scholarly journals Role of Cardiac A2A Receptors Under Normal and Pathophysiological Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Boknik ◽  
J. Eskandar ◽  
B. Hofmann ◽  
N. Zimmermann ◽  
J. Neumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adenosine Receptors ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Transient Ischemia ◽  
A2a Receptors ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Signal Transduction Systems

This review presents an overview of cardiac A2A-adenosine receptors The localization of A2A-AR in the various cell types that encompass the heart and the role they play in force regulation in various mammalian species are depicted. The putative signal transduction systems of A2A-AR in cells in the living heart, as well as the known interactions of A2A-AR with membrane-bound receptors, will be addressed. The possible role that the receptors play in some relevant cardiac pathologies, such as persistent or transient ischemia, hypoxia, sepsis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and arrhythmias, will be reviewed. Moreover, the cardiac utility of A2A-AR as therapeutic targets for agonistic and antagonistic drugs will be discussed. Gaps in our knowledge about the cardiac function of A2A-AR and future research needs will be identified and formulated.

scholarly journals Adenosine as a metabolic regulator of tissue function: production of adenosine by cytoplasmic 5'-nucleotidases.

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Borowiec ◽  
Katarzyna Lechward ◽  
Kinga Tkacz-Stachowska ◽  
Andrzej C Składanowski
Keyword(s):  
Adenosine Receptors ◽  
Purinergic Signaling ◽  
Adenine Nucleotides ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nucleoside Transporters ◽  
Signaling System ◽  
Signal Molecule ◽  
Numerous Cell ◽  
Membrane Bound

Adenosine is a product of complete dephosphorylation of adenine nucleotides which takes place in various compartments of the cell. This nucleoside is a significant signal molecule engaged in regulation of physiology and modulation of the function of numerous cell types (i.e. neurons, platelets, neutrophils, mast cells and smooth muscle cells in bronchi and vasculature, myocytes etc.). As part a of purinergic signaling system, adenosine mediates neurotransmission, conduction, secretion, vasodilation, proliferation and cell death. Most of the effects of adenosine help to protect cells and tissues during stress conditions such as ischemia or anoxia. Adenosine receptors and nucleoside transporters are targets for potential drugs in many pathophysiological situations. The adenosine-producing system in vertebrates involves a cascade dephosphorylating ATP and ending with 5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) localized either on the membrane or inside the cell. In this paper the cytoplasmic variants of 5'-nucleotidase are broadly characterized as well as their clinical relevance. The role of AMP-selective 5'-nucleotidase (cN-I) in the heart, skeletal muscle and brain is highlighted. cN-I action is crucial during ischemia and important for the efficacy of some nucleoside-based drugs and in the regulation of the substrate pool for nucleic acids synthesis. Inhibitors used in studying the roles of cytoplasmic and membrane-bound 5'-nucleotidases are also described.

scholarly journals The MAL Protein, an Integral Component of Specialized Membranes, in Normal Cells and Cancer

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1065
Author(s):  
Armando Rubio-Ramos ◽  
Leticia Labat-de-Hoz ◽  
Isabel Correas ◽  
Miguel A. Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Transmembrane Segments ◽  
Epsilon Toxin ◽  
Proteolipid Proteins ◽  
Polarized Epithelial Cells

The MAL gene encodes a 17-kDa protein containing four putative transmembrane segments whose expression is restricted to human T cells, polarized epithelial cells and myelin-forming cells. The MAL protein has two unusual biochemical features. First, it has lipid-like properties that qualify it as a member of the group of proteolipid proteins. Second, it partitions selectively into detergent-insoluble membranes, which are known to be enriched in condensed cell membranes, consistent with MAL being distributed in highly ordered membranes in the cell. Since its original description more than thirty years ago, a large body of evidence has accumulated supporting a role of MAL in specialized membranes in all the cell types in which it is expressed. Here, we review the structure, expression and biochemical characteristics of MAL, and discuss the association of MAL with raft membranes and the function of MAL in polarized epithelial cells, T lymphocytes, and myelin-forming cells. The evidence that MAL is a putative receptor of the epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens, the expression of MAL in lymphomas, the hypermethylation of the MAL gene and subsequent loss of MAL expression in carcinomas are also presented. We propose a model of MAL as the organizer of specialized condensed membranes to make them functional, discuss the role of MAL as a tumor suppressor in carcinomas, consider its potential use as a cancer biomarker, and summarize the directions for future research.

scholarly journals Cyber-Flirting: An Examination of Men's and Women's Flirting Behaviour Both Offline and on the Internet

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica T. Whitty
Keyword(s):  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nonverbal Cues ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Online Interactions

AbstractWhile flirting is a relatively underresearched area within psychology, even less is known about how people cyber-flirt. This paper explores how often individuals flirt offline compared to online. Moreover, it attempts to examine how men and women flirt within these different spaces. Five thousand, six hundred and ninety-seven individuals, of which 3554 (62%) were women and 2143 (38%) were men, completed a survey about their flirting behaviour both in face-to-face interactions and in chatrooms. The first hypothesis, which stated that the body would be used to flirt with as frequently online as offline, was partly supported. However, it was found that individuals downplayed the importance of physical attractiveness online. Women flirted by displaying nonverbal signals (offline) or substitutes for nonverbal cues (online), to a greater extent than men. In chatrooms men were more likely than women to initiate contact. It is concluded that cyber-flirting is more than simply a meeting of minds and that future research needs to consider the role of the body in online interactions.

Longitudinal Pathways to Influenza Vaccination Vary With Socio-Structural Disadvantages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bita Fayaz Farkhad ◽  
Alexander Karan ◽  
Dolores Albarracín
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Moderating Role ◽  
Vaccination Knowledge ◽  
Lower Educational Attainment

Abstract Background Although influenza vaccination can prevent influenza-related deaths, uptake remains low, particularly in disadvantaged populations. Purpose A theoretical model of psychological pathways to vaccination accounting for the direct and moderating role of socio-structural factors was tested. The study sought to understand the joint contributions of psychological (i.e., knowledge, attitudes, and intention) and socio-structural factors (i.e., income, education, and insurance) to influenza vaccination, prospectively. Methods A nationally representative empaneled sample of over 3,000 U.S. adults answered questions about vaccination knowledge, attitudes, and intentions, as well as actual vaccination across five timepoints from September 2018 to May 2019. Socio-structural factors were examined as moderators. Results Findings revealed strong positive associations between knowledge and attitudes, attitudes and intentions, as well as intentions and subsequent vaccination. Importantly, health insurance moderated the associations between attitudes and intentions and between intentions and vaccination, such that those without insurance had weaker associations between attitudes and intentions and between intentions and vaccination. In addition, education moderated the path from knowledge to attitude and from intentions to vaccination, such that people with lower educational attainment had weaker associations between knowledge and attitudes and between intentions and vaccination. Conclusions Socio-structural factors act as barriers to the influence of knowledge on attitudes, attitudes on intentions, and intentions on behavior. Future research needs to be mindful of the specific paths disrupted by social disadvantages and examine ways to intervene to decrease those effects.

scholarly journals The Many Faces of Human Leukocyte Antigen-G: Relevance to the Fate of Pregnancy

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette Dahl ◽  
Snezana Djurisic ◽  
Thomas Vauvert F. Hviid
Keyword(s):  
Human Leukocyte Antigen ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Leukocyte Antigen ◽  
Polymorphic Genes ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
The Many ◽  
Human Leukocyte Antigen G

Pregnancy is an immunological paradox, where fetal antigens encoded by polymorphic genes inherited from the father do not provoke a maternal immune response. The fetus is not rejected as it would be theorized according to principles of tissue transplantation. A major contribution to fetal tolerance is the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G, a nonclassical HLA protein displaying limited polymorphism, restricted tissue distribution, and a unique alternative splice pattern. HLA-G is primarily expressed in placenta and plays multifaceted roles during pregnancy, both as a soluble and a membrane-bound molecule. Its immunomodulatory functions involve interactions with different immune cells and possibly regulation of cell migration during placental development. Recent findings include HLA-G contributions from the father and the fetus itself. Much effort has been put into clarifying the role of HLA-G during pregnancy and pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia, recurrent spontaneous abortions, and subfertility or infertility. This review aims to clarify the multifunctional role of HLA-G in pregnancy-related disorders by focusing on genetic variation, differences in mRNA stability betweenHLA-Galleles, differences in HLA-G isoform expression, and possible differences in functional activity. Furthermore, we highlight important observations regardingHLA-Ggenetics and expression in preeclampsia that future research should address.

The role of the land surface in Sahelian climate: HAPEX-Sahel results and future research needs

1997 ◽  
Vol 188-189 ◽  
pp. 1067-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Dolman ◽  
J.H.C. Gash ◽  
J.-P. Goutorbe ◽  
Y. Kerr ◽  
T. Lebel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs

scholarly journals Bovine tuberculosis in southern African wildlife: a multi-species host–pathogen system

2006 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. RENWICK ◽  
P. C. L. WHITE ◽  
R. G. BENGIS
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Transmission Modes ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Kafue Lechwe ◽  
Utilization Patterns

SUMMARYThis review examines the current situation of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in southern African savannah systems, and uses theory on multi-species host–pathogen systems to suggest possible options for future research and management. In southern Africa, the buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and the Kafue lechwe [Marsh antelope] (Kobus leche) have been found to be maintenance hosts for this disease, but the importance of other host species is becoming apparent. The role of other host species in the maintenance and spread of the disease varies, depending on the spatial distribution and resource utilization patterns of the species, disease susceptibility, transmission modes and the ecology of both host(s) and vector(s). Future research needs to identify the pathogenicity of bTB in each of the host species, and the mechanisms and rates of inter- and intra-specific transmission among different species, in order to develop multi-host models to understand the development and spread of the disease.

Later Life Outcomes, Turning Points, and Desistance

2019 ◽  
pp. 204-244
Author(s):  
David M. Day ◽  
Margit Wiesner
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Science Models ◽  
Desistance From Crime ◽  
Key Terms

Prior reviews of the criminal trajectory literature mostly excluded findings on the relation of criminal trajectory groups to later life outcomes, turning points, and desistance. To set the stage for the review of this literature, the chapter first draws on the broader literature to define key terms, such as desistance and turning points, and to describe influential theories of desistance from crime and empirical findings. It is argued that criminal trajectory research needs to better integrate with these independent strands of research to advance the understanding of desisting offender trajectory groups. The chapter also details how emerging, innovative methodological approaches for the examination of turning point effects can help strengthen future criminal trajectory research on these issues. Next, the findings of criminal trajectory studies on later life outcomes and desistance are reviewed. Future research needs are identified to move the field forward. Last, the chapter seeks to make the case for a programmatic agenda that ties criminal trajectory research to developmental science models of intentional self-regulation across the life span, such as tripartite Selection, Optimization, and Compensation theory from Paul Baltes, to help explore the role of human agency in the development of crime.

The recreation therapist and the pediatric therapeutic milieu

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Rebecca Gilbert, MS ◽  
Marieke Van Puymbroeck, PhD, CTRS, CRC
Keyword(s):  
Inpatient Unit ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Therapeutic Milieu ◽  
Psychiatric Units

Many recreation therapists on inpatient psychiatric units are familiar with the term therapeutic milieu. The meaning of the phrase is often vague and defined differently by each institution. The purpose of this article is to examine the literature on the therapeutic milieu and present possible methods of supporting the therapeutic milieu given the unique challenges of the pediatric acute inpatient unit. The role of the recreation therapist in creating and supporting a therapeutic milieu is described along with the suggestions for future research needs.

Advancing Work–Family Research and Practice

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy D. Allen ◽  
Lillian T. Eby
Keyword(s):  
Family Intervention ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Organizational Policies ◽  
Organizational Policies And Practices ◽  
Modern Family ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Work Family

In this final chapter we offer a summation of some of the major themes contained in this volume with regard to future research needs, including a discussion of work–family theory building, the role of gender in the work–family interface, the diversity of the modern family, family supportive organizational policies and practices, and work-family intervention research. We move beyond summation and review by offering specific new ideas for moving work–family scholarship forward. In doing so we highlight the importance of investing in work–family initiatives that enrich employee lives as well as those that benefit families, organizations, and society at large.

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