scholarly journals Grewia asiatica Berry Juice Diminishes Anxiety, Depression, and Scopolamine-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Behavioral Experimental Animal Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran Imran ◽  
Sana Javaid ◽  
Aroosa Waheed ◽  
Muhammad Fawad Rasool ◽  
Abdul Majeed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Behavioral Assessment ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Object Recognition Test ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
The Brain

Grewia asiatica L. fruit natively called phalsa is a popular berry of Pakistan and widely consumed in the form of fresh juices and carbonated drinks in the summer season. The berry is enriched with antioxidants such as phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and vitamin C. Scientifically, it is the least explored berry in terms of neuromodulatory activities, and therefore, in the designed study, chronically fed rats with the different dilutions (5%−30%) of fruit juice were subjected to behavioral assessment for anxiety, depression, and cognition (spatial memory) followed by biochemical analysis of isolated brains. Results revealed a prominent impact of 20 and 30% dilutions of fruit exudate as treated animals showed anxiolytic behavior to central zone (P < 0.05) of open field test (OFT) and open arms of elevated plus maze (EPM) (P < 0.05) in anxiety models. Overall, immobility of rats treated with a higher concentration of exudate in forced swim test (FST) was reduced (P < 0.05) presenting antidepressant-like activity. Moreover, in learning and memory experimental models, the treated animals reversed scopolamine-induced amnesic effects as evident from improved step-through latencies (P < 0.05 vs. scopolamine; passive avoidance test), spontaneous alternation behavior (P < 0.05 vs. scopolamine; Y-maze test), discrimination index (P < 0.05 vs. scopolamine; novel object recognition test), and escape latencies (P < 0.05 vs. scopolamine; Morris water maze). Biochemical studies of isolated brains from treated rats demonstrated significantly elevated levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.05), whereas levels of acetylcholinesterase and malondialdehyde level (P < 0.05) were reduced, indicating its potential to reduce oxidative damage in the brain and modulation with the cholinergic system. The outcomes of studies support the benefits of phytoconstituents possessed by G. asiatica fruit in the amelioration of neurological disorders that could be due to their antioxidative capacity or due to interaction with GABAergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic systems in the brain.

Evaluation of the Memory Enhancing Activity of Dichloromethane Fraction of the Methanolic Extract of Pycnanthus angolensis Stem Bark on Experimental Models of Memory Impairment

Drug Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 551-558
Author(s):  
Chinwuba Ekwutosi Patricia ◽  
Bakare Adewale Ganiyu ◽  
Ben-Azu Benneth ◽  
Iwalewa Ezekiel Olugbenga
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Antioxidant Markers ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Memory Enhancing

Abstract Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw) Warb., Myristicaceae, is used extensively in ethnomedicine. Numerous health benefits have been ascribed to the use of different parts of P. angolensis including its role in cognitive function and inflammatory conditions. Hence, this study was undertaken to investigate the effect of stem bark of the plant on memory function in mice.The plant material was pulverized into powder and extracted by maceration with 80% methanol at room temperature for 48 h. This was subsequently fractionated using N-hexane, Dichloromethane (DCM) and Ethyl acetate. The Dichloromethane fraction which is the most potent fraction (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) was evaluated for memory enhancing activity using the Y-maze (YMT), morris water maze (MWM) and the elevated plus maze (EPM) on D-galactose plus scopolamine and ketamine induced amnesia. The antioxidant markers and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibiting effect of DCM were also investigated.The results obtained from the behavioural study indicates that the DCM fraction significantly (p<0.05) increased alternation behaviour of mice in the YMT, decreased the escape latency in the MWM paradigm and decreased the transfer latency in the EPM. Biochemically, DCM increased glutathione, and superoxide dismutase, but decreased malondialdehyde and AChE activity in the brain.The findings therefore suggests that the DCM possesses significant memory enhancing activity, which may be due to enhancement of antioxidant activity and cholinergic transmission. The attenuation of the effect of ketamine by the DCM may possibly result from an increase in NMDA receptor mediated neurotransmission and attenuation of oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Neonatal treatment with fluoxetine reduces depressive behavior induced by forced swim in adult rats

2002 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 928-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiano Mendes-da-Silva ◽  
Sandra Lopes de Souza ◽  
Jairza Maria Barreto-Medeiros ◽  
Sebastião Rogério de Freitas-Silva ◽  
Daniela Eugênia Costa Antunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Depressive Behavior ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Serotonergic Activity ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Neonatal Administration ◽  
The Brain

Serotonin plays a role at the pathophysiology of depression in humans and in experimental models. The present study investigated the depressive behavior and the weigh evolution in adult rats (60 days) treated from the 1st to the 21st postnatal day with fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (10 mg/kg, sc, daily). The depressive behavior was induced by the forced swim test (FST). The animals were submitted to two sessions of FST: 1st session for 15 min and the 2nd session 24h later, for 5 min. During the 2nd session the Latency of the Attempt of Escape (LAE) and Behavioral Immobility (BI) were appraised. The Fluoxetine group when compared to the Control group, showed an increase in LAE and a decrease in BI. The neonatal administration of fluoxetine reduced the depressive behavior in adult rats, possibly by increase in the brain serotonergic activity. This alteration can be associated to process of neuroadaptation.

EFFECT OF HYDROALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF DRIED FRUITS OF TRAPA NATANS L ON ANIMAL MODELS OF COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (03) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
D. B Ambikar ◽  
N. S. Vyawahare ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Nootropic Activity ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Dried Fruits ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
Trapa Natans ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Memory Disruption ◽  
The Brain

In the traditional system of medicine, the dried fruits of Trapa natans L var bispinosa (TB) have been employed clinically for their nutritional and medicinal property like nervine tonic. The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of fruits of Trapa natans L var bispinosa was investigated for its nootropic activity using various experimental paradigms of learning and memory, viz. transfer latency (TL) on elevated plus-maze, passive avoidance response (PAS), scopolamine induced amnesia (SIA) and brain acetylcholineestrase activity in albino mice. The investigation reported that TB 500 mg/kg significantly reduced the TL on 2nd and 9th day while TB 250 mg/kg was found effective on 9th day. TB 250 and 500 mg/kg significantly increased the step down latency in the PAS at acquisition and retention test. The extract also significantly attenuated the amnesic effects of scopolamine on the TL and SDL. The brain AchE levels were not altered with the pretreatment TB. In present investigation TB extract showed significant facilitatory effect on aversively motivated learning and memory in mice. moreover it attenuates the scopolamine induced memory disruption in mice.

2',6'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy dihydrochalcone improves the cognitive impairment of Alzheimer's disease: a structure-activity relationship study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana E. Gonçalves ◽  
Ângela Malheiros ◽  
Camila A. Cazarin ◽  
Lara de França ◽  
David L. Palomino-Salcedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Inhibitory Avoidance ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Object Recognition Test ◽  
Docking Simulations ◽  
The Brain

Background: Chalcones and dihydrochalcones present potent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, which is currently considered the most efficient approach for symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Objective: The present study aimed to explore the potential benefits of 2',6'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy dihydrochalcone on the cognitive deficits of animals submitted to the streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's model, as well as to evaluate the possible mechanisms of action. Methods: Learning and memory functions of different groups of animals were submitted to the streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's model (STZ 2.5 mg/mL, i.c.v.) and subsequently treated with 2',6'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy dihydrochalcone (DHMDC) administered at doses 5, 15, and 30 mg/kg (p.o.), rivastigmine (0,6 mg/kg, i.p.) and vehicle were evaluated in aversive memory test (inhibitory avoidance test) and spatial memory test (object recognition test). Molecular docking simulations were performed to predict the binding mode of DHMDC at the peripheral site of AChE to analyze noncovalent enzyme-ligand interactions. DFT calculations were carried out to study well-known acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and DHMDC. Results: DHMDC markedly increased the learning and memory of mice. STZ caused a significant decline of spatial and aversive memories in mice, attenuated by DHMDC (15 and 30 mg/kg). Furthermore, STZ conspicuously increased lipid peroxidation and compromised the antioxidant levels in mice brains. DHMDC pretreatment significantly increased GSH activity and other oxidative stress markers and decreased TBARS levels in the brain of STZ administered mice. AChE activity was significantly decreased by DHMDC in the brain of mice. Conclusion: The results together point that DHMDC may be a useful drug in the management of dementia.

Behavioral Changes Induced by Angiotensin AT1 Receptors Blockade in the Rat Brain

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hritcu ◽  
W. Bild ◽  
A. Ciobica ◽  
V. Artenie ◽  
I. Haulica
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Maze Task ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
The Brain

Aims:The brain renin-angiotensin system is involved in learning and memory, but the actual role of angiotensin II and its metabolites in this process has been difficult to comprehend. In the present study we assessed the role of the angiotensin AT1 receptors in certain behavioral effects of angiotensin II using their selective antagonist losartan and PD123319, intracerebroventricularly (icv) administrated.Methods:Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: 1. sham-operated; 2. Losartan; 3. PD123319. All drugs were stereotaxically icv injected. Learning and memory tests began 2 weeks after the operation, and the ability of the rats to acquire the operant task was studied by means of Y-maze task and passive avoidance task, respectively. The anxiety state was measured in elevated plus maze.Results:Losartan and PD123319 significantly impaired spatial memory in Y-maze task, suggesting significant effects on short-term memory. In passive avoidance task, both angiotensin II antagonist, significantly decreased step-through-latency, suggesting significant effects on long-term memory. In elevated plus maze measuring anxiety, both drugs diminished anxiety state.Conclusions:Our results suggest the considerable involvement of the brain ATi angiotensin receptors in the cognition improving effects of angiotensin.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF ANTI-ALZHEIMER ACTIVITY OF ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF COSTUS PICTUS D. DON LEAVES IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS

2019 ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
PASHA KHOOSHBU ◽  
IMTIYAZ ANSARI
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Object Recognition Test ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Phytochemical Studies

Objective: The aim was to assess the effect of anti-Alzheimer’s activity of the alcoholic extract of Costus pictus D. Don Leaves in Alzheimer induce Wistar albino rats. Methods: In the present study, the efficacy of an Extract of Costus pictus D. Don (ECPDD) was evaluated against scopolamine-induced Alzheimer in the Wistar albino rat. Donepezil at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, ECPDD was given in rat at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight, 150 mg/kg body weight, and 200 mg/kg body weight. Anti-Alzheimer activity was assessed by victimization novel object recognition test, elevated plus maze, and Y-maze. And by biochemical test like neurotransmitter esterase activity, catalase activity, malonyldialdehyd and glutathione assays. Results: Results showed that extracts treatment prevents Alzheimer and increases the level of acetylcholine, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and phytochemical studies identified the presence of flavonoid and alkaloid in the ECPDD. Conclusion: According to the results, it was concluded that the leave of C. pictus D. Don has significant anti-Alzheimer activity due to the presence of potent antioxidants such as flavonoid and anticholinesterase enzyme present in alkaloids.

scholarly journals Additive Antidepressant Effects of Combined Administration of Ecitalopram and Caloric Restriction in LPS-Induced Neonatal Model of Depression in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
E. Haritov ◽  
J. Tivcheva
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Behavioral Assessment ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Antidepressant Effects ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Sucrose Preference Test ◽  
The Brain

AbstractBackground and aims: Increasing evidence indicates that inflammation in the periphery and neuroinflammation in the brain might be involved in the pathophysiology of depressive symptoms in humans. Relatively little is known about the effects of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI) on individuals exposed to differential dietary regimens, like caloric restriction (CR).The aim of the current study is to assess the antidepressant and antineuroinflammatory effects of CR in single administration and combined with SSRIsantidepressant escitalopram in LPS-induced model of depression in Wistar rats.Materials and methods: For this purpose, we used 36 Wistar rats and applied 3 behavioral tests for depression (FST, SPT and NSFT) in animals and an ELISA-method for measurement of brain IL-1beta levels.Results: Behavioral assessment and results from ELISA-method have shown that CR not only augments the effect of the antidepressant escitalopram on forced swim test (FST) and sucrose preference test (SPT), but also reduces the brain levels of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta. Combined with escitalopram, CR enhances antidepressant and antinflamatory properties of this SSRI.Discussion and conclusion: These results show that the response to antidepressive treatment depends on the diverse dietary regimens, especially low-caloric diet. We suggest that the background of this is augmentation of anidepressant and antineuronflammatory properties of some antidepressants by CR. Manipulation of dietary regimens is attractive and new strategy for the management of pharmacoresistant depression.

Comparative Effects of Captopril, Losartan and PD123319 on the Memory Processes in Rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bild ◽  
L. Hritcu ◽  
A. Ciobica ◽  
V. Artenie ◽  
I. Haulica
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Plus Maze

Aims:Renin-angiotensin system in the central nervous system participates in the processing of sensory information, learning and memory processes. Inhibitors of renin-angiotensin system, particularly angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists are reported to have potential effects in various learning and memory processes. In the present study we assessed the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril and the angiotensin AT1 receptors antagonists, lostartan and PD123319, in learning and memory processes by means of Y-maze and passive avoidance tasks. The anxiety state was measured in elevated plus maze.Methods:Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: 1. sham-operated; 2. Captopril; 3. Losartan; 4. PD123319. All drugs were stereotaxically icv injected, rather than captopril (i.p.). Learning and memory tests began 2 weeks after the operation, and the ability of the rats to acquire the operant task was studied by means of Y-maze task and passive avoidance task, respectively. The anxiety state was measured in elevated plus maze.Results:Captopril, losartan and PD123319 significantly impaired spatial memory in Y-maze task, suggesting significant effects on short-term memory. In passive avoidance task, all drugs, significantly decreased step-through-latency, suggesting significant effects on long-term memory. In elevated plus maze measuring anxiety, all drugs diminished anxiety state.Conclusions:These results suggest the involvement of the brain renin-angiotensin system in learning and memory formation.

scholarly journals Bifidobacteria-Fermented Red Ginseng and Its Constituents Ginsenoside Rd and Protopanaxatriol Alleviate Anxiety/Depression in Mice by the Amelioration of Gut Dysbiosis

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Kap Han ◽  
Min-Kyung Joo ◽  
Jeon-Kyung Kim ◽  
Woonhee Jeung ◽  
Heerim Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Population ◽  
Myeloperoxidase Activity ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid ◽  
Bdnf Expression ◽  
Ginsenoside Rd ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
The Brain

Gut dysbiosis is closely connected with the outbreak of psychiatric disorders with colitis. Bifidobacteria-fermented red ginseng (fRG) increases the absorption of ginsenoside Rd and protopanxatriol into the blood in volunteers and mice. fRG and Rd alleviates 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice. Therefore, to understand the gut microbiota-mediated mechanism of fRG against anxiety/depression, we examined the effects of red ginseng (RG), fRG, ginsenoside Rd, and protopanaxatriol on the occurrence of anxiety/depression, colitis, and gut dysbiosis in mice. Mice with anxiety/depression were prepared by being exposed to two stressors, immobilization stress (IS) or Escherichia coli (EC). Treatment with RG and fRG significantly mitigated the stress-induced anxiety/depression-like behaviors in elevated plus maze, light-dark transition, forced swimming (FST), and tail suspension tasks (TST) and reduced corticosterone levels in the blood. Their treatments also suppressed the stress-induced NF-κB activation and NF-κB+/Iba1+ cell population in the hippocampus, while the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and BDNF+/NeuN+ cell population were increased. Furthermore, treatment with RG or fRG suppressed the stress-induced colitis: they suppressed myeloperoxidase activity, NF-κB activation, and NF-κB+/CD11c+ cell population in the colon. In particular, fRG suppressed the EC-induced depression-like behaviors in FST and TST and colitis more strongly than RG. fRG treatment also significantly alleviated the EC-induced NF-κB+/Iba1+ cell population and EC-suppressed BDNF+/NeuN+ cell population in the hippocampus more strongly than RG. RG and fRG alleviated EC-induced gut dysbiosis: they increased Bacteroidetes population and decreased Proteobacteria population. Rd and protopanaxatriol also alleviated EC-induced anxiety/depression and colitis. In conclusion, fRG and its constituents Rd and protopanaxatriol mitigated anxiety/depression and colitis by regulating NF-κB-mediated BDNF expression and gut dysbiosis.

Hexanal inhalation affects cognition and anxiety-like behavior in mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 409-415
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Ueno ◽  
Atsumi Shimada ◽  
Shunsuke Suemitsu ◽  
Shinji Murakami ◽  
Naoya Kitamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Hot Plate Test ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze Test ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractHexanal is a 6-carbon aldehyde that smells like green leaves and urine to mammals. However, its physiological effects remain unclear. In particular, the effects of hexanal inhalation on the central nervous system have not been clarified. We investigated hexanal inhalation in mice and conducted a series of behavioral experiments to examine the neuropsychological effects of hexanal. After inhaling hexanal emissions for 30 min, mice were subjected to an open field test, a hot plate test, a grip strength test, an elevated plus maze test, a Y-maze test, a tail suspension test, and a forced swim test to examine the effects of hexanal odor on mouse behavior. Compared to controls, mice that inhaled hexanal exhibited reduced anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze test. In addition, mice that inhaled hexanal displayed significantly improved spatial cognitive ability in the Y-maze test. However, in some behavioral experiments there was no significant difference between control mice and mice that inhaled hexanal. The results of this study suggest that hexanal inhalation causes anxiolytic effects and improves cognitive function in mice. These findings may have implications for safety management procedures and determining the effective use of household goods containing hexanal, though further work is required.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document