scholarly journals Vitamin C In Neuropsychiatry

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan M. Pavlović ◽  
Merdin Š. Markišić ◽  
Aleksandra M. Pavlović
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
High Doses ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Vitamins are necessary factors in human development and normal brain function. Vitamin C is a hydrosoluble compound that humans cannot produce; therefore, we are completely dependent on food intake for vitamin C. Ascorbic acid is an important antioxidative agent and is present in high concentrations in neurons and is also crucial for collagen synthesis throughout the body. Ascorbic acid has a role in modulating many essential neurotransmitters, enables neurogenesis in adult brain and protects cells against infection. While SVCT1 enables the absorption of vitamin C in the intestine, SVCT2 is primarily located in the brain. Ascorbate deficiency is classically expressed as scurvy, which is lethal if not treated. However, subclinical deficiencies are probably much more frequent. Potential fields of vitamin C therapy are in neurodegenerative, cerebrovascular and affective diseases, cancer, brain trauma and others. For example, there is some data on its positive effects in Alzheimer’s disease. Various dosing regimes are used, but ascorbate is safe, even in high doses for protracted periods. Better designed studies are needed to elucidate all of the potential therapeutic roles of vitamin C.

scholarly journals Interplay of Good Bacteria and Central Nervous System: Cognitive Aspects and Mechanistic Considerations

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Salami
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Common Clinical Problem

The human gastrointestinal tract hosts trillions of microorganisms that is called “gut microbiota.” The gut microbiota is involved in a wide variety of physiological features and functions of the body. Thus, it is not surprising that any damage to the gut microbiota is associated with disorders in different body systems. Probiotics, defined as living microorganisms with health benefits for the host, can support or restore the composition of the gut microbiota. Numerous investigations have proved a relationship between the gut microbiota with normal brain function as well as many brain diseases, in which cognitive dysfunction is a common clinical problem. On the other hand, increasing evidence suggests that the existence of a healthy gut microbiota is crucial for normal cognitive processing. In this regard, interplay of the gut microbiota and cognition has been under focus of recent researches. In the present paper, I review findings of the studies considering beneficial effects of either gut microbiota or probiotic bacteria on the brain cognitive function in the healthy and disease statuses.

scholarly journals Pericytes Across the Lifetime in the Central Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah C. Bennett ◽  
Yongsoo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Review Article ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Perivascular Cell ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
And Migration ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

The pericyte is a perivascular cell type that encapsulates the microvasculature of the brain and spinal cord. Pericytes play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and have a multitude of important functions in the brain. Recent evidence indicates that pericyte impairment has been implicated in neurovascular pathology associated with various human diseases such as diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and stroke. Although the pericyte is essential for normal brain function, knowledge about its developmental trajectory and anatomical distribution is limited. This review article summarizes the scientific community’s current understanding of pericytes’ regional heterogeneity in the brain and their changes during major life stages. More specifically, this review article focuses on pericyte differentiation and migration during brain development, regional population differences in the adult brain, and changes during normal and pathological aging. Most of what is known about pericytes come from studies of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Therefore, we highlight the need to expand our understanding of pericyte distribution and function in the whole brain to better delineate this cell type’s role in the normal brain and pathological conditions.

scholarly journals Decreased expression of the vitamin C transporter SVCT1 by ascorbic acid in a human intestinal epithelial cell line

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren MacDonald ◽  
Alfred E. Thumser ◽  
Paul Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Human Kidney ◽  
The Body ◽  
Epithelial Cell Line ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
High Doses

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an essential nutrient that is involved in a number of cellular processes. However, unlike most mammals, man is unable to synthesize vitamin C and it must therefore be acquired from the diet. Absorption of vitamin C is achieved by two transporters, SVCT1 and SVCT2, recently cloned from rat and human kidney. SVCT1 is thought to be the predominant transporter in the intestine. Vitamin C supplements are increasingly common, thus contributing to an increased dietary load, and therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high doses of ascorbic acid on SVCT1 expression. Using the Caco-2 TC7 cell model of small intestinal enterocytes, we measured the effects of ascorbic acid (4·5 mg/ml culture medium) on L-[14C]ascorbic acid uptake and SVCT1 expression (determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction). Ascorbic acid uptake was decreased significantly in Caco-2 TC7 cells exposed to ascorbate for 24 h (-50 %, P<0·0005). Expression of SVCT1 was also significantly reduced by exposure to elevated levels of ascorbate for 24 h (-77 %, P<0·005). Taken together these results suggest that high-dose supplements might not be the most efficient way of increasing the body pool of vitamin C.

scholarly journals A Common Language: How Neuroimmunological Cross Talk Regulates Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odette Leiter ◽  
Gerd Kempermann ◽  
Tara L. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Intrinsic Cues ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
The Brain

Immune regulation of the brain is generally studied in the context of injury or disease. Less is known about how the immune system regulates the brain during normal brain function. Recent work has redefined the field of neuroimmunology and, as long as their recruitment and activation are well regulated, immune cells are now known to have protective properties within the central nervous system in maintaining brain health. Adult neurogenesis, the process of new neuron generation in the adult brain, is highly plastic and regulated by diverse extrinsic and intrinsic cues. Emerging research has shown that immune cells and their secreted factors can influence adult neurogenesis, both under baseline conditions and during conditions known to change neurogenesis levels, such as aging and learning in an enriched environment. This review will discuss how, under nonpathological conditions, the immune system can interact with the neural stem cells to regulate adult neurogenesis with particular focus on the hippocampus—a region crucial for learning and memory.

scholarly journals Cholesterol Metabolism: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Glioblastoma

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahim Ahmad ◽  
Qian Sun ◽  
Deven Patel ◽  
Jayne Stommel
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Cholesterol Synthesis ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Dietary Cholesterol ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
The Brain

Glioblastoma is a highly lethal adult brain tumor with no effective treatments. In this review, we discuss the potential to target cholesterol metabolism as a new strategy for treating glioblastomas. Twenty percent of cholesterol in the body is in the brain, yet the brain is unique among organs in that it has no access to dietary cholesterol and must synthesize it de novo. This suggests that therapies targeting cholesterol synthesis in brain tumors might render their effects without compromising cell viability in other organs. We will describe cholesterol synthesis and homeostatic feedback pathways in normal brain and brain tumors, as well as various strategies for targeting these pathways for therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals APLICAÇÕES CLÍNICAS DA VITAMINA C: UMA BREVE REVISÃO

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (209) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Mylena Rafaelle Maciel Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Antioxidant Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pathological State ◽  
Historical View ◽  
Hormone Biosynthesis ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Contemporary Study

Vitamin C or ascorbic acid (AA) is extremely important for humans, as it is not metabolized by the human body, it is necessary to ingest it through diet and / or supplementation. AA has several functions in the body, such as enzymatic cofactors, hormone biosynthesis and antioxidant effect. However, research reports indicate that ingesting high doses of AA may pose health risks. Therefore, the descriptive effect of the clinical application of AA was analyzed. A bibliographic review was carried out and divided into two aspects: the historical view, which was published between 1753 and 2012, and another contemporary study was carried out between 1990 and 2017. The research was carried out on the Academic Google, PubMed, Scielo, Portal de Periódicos da Capes and books, using the keywords: vitamin C, ascorbic acid, antioxidants and pro-oxidants. AA supplements are controversial and their antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects have been described. Its effectiveness in preventing and treating diabetes and cancer is questionable. Therefore, excessive AA supplementation can cause a transition from a healthy to a pathological state, triggering pro-oxidant activity. In addition, the optimal intake dose and the limit between beneficial and harmful doses are still controversial. Therefore, vitamin C should be supplemented with caution and prescribed and supervised by the medical team.

A Survey on Detection and Classification of Brain Tumor Using Image Processing Techniques

2020 ◽  
pp. 967-973
Author(s):  
V. Deepika ◽  
T. Rajasenbagam
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Tumor Detection ◽  
Tumor Classification ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Image Processing Techniques ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
The Brain

A brain tumor is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal brain tissue that can interfere with normal brain function. Although various methods have been developed for brain tumor classification, tumor detection and multiclass classification remain challenging due to the complex characteristics of the brain tumor. Brain tumor detection and classification are one of the most challenging and time-consuming tasks in the processing of medical images. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a visual imaging technique, which provides a information about the soft tissues of the human body, which helps identify the brain tumor. Proper diagnosis can prevent a patient's health to some extent. This paper presents a review of various detection and classification methods for brain tumor classification using image processing techniques.

The role of GABAA receptor biogenesis, structure and function in epilepsy

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 863-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mizielinska ◽  
S. Greenwood ◽  
C.N. Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Gabaa Receptor ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Inhibitory Synapses ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Synaptic Targeting ◽  
Acid Type ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Maintaining the correct balance in neuronal activation is of paramount importance to normal brain function. Imbalances due to changes in excitation or inhibition can lead to a variety of disorders ranging from the clinically extreme (e.g. epilepsy) to the more subtle (e.g. anxiety). In the brain, the most common inhibitory synapses are regulated by GABAA (γ-aminobutyric acid type A) receptors, a role commensurate with their importance as therapeutic targets. Remarkably, we still know relatively little about GABAA receptor biogenesis. Receptors are constructed as pentameric ion channels, with α and β subunits being the minimal requirement, and the incorporation of a γ subunit being necessary for benzodiazepine modulation and synaptic targeting. Insights have been provided by the discovery of several specific assembly signals within different GABAA receptor subunits. Moreover, a number of recent studies on GABAA receptor mutations associated with epilepsy have further enhanced our understanding of GABAA receptor biogenesis, structure and function.

scholarly journals Vitamin C—Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 615
Author(s):  
Martin Doseděl ◽  
Eduard Jirkovský ◽  
Kateřina Macáková ◽  
Lenka Krčmová ◽  
Lenka Javorská ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Renal Stones ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) has been known as an antioxidant for most people. However, its physiological role is much larger and encompasses very different processes ranging from facilitation of iron absorption through involvement in hormones and carnitine synthesis for important roles in epigenetic processes. Contrarily, high doses act as a pro-oxidant than an anti-oxidant. This may also be the reason why plasma levels are meticulously regulated on the level of absorption and excretion in the kidney. Interestingly, most cells contain vitamin C in millimolar concentrations, which is much higher than its plasma concentrations, and compared to other vitamins. The role of vitamin C is well demonstrated by miscellaneous symptoms of its absence—scurvy. The only clinically well-documented indication for vitamin C is scurvy. The effects of vitamin C administration on cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and infections are rather minor or even debatable in the general population. Vitamin C is relatively safe, but caution should be given to the administration of high doses, which can cause overt side effects in some susceptible patients (e.g., oxalate renal stones). Lastly, analytical methods for its determination with advantages and pitfalls are also discussed in this review.

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