scholarly journals Gut Microbiome and Its Associations With Acute and Chronic Gastrointestinal Toxicities in Cancer Patients With Pelvic Radiation Therapy: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinbing Bai ◽  
Zahra A. Barandouzi ◽  
Claire Rowcliffe ◽  
Rebecca Meador ◽  
Despina Tsementzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Included Study ◽  
Radiation Enteritis ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Pelvic Radiation

AimPelvic radiation therapy (RT) can impact the gut microbiome in patients with cancer and result in gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities. The purpose of this systematic review was to describe the effects of RT on the gut microbiome and the associations between the gut microbiome and GI toxicities in patients treated with pelvic RT.MethodsPubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched from their earliest records to August 2020. The articles screening process adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The Mixed Method Assessment Tool was used to assess the methodological quality for each included study. All study findings were synthesized and presented in narrative format. Thirteen studies were included. The gut microbiome of fecal samples was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing approaches.ResultsThere were disparities in alpha and beta diversities that existed across the studies. Divergent results were found among various phyla, including Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Deinococcus-Thermus. Moreover, alteration in the gut microbiome diversity and abundance related to cancer treatment was associated with pelvic toxicities, specifically diarrhea. Following treatment, increases in the abundance of Bacteroides was associated with diarrhea and radiation enteritis.ConclusionsPelvic RT can disrupt the diversity and abundance of commensal gut microorganisms. A dysbiotic gut microbiome showed a promising association with radiation enteritis through alterations of the intestinal barrier function, innate immunity, and intestinal repair mechanisms; however, confounders, such as diet, were not thoroughly addressed.

The role of the gut microbiome on radiation therapy efficacy and gastrointestinal complications: A systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Marion Tonneau ◽  
Arielle Elkrief ◽  
David Pasquier ◽  
Thomas Paz Del Socorro ◽  
Mathias Chamaillard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Gastrointestinal Complications ◽  
Therapy Efficacy

scholarly journals Probiotics supplementation and insulin resistance: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bárbara Izabel Moraes Salles ◽  
Débora Cioffi ◽  
Sandra Roberta G. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Medical Subject Headings

Abstract Background Research on intestinal microbiota has grown considerably, as well as the interest on probiotics’ supplementation effects on metabolism. Considering high prevalence rates of metabolic diseases linked by insulin resistance, we performed a systematic review of existing literature which addressed the role of probiotics in modulating insulin sensitivity in animals and humans. Methods This systematic review was based on PRISMA guidelines. Searches for original articles published in English from 1990 to January 2020 were made in the electronic database of PubMed from the National Library of Medicine, using Medical Subject Headings to identify longitudinal studies conducted in animals and humans which reported effects of probiotics in a variety of insulin resistance parameters. Results Overall, results from 27 probiotic interventions (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium and Akkermansia) indicated significant beneficial changes in insulin resistance measures in animal studies. Additionally, they improved lipid profile, inflammatory and oxidative markers, short-chain fatty acids production and microbiota composition. In seven clinical trials, samples and designs were heterogeneous. Five showed benefits in insulin resistance parameters and in two others no effect was detected. Conclusion Available data regarding the effects of certain probiotics do not guarantee sustained amelioration of insulin resistance in humans. Consistent beneficial results for intestinal barrier function, immune system and metabolism were reported in animals may encourage long-term randomized clinical trials in people with obesity and cardiometabolic risk. Whether supplementation with probiotics in combination with medications and/or prebiotics, associated with a healthy lifestyle, will prove useful to attenuate insulin resistance requires further investigation.

A Systematic Review of Child to Parent Violence Interventions

2021 ◽  
pp. 152483802110536
Author(s):  
Chye Toole-Anstey ◽  
Lynne Keevers ◽  
Michelle L Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Design And Methods

Objective: To identify, appraise and synthesize research on the interventions used in child to parent violence. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted using the electronic databases of PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science and CINAHL Full Text. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, three authors conducted the screening process which was implemented in two stages including screening the title and abstract, followed by screening the full text. Papers were assessed for quality using the Mixed Methods Assessment Tool. The search identified 727 studies which met the inclusion criteria, deduplication resulted in 525 number for review, with 8 articles included in the review. Results: This review identifies six themes from the six unique interventions included to address the research questions: How do practitioners effectively support families experiencing child-to-parent violence? The six themes are: Conceptualising the violence; Assessment of needs and risks; Intervention types and settings; Program techniques and components of interventions; Intervention outcomes and effectiveness; and Research design and methods. Three narratives were iteratively developed from these themes which highlight the main findings of the review: importance of the practitioner and their skills; conceptual clarity of CPV; and CPV interventions. Conclusions: The findings from this systematic review identifies the need for further research into child to parent violence including what makes interventions effective, what needs and outcomes the interventions are addressing, and the implications of classifications of this violence.

Bin1 Targeted Immunotherapy Alters the Status of the Enteric Neurons and the Microbiome during Ulcerative Colitis Treatment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Thomas ◽  
Giancarlo Mercogliano ◽  
George Prendergast
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Common Chronic Disease ◽  
The Status ◽  
Genus Lactobacillus ◽  
High Level

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a common chronic disease of the large intestine. Current anti-inflammatory drugs prescribed to treat this disease have limited utility due to significant side-effects. Thus, immunotherapies for UC treatment are still sought. In the DSS mouse model of UC, we recently demonstrated that systemic administration of the Bin1 monoclonal antibody 99D (Bin1 mAb) developed in our laboratory was sufficient to reinforce intestinal barrier function and preserve an intact colonic mucosa, compared to control subjects which displayed severe mucosal lesions, high-level neutrophil and lymphocyte infiltration of mucosal and submucosal areas, and loss of crypts. Here we report effects of Bin1 mAb on colonic neurons and the gut microbiome that correlate with the benefits of treatment. In the DSS model, we found that induction of UC was associated with disintegration of enteric neurons and elevated levels of glial cells, which translocated to the muscularis at distinct sites. Further, we characterized an altered gut microbiome in DSS treated mice associated with pathogenic proinflammatory characters. Both of these features of UC induction were normalized by Bin1 mAb treatment. With regard to microbiome changes, we observed in particular that Firmicutes were eliminated by UC induction and that Bin1 mAb treatment restored this phylum including the genus Lactobacillus and Akkermansia as beneficial microorganisms. Overall, our findings suggest that the intestinal barrier function restored by Bin1 immunotherapy in the DSS model of UC is associated with a preservation of enteric neurons and an improvement in the gut microbiome, contributing overall to a healthy intestinal tract.

scholarly journals Choice architecture interventions to improve diet and/or dietary behaviour by healthcare staff in high-income countries: a systematic review

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e023687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Al-Khudairy ◽  
Olalekan A Uthman ◽  
Rosemary Walmsley ◽  
Samantha Johnson ◽  
Oyinlola Oyebode
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Included Study ◽  
High Income ◽  
Dietary Behaviour ◽  
Choice Architecture ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Healthcare Staff ◽  
Quality Appraisal ◽  
Healthcare Settings

ObjectivesWe were commissioned by the behavioural insights team at Public Health England to synthesise the evidence on choice architecture interventions to increase healthy purchasing and/or consumption of food and drink by National Health Service (NHS) staff.Data sourcesMEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central register of Controlled Trials, PsycINFO, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts and Web of Science were searched from inception until May 2017 and references were screened independently by two reviewers.DesignA systematic review that included randomised experimental or intervention studies, interrupted time series and controlled before and after studies.ParticipantsHealthcare staff of high-income countries.InterventionChoice architecture interventions that aimed to improve dietary purchasing and/or consumption (outcomes) of staff.Appraisal and synthesisEligibility assessment, quality appraisal, data abstraction and analysis were completed by two reviewers. Quality appraisal of randomised trials was informed by theCochrane Handbook, and the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies was used for the remainder. Findings were narratively synthesised.ResultsEighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Five studies included multiple workplaces (including healthcare settings), 13 were conducted in healthcare settings only. Interventions in 10 studies were choice architecture only and 8 studies involved a complex intervention with a choice architecture element. Interventions involving a proximity element (making behavioural options easier or harder to engage with) appear to be frequently effective at changing behaviour. One study presented an effective sizing intervention. Labelling alone was generally not effective at changing purchasing behaviour. Interventions including an availability element were generally reported to be successful at changing behaviour but no included study examined this element alone. There was no strong evidence for the effect of pricing on purchasing or dietary intake.ConclusionProximity, availability and sizing are choice architecture elements that are likely to be effective for NHS organisations.Trial registration numberCRD42017064872.

scholarly journals Systematic review of prediction models for pulmonary tuberculosis treatment outcomes in adults

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e044687
Author(s):  
Lauren S. Peetluk ◽  
Felipe M. Ridolfi ◽  
Peter F. Rebeiro ◽  
Dandan Liu ◽  
Valeria C Rolla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Included Study ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Tb Treatment

ObjectiveTo systematically review and critically evaluate prediction models developed to predict tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes among adults with pulmonary TB.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesPubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched for studies published from 1 January 1995 to 9 January 2020.Study selection and data extractionStudies that developed a model to predict pulmonary TB treatment outcomes were included. Study screening, data extraction and quality assessment were conducted independently by two reviewers. Study quality was evaluated using the Prediction model Risk Of Bias Assessment Tool. Data were synthesised with narrative review and in tables and figures.Results14 739 articles were identified, 536 underwent full-text review and 33 studies presenting 37 prediction models were included. Model outcomes included death (n=16, 43%), treatment failure (n=6, 16%), default (n=6, 16%) or a composite outcome (n=9, 25%). Most models (n=30, 81%) measured discrimination (median c-statistic=0.75; IQR: 0.68–0.84), and 17 (46%) reported calibration, often the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (n=13). Nineteen (51%) models were internally validated, and six (16%) were externally validated. Eighteen (54%) studies mentioned missing data, and of those, half (n=9) used complete case analysis. The most common predictors included age, sex, extrapulmonary TB, body mass index, chest X-ray results, previous TB and HIV. Risk of bias varied across studies, but all studies had high risk of bias in their analysis.ConclusionsTB outcome prediction models are heterogeneous with disparate outcome definitions, predictors and methodology. We do not recommend applying any in clinical settings without external validation, and encourage future researchers adhere to guidelines for developing and reporting of prediction models.Trial registrationThe study was registered on the international prospective register of systematic reviews PROSPERO (CRD42020155782)

Therapy of radiation enteritis – current challenges

2011 ◽  
Vol 152 (28) ◽  
pp. 1120-1124
Author(s):  
Zsolt Baranyai ◽  
Dániel Sinkó ◽  
Valéria Jósa ◽  
Attila Zaránd ◽  
Dániel Teknős
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Targeted Therapy ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Radiation Enteritis ◽  
Pelvic Radiation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Radiation Induced

Radiation enteritis is one of the most feared complications after abdominal and pelvic radiation therapy. The incidence varies from 0.5 to 5%. It is not rare that the slowly progressing condition will be fatal. During a period of 13 years 24 patients were operated due to the complication of radiation enteritis. Despite different types of surgery repeated operation was required in 25% of cases and finally 4 patients died. Analyzing these cases predisposing factors and different therapeutic options of this condition are discussed. Treatment options of radiation induced enteritis are limited; however, targeted therapy significantly improves the outcome. Cooperation between oncologist, gastroenterologist and surgeon is required to establish adequate therapeutic plan. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1120–1124.

scholarly journals Multi-Omic Analysis Reveals Different Effects of Sulforaphane on the Microbiome and Metabolome in Old Compared to Young Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1500
Author(s):  
Se-Ran Jun ◽  
Amrita Cheema ◽  
Chhanda Bose ◽  
Marjan Boerma ◽  
Philip T. Palade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Old Mice ◽  
Young Mice

Dietary factors modulate interactions between the microbiome, metabolome, and immune system. Sulforaphane (SFN) exerts effects on aging, cancer prevention and reducing insulin resistance. This study investigated effects of SFN on the gut microbiome and metabolome in old mouse model compared with young mice. Young (6–8 weeks) and old (21–22 months) male C57BL/6J mice were provided regular rodent chow ± SFN for 2 months. We collected fecal samples before and after SFN administration and profiled the microbiome and metabolome. Multi-omics datasets were analyzed individually and integrated to investigate the relationship between SFN diet, the gut microbiome, and metabolome. The SFN diet restored the gut microbiome in old mice to mimic that in young mice, enriching bacteria known to be associated with an improved intestinal barrier function and the production of anti-inflammatory compounds. The tricarboxylic acid cycle decreased and amino acid metabolism-related pathways increased. Integration of multi-omic datasets revealed SFN diet-induced metabolite biomarkers in old mice associated principally with the genera, Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, and Allobaculum. Collectively, our results support a hypothesis that SFN diet exerts anti-aging effects in part by influencing the gut microbiome and metabolome. Modulating the gut microbiome by SFN may have the potential to promote healthier aging.

scholarly journals The Prebiotic Potential of Inulin-type Fructans: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riley L Hughes ◽  
David A Alvarado ◽  
Kelly S Swanson ◽  
Hannah D Holscher
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mineral Absorption ◽  
Current Review

Abstract Inulin-type fructans (ITF), including short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS), oligofructose, and inulin, are commonly used fibers that are widely regarded as prebiotic for their ability to be selectively utilized by the intestinal microbiota to confer a health benefit. However, the literature thus far lacks a thorough discussion of the evidence from human clinical trials for the prebiotic effect of ITF, including both effects on the intestinal microbiota composition as well as the intestinal and extraintestinal (e.g., glucose homeostasis, lipids, mineral absorption and bone health, appetite and satiety, inflammation and immune function, and body composition) benefits. Additionally, there is a lack of discussion regarding aspects such as the effect of ITF chain length on its intestinal and extraintestinal effects. The overall objective of this systematic review was to summarize the prebiotic potential of ITF based on the results of human clinical trials in healthy adult populations. Evidence from studies included in the current review suggest that ITF have a prebiotic effect on the intestinal microbiota, promoting the abundances of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Beneficial health effects reported following ITF intake include improved intestinal barrier function, improved laxation, increased insulin sensitivity, decreased triglycerides and an improved lipid profile, increased absorption of calcium and magnesium, and increased satiety. While there is some evidence for differing effects of ITF based on chain length, lack of direct comparisons and detailed descriptions of physicochemical properties limit the ability to draw conclusions from human clinical studies. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota mediates or modifies the effects of ITF on human health and the contribution of individual factors such as age and metabolic health to move towards personalization of prebiotic application.

scholarly journals Intestinal barrier dysfunction as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (6) ◽  
pp. H1227-H1233
Author(s):  
Caitlin V. Lewis ◽  
W. Robert Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction

The gut microbiome and intestinal dysfunction have emerged as potential contributors to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Alterations in gut microbiome are well documented in hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure and have been investigated as a therapeutic target. However, a perhaps underappreciated but related role for intestinal barrier function has become evident. Increased intestinal permeability is observed in patients and mouse models of CVD. This increased intestinal permeability can enhance systemic inflammation, alter gut immune function, and has been demonstrated as predictive of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. The goal of this review is to examine the evidence supporting a role for intestinal barrier function in cardiovascular disease and its prospect as a novel therapeutic target. We outline key studies that have investigated intestinal permeability in hypertension, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, heart failure, and myocardial infarction. We highlight the central mechanisms involved in the breakdown of barrier function and look at emerging evidence for restored barrier function as a contributor to promising treatment strategies such as short chain fatty acid, probiotic, and renin angiotensin system-targeted therapeutics. Recent studies of more selective targeting of the intestinal barrier to improve disease outcomes are also examined. We suggest that although current data supporting a contribution of intestinal permeability to CVD pathogenesis are largely associative, it appears to be a promising avenue for further investigation. Additional studies of the mechanisms of barrier restoration in CVD and testing of intestinal barrier-targeted compounds will be required to confirm their potential as a new class of CVD therapeutic.

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