scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 on Children and Young Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review With Emphasis on the Potential of Intermittent Fasting as a Preventive Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hala K. Elmajnoun ◽  
MoezAlIslam E. Faris ◽  
Suma Uday ◽  
Shaun Gorman ◽  
James E. Greening ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Ramadan Fasting ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
The Impact

Background: The world is still struggling to control the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The level of uncertainty regarding the virus is still significantly high. The virus behaves differently in children and young adults. Most children and adolescents are either asymptomatic or have mild symptoms. They generally have a very good prognosis. However, it is not well-known whether children and young adults with type 2 diabetes are at risk of getting a severe infection of COVID-19. Many Muslim children with type 2 diabetes have been performing dawn to dusk fasting during the month of Ramadan, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the impact of this on their health has not been well investigated. Previous studies in adults have suggested that intermittent fasting may be beneficial in different ways including reversal of type 2 diabetes and prevention of COVID-19 infection.Objective: The primary aim of this narrative review is to summarise the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and young adults with type 2 diabetes, and to identify the knowledge gaps in the literature. It also explores the potential of intermittent fasting in reversing the pathogenesis of diabetes and highlighting how this approach could prevent these patients from developing chronic complications.Methods: This narrative review has been produced by examining several databases, including Google Scholar, Research Gate, PubMed, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (EBSCO), and Web of Science. The most common search terms used were “COVID-19 AND Children”, “SARS-CoV-2 AND/OR Children”, “COVID-19 AND Diabetes” “COVID-19 Epidemiology”, “COVID-19 AND Ramadan fasting”, “COVID-19 and Intermittent fasting.” All the resources used are either peer-reviewed articles/reports and/or official websites of various media, governmental and educational organisations.Results: Having reviewed the currently limited evidence, it has been found that the incidence of COVID-19 among children with type 2 diabetes seems to be not much different from children without diabetes. However, these patients are still vulnerable to any infection. Several studies have reported that prevention programmes such as intermittent fasting are effective to protect these groups of patients from developing any complications. Moreover, observing Ramadan fasting as a type of intermittent fasting could be beneficial for some children with established diabetes, prediabetes and people at risk.Conclusion: Children and young adults with type 2 diabetes are not at risk of severe COVID-19 infection as the case in adults with diabetes. More research is needed to identify the impact of COVID-19 and to investigate the efficacy and safety of intermittent fasting, including Ramadan fasting, among these age groups. Implementing these cost-effective programmes may have a great impact in minimising the incidence of diabetes. Moreover, this could be effective particularly at prediabetes stage by preventing these people from going onto develop type 2 diabetes and taking medications for the rest of their life and protecting people from complications linked to disease and infection.

scholarly journals Acute effects of sedentary breaks on vascular health in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes: A systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1358863X2110093
Author(s):  
Mary O Whipple ◽  
Kevin S Masters ◽  
Amy G Huebschmann ◽  
Rebecca L Scalzo ◽  
Jane EB Reusch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Vascular Health ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the available evidence regarding the acute effects of interrupting/breaking up prolonged sedentary behavior (SB) on vascular health among individuals at elevated risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Searches of MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were conducted on April 7, 2020. Included studies: (1) examined the effect of breaking up prolonged SB in adults with or at elevated risk for T2D and (2) assessed a vascular health outcome, such as blood pressure (BP), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), pulse-wave velocity, or endothelin-1. A total of 20 articles (17 unique studies) were included. Only three studies reported adequate statistical power for the specified vascular outcome. The available evidence suggests that light and moderate intensity activity breaks are effective in acutely lowering BP when compared to prolonged sitting. The small number of studies that included FMD or other vascular outcomes prohibits conclusions regarding the impact of SB breaks on these outcomes. Few studies evaluating the impact of breaking up SB among adults at risk for T2D have included and been adequately powered to examine vascular outcomes, but our preliminary finding, that certain SB breaks improve BP, provides proof-of-concept for this line of inquiry. Future studies should examine both the acute and chronic vascular effects of breaking up SB among individuals most vulnerable to the effects of SB (e.g. older adults, those with T2D), as these individuals are both highly sedentary and at greatest risk of poor health outcomes. PROSPERO ID: CRD42020183423.

scholarly journals The Impact of Vegan Diet in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 2123
Author(s):  
Daniela Pollakova ◽  
Aikaterini Andreadi ◽  
Francesca Pacifici ◽  
David Della-Morte ◽  
Davide Lauro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Vegan Diet ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Impact

A protective effect of vegan diets on health outcomes has been observed in previous studies, but its impact on diabetes is still debated. The aim of this review is to assess the relationship between vegan diets and the risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) along with its effect on glycemic control and diabetes-related complications. In accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta–Analyses) guidelines, Pubmed and Cochrane library databases were systematically searched for all relevant studies. Seven observational and eight randomized controlled (RCTs) studies were included. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using the National Institutes of Health quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for RCTs. We found that a vegan diet is associated with lower T2D prevalence or incidence and in T2D patients decreases high glucose values and improves glucose homeostasis, as reported from the majority of included studies. This approach seems to be comparable to other recommended healthful eating models, but as it may have potential adverse effects associated with the long-term exclusion of some nutrients, appropriate nutritional planning and surveillance are recommended, particularly in specific groups of diabetic patients such as frail elderly, adolescents, and pregnant or breastfeeding women.

scholarly journals Impact of Ramadan Diurnal Intermittent Fasting on Hypoglycemic Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Observational Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Abdelrahim ◽  
MoezAlIslam E. Faris ◽  
Mohamed Hassanein ◽  
Ayman Z. Shakir ◽  
Ayesha M. Yusuf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Dietary Behaviors ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Ramadan Fasting ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Impact

Ramadan is the 9th month of the lunar calendar during which Muslims abstain from food and drink between dawn and sunset for 30 consecutive days. Ramadan fasting is observed by all healthy Muslim adults, as well many Muslims with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Hypoglycemic events (HE) are a serious complication associated with diabetes management and are associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. Conflicting results have been reported concerning the incidence of HE among people with T2DM observing Ramadan fasting. This review summarizes available scientific evidence on the occurrence of HE and the effects of different moderators on the incidence of HE among patients with T2DM during Ramadan. We conducted a systematic review of available observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for patients with T2DM who fasted during Ramadan, with HE as the primary outcome. Ten databases were searched for relevant studies from inception until October 31, 2020. In total, 68 studies (35 RCTs and 33 observational studies) met the inclusion criteria. Non-sulfonylureas hypoglycemic medications showed superior effects in lowering the incidence of HE over sulfonylureas hypoglycemic medications. Variable moderators were associated with experiencing HE during Ramadan in both observational studies and RCTs, including sex, geographical location, body anthropometric indicators, season, dietary behaviors, fasting duration, time since diagnosis, and pre-fasting education. This comprehensive systematic review covered the largest number of observational and clinical studies investigating the impact of Ramadan on HE among patients with T2DM. The study highlights the significance of different moderators that influence the effect of Ramadan fasting on HE, including dietary behaviors, fasting time duration, sex, season, country, pre-fasting education, age, and time since diagnosis. The study also highlighted the impact of different hypoglycemic medications on HE and noted the superiority of non-sulfonylureas over sulfonylureas hypoglycemic medications in lowering the risk for hypoglycemia in people with T2DM during Ramadan fasting.

Birth weight, type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance in Pima Indian children and young adults

Diabetes Care ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 944-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Dabelea ◽  
D. J. Pettitt ◽  
R. L. Hanson ◽  
G. Imperatore ◽  
P. H. Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Children And Young Adults

scholarly journals The impact of Ramadan fasting on glucose variability in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients on oral anti diabetic agents

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. e0234443
Author(s):  
Dante S. Harbuwono ◽  
Farid Kurniawan ◽  
Nani C. Sudarsono ◽  
Dicky L. Tahapary
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glucose Variability ◽  
Ramadan Fasting ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals The impact of Ramadan fasting on Fetuin-A level in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Heliyon ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. e06773
Author(s):  
Dante S. Harbuwono ◽  
Brama I. Sazli ◽  
Farid Kurniawan ◽  
Budiman Darmowidjojo ◽  
Sukamto Koesnoe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Ramadan Fasting ◽  
Fetuin A ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Evaluation and management of COVID-19-related severity in people with type 2 diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e002299
Author(s):  
Bowen Wang ◽  
Benjamin S Glicksberg ◽  
Girish N Nadkarni ◽  
Deepak Vashishth
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Electronic Health Record Data ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionPeople with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have an increased rate of hospitalization and mortality related to COVID-19. To identify ahead of time those who are at risk of developing severe diseases and potentially in need of intensive care, we investigated the independent associations between longitudinal glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), the impact of common medications (metformin, insulin, ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and corticosteroids) and COVID-19 severity in people with T2D.Research design and methodsRetrospective cohort study was conducted using deidentified claims and electronic health record data from the OptumLabs Data Warehouse across the USA between January 2017 and November 2020, including 16 504 individuals with T2D and COVID-19. A univariate model and a multivariate model were applied to evaluate the association between 2 and 3-year HbA1c average, medication use between COVID-19 diagnosis and intensive care unit admission (if applicable), and risk of intensive care related to COVID-19.ResultsWith covariates adjusted, the HR of longitudinal HbA1c for risk of intensive care was 1.12 (per 1% increase, p<0.001) and 1.48 (comparing group with poor (HbA1c ≥9%) and adequate glycemic control (HbA1c 6%–9%), p<0.001). The use of corticosteroids and the combined use of insulin and metformin were associated with significant reduction of intensive care risk, while ACEIs and ARBs were not associated with reduced risk of intensive care.ConclusionsTwo to three-year longitudinal glycemic level is independently associated with COVID-19-related severity in people with T2D. Here, we present a potential method to use HbA1c history, which presented a stronger association with COVID-19 severity than single-point HbA1c, to identify in advance those more at risk of intensive care due to COVID-19 in the T2D population. The combined use of metformin and insulin and the use of corticosteroids might be significant to prevent patients with T2D from becoming critically ill from COVID-19.

scholarly journals A Randomised Controlled Trial to Reduce Sedentary Time in Young Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Project STAND (Sedentary Time ANd Diabetes)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e0143398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart J. H. Biddle ◽  
Charlotte L. Edwardson ◽  
Emma G. Wilmot ◽  
Thomas Yates ◽  
Trish Gorely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Sedentary Time ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Metabolic Impact of Intermittent Fasting in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Interventional Studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Borgundvaag ◽  
Jessica Mak ◽  
Caroline K Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Context Intermittent fasting (IF) has been proposed as a weight-loss strategy with additional cardiometabolic benefits in individuals with obesity. Despite its growing popularity, the effect of IF in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) remains unclear. Objective We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the metabolic impact of IF compared to standard diet in patients with T2DM. Methods Embase, PubMed, and clinicaltrials.gov between 1950 and August 12, 2020 were searched for randomized, diet-controlled studies evaluating any IF intervention in adults with T2DM. We examined the impact of IF on weight loss and glucose-lowering by calculating pooled estimates of the absolute differences in body weight and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) compared to a control group using a random-effects model. Results Seven studies (n = 338 participants; mean body mass index [BMI] 35.65, mean baseline HbA1c 8.8%) met our inclusion criteria. IF induced a greater decrease in body weight by –1.89 kg (95% CI, –2.91 to –0.86 kg) compared to a regular diet, with no significant between-study heterogeneity (I2 21.0%, P = .28). The additional weight loss induced by IF was greater in studies with a heavier population (BMI &gt; 36) (–3.43 kg [95% CI, –5.72 to –1.15 kg]) and in studies of shorter duration (≤ 4 months) (–3.73 kg [95% CI, –7.11 to –0.36 kg]). IF was not associated with further reduction in HbA1c compared to a standard diet (HbA1c –0.11% [95% CI, –0.38% to 0.17%]). Conclusion Current evidence suggests that IF is associated with greater weight loss in patients with T2DM compared with a standard diet, with a similar impact on glycemic control.

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