aleksandra M. Pavlović
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
High Doses ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Vitamins are necessary factors in human development and normal brain function. Vitamin C is a hydrosoluble compound that humans cannot produce; therefore, we are completely dependent on food intake for vitamin C. Ascorbic acid is an important antioxidative agent and is present in high concentrations in neurons and is also crucial for collagen synthesis throughout the body. Ascorbic acid has a role in modulating many essential neurotransmitters, enables neurogenesis in adult brain and protects cells against infection. While SVCT1 enables the absorption of vitamin C in the intestine, SVCT2 is primarily located in the brain. Ascorbate deficiency is classically expressed as scurvy, which is lethal if not treated. However, subclinical deficiencies are probably much more frequent. Potential fields of vitamin C therapy are in neurodegenerative, cerebrovascular and affective diseases, cancer, brain trauma and others. For example, there is some data on its positive effects in Alzheimer’s disease. Various dosing regimes are used, but ascorbate is safe, even in high doses for protracted periods. Better designed studies are needed to elucidate all of the potential therapeutic roles of vitamin C.

scholarly journals Gut and Brain: Investigating Physiological and Pathological Interactions Between Microbiota and Brain to Gain New Therapeutic Avenues for Brain Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Deidda ◽  
Manuele Biazzo
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
The Brain

Brain physiological functions or pathological dysfunctions do surely depend on the activity of both neuronal and non-neuronal populations. Nevertheless, over the last decades, compelling and fast accumulating evidence showed that the brain is not alone. Indeed, the so-called “gut brain,” composed of the microbial populations living in the gut, forms a symbiotic superorganism weighing as the human brain and strongly communicating with the latter via the gut–brain axis. The gut brain does exert a control on brain (dys)functions and it will eventually become a promising valuable therapeutic target for a number of brain pathologies. In the present review, we will first describe the role of gut microbiota in normal brain physiology from neurodevelopment till adulthood, and thereafter we will discuss evidence from the literature showing how gut microbiota alterations are a signature in a number of brain pathologies ranging from neurodevelopmental to neurodegenerative disorders, and how pre/probiotic supplement interventions aimed to correct the altered dysbiosis in pathological conditions may represent a valuable future therapeutic strategy.

A Survey on Detection and Classification of Brain Tumor Using Image Processing Techniques

2020 ◽  
pp. 967-973
Author(s):  
V. Deepika ◽  
T. Rajasenbagam
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Tumor Detection ◽  
Tumor Classification ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Image Processing Techniques ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
The Brain

A brain tumor is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal brain tissue that can interfere with normal brain function. Although various methods have been developed for brain tumor classification, tumor detection and multiclass classification remain challenging due to the complex characteristics of the brain tumor. Brain tumor detection and classification are one of the most challenging and time-consuming tasks in the processing of medical images. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a visual imaging technique, which provides a information about the soft tissues of the human body, which helps identify the brain tumor. Proper diagnosis can prevent a patient's health to some extent. This paper presents a review of various detection and classification methods for brain tumor classification using image processing techniques.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2: is there neuroinvasion?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor McQuaid ◽  
Molly Brady ◽  
Rashid Deane
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus (CoV), is known to cause acute respiratory distress syndrome, and a number of non-respiratory complications, particularly in older male patients with prior health conditions, such as obesity, diabetes and hypertension. These prior health conditions are associated with vascular dysfunction, and the CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) complications include multiorgan failure and neurological problems. While the main route of entry into the body is inhalation, this virus has been found in many tissues, including the choroid plexus and meningeal vessels, and in neurons and CSF. Main body We reviewed SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, ACE2 distribution and beneficial effects, the CNS vascular barriers, possible mechanisms by which the virus enters the brain, outlined prior health conditions (obesity, hypertension and diabetes), neurological COVID-19 manifestation and the aging cerebrovascualture. The overall aim is to provide the general reader with a breadth of information on this type of virus and the wide distribution of its main receptor so as to better understand the significance of neurological complications, uniqueness of the brain, and the pre-existing medical conditions that affect brain. The main issue is that there is no sound evidence for large flux of SARS-CoV-2 into brain, at present, compared to its invasion of the inhalation pathways. Conclusions While SARS-CoV-2 is detected in brains from severely infected patients, it is unclear on how it gets there. There is no sound evidence of SARS-CoV-2 flux into brain to significantly contribute to the overall outcomes once the respiratory system is invaded by the virus. The consensus, based on the normal route of infection and presence of SARS-CoV-2 in severely infected patients, is that the olfactory mucosa is a possible route into brain. Studies are needed to demonstrate flux of SARS-CoV-2 into brain, and its replication in the parenchyma to demonstrate neuroinvasion. It is possible that the neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are a consequence of mainly cardio-respiratory distress and multiorgan failure. Understanding potential SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion pathways could help to better define the non-respiratory neurological manifestation of COVID-19.

The role of GABAA receptor biogenesis, structure and function in epilepsy

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 863-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mizielinska ◽  
S. Greenwood ◽  
C.N. Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Gabaa Receptor ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Inhibitory Synapses ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Synaptic Targeting ◽  
Acid Type ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Maintaining the correct balance in neuronal activation is of paramount importance to normal brain function. Imbalances due to changes in excitation or inhibition can lead to a variety of disorders ranging from the clinically extreme (e.g. epilepsy) to the more subtle (e.g. anxiety). In the brain, the most common inhibitory synapses are regulated by GABAA (γ-aminobutyric acid type A) receptors, a role commensurate with their importance as therapeutic targets. Remarkably, we still know relatively little about GABAA receptor biogenesis. Receptors are constructed as pentameric ion channels, with α and β subunits being the minimal requirement, and the incorporation of a γ subunit being necessary for benzodiazepine modulation and synaptic targeting. Insights have been provided by the discovery of several specific assembly signals within different GABAA receptor subunits. Moreover, a number of recent studies on GABAA receptor mutations associated with epilepsy have further enhanced our understanding of GABAA receptor biogenesis, structure and function.

scholarly journals What is the effect of body’s chemical messengers in the brain?

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-618
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Geometry Optimization ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Delivery Technique ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
Practical Model ◽  
The Brain

Neurochemical transmitters in the brain are fundamental to normal brain function and this investigation aims to introduce a study on the center of neuroscientific through an account of language development which conducts human speech mechanism using theoretical methods. In the process of this work, new understanding has been gained from the neurochemistry of several important neurotransmitters of dopamine (DA), epinephrine (EN), norepinephrine (NE), histamine (HA) and serotonin (ST) in brain by Monte Carlo simulation (MC) which uses the increased temperature to the potential energy of the neurochemicals in the brain considering the geometry optimization of the compounds as an additional conformational level. Moreover, the results of optimized DA, EN, NE, HA, ST neurochemical transmitters by running the physicochemical parameters as a practical model using Gaussian 09 program package can approve the twisting of language-brain due to these structures using density electron deliverers. The most stable of these compounds through the active sites of nitrogen and oxygen atoms has illustrated the best optimized position for localizing the structure through delivery technique in the brain to activate the center of learning a language as a simulated model. So, the best results with the calculated amounts conduct us to analyze the perspective of language learning process and enhancing this ability.

scholarly journals Resolving rates of mutation in the brain using single-neuron genomics

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilad D Evrony ◽  
Eunjung Lee ◽  
Peter J Park ◽  
Christopher A Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Somatic Mutation ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Human Neurons ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
The Brain

Whether somatic mutations contribute functional diversity to brain cells is a long-standing question. Single-neuron genomics enables direct measurement of somatic mutation rates in human brain and promises to answer this question. A recent study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib65">Upton et al., 2015</xref>) reported high rates of somatic LINE-1 element (L1) retrotransposition in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex that would have major implications for normal brain function, and suggested that these events preferentially impact genes important for neuronal function. We identify aspects of the single-cell sequencing approach, bioinformatic analysis, and validation methods that led to thousands of artifacts being interpreted as somatic mutation events. Our reanalysis supports a mutation frequency of approximately 0.2 events per cell, which is about fifty-fold lower than reported, confirming that L1 elements mobilize in some human neurons but indicating that L1 mosaicism is not ubiquitous. Through consideration of the challenges identified, we provide a foundation and framework for designing single-cell genomics studies.

scholarly journals The Neuroactivation of Cognitive Processes Investigated with SPECT

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 53-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Montaldi ◽  
Andrew R. Mayes
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Functional Mapping ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Yield Information ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
The Brain

The last ten years have seen the development and expansion of an exciting new field of neuroscientific research; functional mapping of the human brain. Whilst many of the questions addressed by this area of research could be answered using SPECT, relatively few SPECT activation studies of this kind have been carried out. The present paper combines an evaluation of SPECT procedures used for neuroactivation studies, and their comparison with other imaging modalities (i.e., PET and fMRI), with a review of SPECT neuroactivation studies that yield information concerning normal brain function with a particular emphasis on the brain activations produced by memory processing. The paper aims to describe and counter common misunderstandings regarding potential limitations of the SPECT technique, to explain and illustrate which SPECT procedures best fulfill the requirements of a neuroactivation study, and how best to obtain information about normal brain function (whether using normal healthy subjects or patients) and finally to highlight SPECT’s potential future role in the functional mapping of the human brain.

scholarly journals Microscale concert hall acoustics to produce uniform ultrasound stimulation for targeted sonogenetics in hsTRPA1-transfected cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Vasan ◽  
Florian Allein ◽  
Marc Duque ◽  
Uri Magaram ◽  
Nicholas Boechler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Waves ◽  
Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Electrical Response ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Ultrasound Exposure ◽  
Ultrasound Stimulation ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
Ultrasound Intensity ◽  
The Brain

The field of ultrasound neuromodulation has rapidly developed over the past decade, a consequence of the discovery of strain-sensitive structures in the membrane and organelles of cells extending into the brain, heart, and other organs. Notably, clinical trials are underway for treating epilepsy using focused ultrasound to elicit an organized local electrical response. A key limitation to this approach is the formation of standing waves within the skull. In standing acoustic waves, the maximum ultrasound intensity spatially varies from near zero to double the mean in one half a wavelength, and can lead to localized tissue damage and disruption of normal brain function while attempting to evoke a broader response. This phenomenon also produces a large spatial variation in the actual ultrasound exposure in tissue, leading to heterogeneous results and challenges with interpreting these effects. One approach to overcome this limitation is presented herein: transducer-mounted diffusers that result in spatiotemporally incoherent ultrasound. The signal is numerically and experimentally quantified in an enclosed domain with and without the diffuser. Specifically, we show that adding the diffuser leads to a two-fold increase in ultrasound responsiveness of hsTRPA1 transfected HEK cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate the diffuser allow us to produce an uniform spatial distribution of pressure in the rodent skull. Collectively, we propose that our approach leads to a means to deliver uniform ultrasound into irregular cavities for sonogenetics.

scholarly journals Intranasal Administration as a Route to Deliver Drugs to the Brain (Review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 117-127
Author(s):  
N. N. Porfiryeva ◽  
I. I. Semina ◽  
R. I. Moustafine ◽  
V. V. Khutoryanskiy
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Intranasal Administration ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
In Situ Gelling ◽  
The Brain

Introduction. Intranasal drug delivery from nose-to-brain is one of the promising approaches for the treatment of brain diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, brain tumors, etc.Text. Delivery of drugs through the nose has a number of advantages, including the rapid onset of a pharmacological effect, the ability to bypass the blood-brain barrier, avoidance of some side effects and fast and non-invasive route of administration. However, the significant disadvantages of this route are rapid elimination of the drug from the surface of the mucosal membrane, poor penetration of the drug through the nasal mucosa, mucociliary clearance and effects of proteolytic enzymes. Currently, to overcome the above limitations, various approaches are used, including the development of delivery systems from nose-to-brain, which are mucoadhesive, mucus-penetrating and gel-forming systems that facilitate the retention or penetration of drugs through the mucosal membranes. At the same time, high-molecular weight compounds play a significant role in the design of these systems. In particular, mucoadhesive systems can be prepared from cationic and anionic polymers. Recent studies have also shown that interpolyelectrolyte complexes also exhibit mucoadhesive properties. An improvement in mucoadhesive properties of polymers can also be achieved by conjugating various functional groups such as thiols, maleimides, acrylates, methacrylates, catechols, etc. Mucus-penetrating systems can be prepared by PEGylation of nanoparticles, as well as functionalization with some poly(2-oxazolines), polyvinyl alcohol, etc. The mucus-penetrating ability of these polymers has been shown in other mucosal membranes in the body. Finally, increased penetration can be achieved by using mucolytic agents in combination with non-ionic surfactants. Another approach to increase the efficiency of drug delivery from nose-to-brain is the use of in situ gelling systems. Initially, this type of formulation exists as a solution; then a phase transition to gel is observed in response to chemical and physical effects. Depending on the external stimulation of the phase transition, thermo-, pH-, ion-reversible and other systems are known. These systems have shown effectiveness for delivery to the brain by intranasal administration.Conclusion. Effective intranasal delivery of drugs and therapeutic agents to the brain can be achieved by using mucoadhesive, mucus-penetrating, gelling systems and/or their combinations.

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