scholarly journals A Novel Intravesical Dextrose Injection Improves Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms on Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin-Li Chen ◽  
Chien-Chang Kao ◽  
Ming-Hsin Yang ◽  
Gang-Yi Fan ◽  
Juin-Hong Cherng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Interstitial Cystitis ◽  
Bladder Wall ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Bladder Pain Syndrome ◽  
Bladder Pain ◽  
Dextrose Solution ◽  
Cytokine Analysis ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
Significant Difference

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a painful recurrent condition characterized by the discomfort of the bladder, and current treatment options have limited effectiveness. Prolotherapy is a well-known treatment that involves the injection of non-biologic solutions to reduce pain and/or promote proliferation of soft tissue, and dextrose is the most common injectate. This study investigated the effects of dextrose prolotherapy in a rat model of IC/BPS and patients with IC/BPS. We used cyclophosphamide to induce IC/BPS in rats, and intravesical instillation of 10% dextrose solution was performed. After 1 week, we conducted a urodynamic test, bladder staining, and ECM-related gene expression analysis to examine the treatment’s efficacy. We found that dextrose treatment could recover the instability of the bladder, reduce frequent urination, and improve the glycosaminoglycan layer regeneration and the bladder wall thickness along with a significant intense expression of CD44 receptors. Furthermore, we enrolled 29 IC/BPS patients with previous hyaluronic acid/Botox treatment for more than 6 months with remained unchanged condition. In this study, they received intravesical injections of 10% dextrose solution followed by assessments for up to 12 weeks. Patient characteristics and a 3-day voiding diary before treatment were recorded. Patient responses were examined using IC/BPS-related questionnaires. Moreover, expressions of growth factors and cytokines were analyzed. The results demonstrated that dextrose prolotherapy in patients with IC/BPS reduced the frequency of treatment over time, with the mean number of treatments being 3.03 ± 1.52, and significantly reduced the incidence of nocturia and questionnaire scores associated with symptoms. Dextrose prolotherapy significantly enhanced EGF level and, in contrast, reduced the level of HGF, PIGF-1, and VEGF-D after several weeks following treatment. The cytokine analysis showed that the expressions of IL-12p70 and IL-10 were significantly up-regulated after dextrose prolotherapy in IC/BPS patients. The levels of most growth factors and cytokines in IC/BPS patients had no significant difference and showed a similar tendency as time progressed when compared to healthy controls. Overall, the alteration of growth factors and cytokines exhibited safe treatment and potential stimulation of tissue remodeling. In summary, our study demonstrated that dextrose prolotherapy is a promising treatment strategy for IC/BPS disease management.

scholarly journals Immune Cell Profiles and Cytokine Levels of Patients with Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Moldwin ◽  
Vishaan Nursey ◽  
Oksana Yaskiv ◽  
Siddhartha Dalvi ◽  
Michael Funaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Cystitis ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Bladder Pain Syndrome ◽  
Bladder Tissue ◽  
Bladder Pain ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractAimsTo quantify the number of immune cells in the bladder urothelium and concentrations of urinary cytokines in patients with Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS). To identify differences in these measures in IC/BPS patients with Hunner’s lesions (IC/BPS-HL) and without Hunner’s lesions (IC/BPS-NHL).MethodsBladder tissue biopsies were obtained from 48 patients with IC/BPS-HL and unaffected controls (UC) and stained with antibodies for various immune cell markers such as CD138, CD20 and CD56. Levels of cytokines (Interferon (IFN)-γ, Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL- 4, IL-6, IL-8, IL12P70, IL-13, and TNF-α) were measured from normalized urine obtained from 18 IC/BPS-HL, 18 IC/BPS-NHL, and 4 UC.ResultsNumbers of CD138+ plasma cells, CD20+ B cells, and CD3+ T cells were significantly increased (50 fold, 30 fold, and an almost 3 fold increase, respectively; p-values: 1.34E-06, 3.26E-04, and 2.52E-6) in the bladders of IC/BPS-HL patients compared to UC. Patients with IC/BPS-HL had significantly elevated urinary levels of IL-6 (p=0.0028) and TNF-α (p=0.009) compared to patients with IC/BPS-NHL and UC. In contrast, IL-12p70 levels were significantly higher in the patients with IC/BPS-NHL than in HL patients (p=0.033). No significant difference in IL-12p70 levels were observed between IC/BPS-HL and UC.ConclusionDifferent cytokines were elevated in the urine of IC/BPS patients with and without HL, suggesting differences in underlying disease processes. Elevated levels of CD138+, CD20+, and CD3+ cells in HL indicate B and T-cell involvement in lesion formation. Determining which cytokines and immunological pathways are present in IC/BPS-HL could elucidate the disease mechanism.

scholarly journals Does cystoscopy method affect the investigation of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Visha K. Tailor ◽  
Ellen Morris ◽  
Alka A. Bhide ◽  
Ruwan Fernando ◽  
Guiseppe A. Digesu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Interstitial Cystitis ◽  
Muscularis Propria ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Bladder Pain Syndrome ◽  
Detrusor Muscle ◽  
Bladder Pain ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mast Cell Count

Abstract Introduction and hypothesis Cystoscopic investigation to identify associated histological findings of increased mast cells in the detrusor muscle has been recommended by the European Society for the Study of Bladder Pain Syndrome (ESSIC) in the investigation of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC). The aim of this study was to identify if the cystoscopy approach impacts the biopsy results when investigating women presenting with symptoms of BPS/IC. Methods We performed a single-centre retrospective analysis of 300 bladder biopsy reports from 2015 to 2018 from women undergoing cystoscopy for BPS/IC. Biopsies obtained using closed cup forceps through a flexible (FC) or rigid cystoscope (RC) were compared. Results Fifty-eight FC biopsies were compared with 242 RC biopsies. FC biopsies had a smaller mean diameter (1.6 mm vs 2.9 mm p < 0.01) and volume (4.1 mm3 vs 9.6 mm3p < 0.001) compared with RC biopsies. There was no significant difference in the histological depth of sampling to the muscularis propria. A total of 292 samples had CD117 immunohistochemical staining for mast cell count (MCC) analysis. The MCC/mm2 was significantly lower in FC biopsies (p < 0.01). Sixteen percent of FC samples compared with 60% of RC samples had a high MCC >28/mm2 (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in positive microbiology culture between FC (21%) and RC (28%) sampling. Conclusion Rigid and flexible cystoscopy can be used to investigate BPS/IC as recommended by international societies. However, the biopsy method impacts the mast cell count analysis, which can influence diagnosis and management. Therefore, RC would be the optimal investigation.

scholarly journals The voiding dysfunctions in patients with non-Hunner-type interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome do not affect long-term treatment outcome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan-Ru Yu ◽  
Wei-Chuan Chang ◽  
Hann-Chorng Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Interstitial Cystitis ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Bladder Pain Syndrome ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Bladder Pain ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Voiding Dysfunctions

Aims: The role of urodynamic studies in the diagnosis and prognosis of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) remains controversial. We evaluated the correlation of baseline voiding dysfunctions with long-term treatment outcome in a large cohort of patients with IC/BPS. Methods: We studied 211 patients with nonulcerative IC/BPS. All patients underwent video urodynamic examination at baseline to identify their voiding conditions and they received subsequent treatments. The primary endpoint was the global response assessment (GRA) at the current interview. Secondary endpoints included O’Leary-Sant score (OSS), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, and the rate of IC symptom flare-up. Results: Mean patient age was 56.8 ± 12.8 years and mean IC symptom duration was 16.0 ± 9.9 years. At baseline, 83 (39.3%) patients had a voiding problem and 62.7% had one to three comorbidities. The duration, comorbidity, treatments, changes in OSS and VAS, maximum bladder capacity (MBC), glomerulations, GRA, and flare-up rate were not significantly different among the different voiding subtypes. When we divided the patients by their voiding conditions of normal (n = 32) and hypersensitive bladder with (n = 76) and without (n = 103) voiding dysfunctions, only MBC (P = 0.002) and glomerulation (P = 0.021) demonstrated a significant difference. When we analyzed subgroups by GRA, patients with a GRA ≥ 2 had a significantly shorter disease duration. There also were significant associations between GRA and the changes in OSS and VAS (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Voiding dysfunctions in patients with non-Hunner IC/BPS do not affect long-term treatment outcome.

scholarly journals Dysregulation of bladder corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor in the pathogenesis of human interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Fong Jhang ◽  
Lori A. Birder ◽  
Yuan-Hong Jiang ◽  
Yung-Hsiang Hsu ◽  
Han-Chen Ho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Cystitis ◽  
Hormone Receptor ◽  
Bladder Wall ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Bladder Pain Syndrome ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Bladder Pain ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
And Control

AbstractStress is associated with exacerbated symptoms in patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). To investigate the mechanism of stress implicated on IC/BPS, we investigated expression of stress-response receptor corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor (CRHR) in bladder from IC/BPS patients. Twenty-three IC/BPS patients with Hunner’s lesion (HIC), 51 IC/BPS patients without Hunner’s lesion (NHIC), and 24 patients with stress urinary incontinence as controls were enrolled. Cystoscopic biopsies of bladder wall including mucosa and submucosa were obtained from all patients. Western blotting was used to investigate the bladder expression of the CRHR1 and CRHR2. Immunochemical staining revealed CRHR1 expression was mainly located in the submucosa while CRHR2 expression was mainly in uroepithelial cells. Compared to control subjects, the CRHR1 expression was significantly higher, while CRHR2 expression was significantly lower in IC/BPS patients. Further analysis of patients with HIC, NHIC, and control subjects showed that bladder in patients with HIC had significantly higher expressions of CRHR1 and significantly lower CRHR2. CRHR2 expression was significantly negatively correlated with O’Leary-Sant score and bladder pain. Our results indicate dysregulation of bladder CRHR1 and CRHR2 in patients with IC/BPS, and suggest CRH signaling may be associated with IC/BPS symptoms.

Clinical and histological findings in bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis: The implication of time of symptoms

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
Daniele Porru ◽  
Valentina Bobbi ◽  
Carmelo Di Franco ◽  
Alessandra Viglio ◽  
Mattia Novario ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Cystitis ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Bladder Wall ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Bladder Pain Syndrome ◽  
Detrusor Muscle ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Bladder Pain ◽  
Bladder Biopsy ◽  
The Impact

Objective: To find out whether a correlation exists between denudation of urothelium and time of symptom onset in patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC), and to search for a correlation between the impact of symptoms. Patients and methods: Fifty-seven consecutive patients underwent cystoscopy under anaesthesia to classify those cases suspected of being affected with BPS/IC. The time elapsed between onset of symptoms and diagnosis at the time of bladder biopsy was also defined as BPS/IC duration. Bladder biopsies were taken including detrusor muscle, three deep cold biopsies of posterior, anterior and lateral bladder wall. Results: Statistical analysis showed significant correlation between BPS/IC duration and the presence of Hunner’s lesions ( P<0.023). Hunner’s lesion with cystoscopy and histological evidence of urothelial denudation with bladder biopsy appear to be related to BPS/IC duration. Thus an early diagnosis allows an appropriate therapeutic approach to be started to prevent a more severe evolution of this multifaceted painful syndrome. Conclusions: Our study shows a correlation between the time of symptom onset and evidence of urothelial denudation and with detrusor mast cell count in the whole group of patients. BPS/IC duration did not seem to correlate with the severity of symptoms, but rather with the presence of associated diseases. Level of evidence: Not applicable for this multicentre audit.

scholarly journals Chondroitin Sulfate and Hyaluronic Acid Perfusion for Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-373
Author(s):  
Xiang Xiao ◽  
Huan Deng ◽  
Mumba Mulutula Chilufya ◽  
Yizhen Lv ◽  
Yan Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Interstitial Cystitis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Bladder Pain Syndrome ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Bladder Pain ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Significant Difference

Currently, no suitable delivery methods are available for the drugs to interstitial cystitis/ bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). Herein we systematically evaluated the therapeutic effects of intravesical infusion of hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) in patients with IC/BPS. This study includes randomized controlled trials (RCT) and self-controlled studies of IC/BPS patients treated with HA, CS, or both. English databases like PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Medline were searched until up to January 31, 2021. Information was extracted based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and then meta-analysis was performed. Sixteen studies including 491 patients were included and analyzed. The responsive rate of treatment was 91.24%. In 3 RCTs, the analogue scale (VAS) for pain on fix-effect model was [mean difference, MD -0.57 (95%CI, -1.55, -0.41)]. A significant improvement on random-effect model was [MD -2.78 (95%CI, -3.48, -2.07)] in 13 self-controlled studies. Outcomes on O’Leary-Sant Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index, Problem Index, frequency, urgency, and bladder capacity were also significantly improved. Subgroup analysis showed significant difference between HA, CS, and the combination, and the perfusion of HA was more effective (Z = 29.97, P < 0.01). Also, different follow-up times after last treatment showed significant difference (Z = 7.69, P < 0.01). It can be beneficial for IC/BPS patients who have not responded to conventional treatments.

scholarly journals Clinical comparision of intravesical hyaluronic acid and hyaluronic acid-chondroitin sulphate therapy for patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitital cystitis

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ömer Gülpınar ◽  
Aytaç Kayış ◽  
Evren Süer ◽  
Mehmet İlker Gökçe ◽  
Adil Güçal Güçlü ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Interstitial Cystitis ◽  
Chondroitin Sulphate ◽  
Sodium Hyaluronate ◽  
Previous Treatment ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Bladder Pain Syndrome ◽  
Symptom Index ◽  
Bladder Pain ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction: Patients with a history of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) and who responded poorly or unsatisfactorily with previous treatment were compared taking intravesical hyaluronic acid (HA) or hyaluronic acid-chondroitin sulphate (HA-CS).Methods: Patients were treated with intravesical instillation with 50 mL sterile sodium hyalurinic acid (Hyacyst, Syner-Med, Surrey, UK) (n = 32) and sodium hyaluronate 1.6% sodium chondroitin sulphate 2% (Ialuril, Aspire Pharma, UK) (n = 33). Intravesical instillations were performed weekly in first month, every 15 days in the second month and monthly in third and fourth months, for a total of 8 doses. Patients were evaluated using a visual analog pain scale (VAS), interstitial cystitis symptom index (ICSI), interstitial cystitis problem index (ICPI), voiding diary for frequency/nocturia, cystometric bladder capacity and voided volume at the beginning and at 6 months. All patients had a potassium sensitivity test (PST) initially. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis.Results: In total, 53 patients met the study criteria. There were 30 patients in the HA-CS group (mean age: 48.47) and 23 patients in the HA group (mean age: 49.61) (p > 0.05). The initial PST was positive in 71.7% patients (38/53) overall with no difference between groups (p > 0.05). Responses for VAS, ICCS, ICPS, 24-hour frequency/nocturia statistically improved in both groups at 6 months. There was no significant difference in symptomatic improvement (p > 0.05). Eight patients had mild adverse events.Conclusion: HA and HA/CS instillation can be effective in BPS/IC patients who do not respond to conservative treatment. An important limitation of our study is that the HA dosage of the 2 treatment arms were different. It would be more appropriate with same HA dosage in both groups; however, there was no commercially available glycosaminoglycan (GAG) substance with same HA dosage for single and combination therapy. Large, long-term randomized studies are required to determine if there is a difference between these treatments.

scholarly journals Differential expression of histamine receptors in the bladder wall tissues of patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis – significance in the responsiveness to antihistamine treatment and disease symptoms

BMC Urology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Shan ◽  
Er-Wei Zhang ◽  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Xiao-Dong Zhang ◽  
Ning Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Cystitis ◽  
Western Blotting ◽  
Bladder Wall ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Bladder Pain Syndrome ◽  
Histamine Receptors ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Bladder Pain ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Female Patients

Abstract Background Activation of mast cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC). Histamine, a mast cell-derived mediators, induced inflammation and hypersensitivity of the bladder. The present study investigated the expressions of histamine receptors in the bladder wall tissues of patients with BPS/IC, and its association with the effectiveness of antihistamine therapy and disease symptoms. Methods Bladder tissues were collected from 69 BPS/IC patients and 10 control female patients. The expression of H3R in BPS/IC was further examined in an independent cohort of 10 female patients with BPS/IC and another 10 age-matched female patients. Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and quantitative RT-PCR were performed to quantify the expressions of histamine receptors. Statistical analyses of the correlation of histamine receptor expression with antihistamine therapy outcome and severity of disease symptoms were also performed. Results The expression of four histamine receptors was significantly elevated in BPS/IC (H1R, P < 0.001; H2R, P = 0.031; H3R, P = 0.008; H4R, P = 0.048). Western blotting revealed that H3R were significantly reduced in the patients, whereas the mRNA levels of H3R were significantly increased. The patients were further divided into antihistamine responders (n = 38) and nonresponders (n = 22). No significant correlation was found in the expression of histamine receptors between responder and nonresponder groups. However, significant correlations between OLS and H1R (P = 0.003) and H3R (P = 0.045) were found. Conclusion The present study showed that expression of all the 4 histamine receptors were elevated in BPS/IC. There were no statistical significant correlations between the expression levels of the four different histamine receptors and the treatment outcome of antihistamine therapy (amtitriptyline or cimetidine).

scholarly journals Mirabegron as adjuvant treatment for patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. E100-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Di Lena ◽  
Victoria Tolls ◽  
Kerri-Lynn Kelly ◽  
J. Curtis Nickel
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Cystitis ◽  
Adjuvant Treatment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Bladder Pain Syndrome ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Symptom Scale ◽  
Symptom Index ◽  
Bladder Pain ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction: Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) patients represent a heterogeneous group with pain and urinary storage symptoms and varying responses to current treatment options. The novel beta-3 agonist, mirabegron, has been shown to improve storage symptoms of patients with bladder overactivity; however, its effect on symptoms in the IC/BPS population has yet to be studied.Methods: Patients diagnosed at a single IC centre with IC/BPS undergoing standard therapy were treated with additional daily mirabegron 25 mg and seen in followup post-treatment. Patients completed the Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index and Problem Index (ICSI/ICPI), and the Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency Patient Symptom Scale (PUF) prior to and following mirabegron treatment. Global (NRS) and symptom-specific outcomes were assessed by comparing the pre- and post-treatment mean scores using tailed-t test (p<0.05 considered statistically significant).Results: A total of 23 patients were available for review pre- and post-mirabegron treatment. There was no significant difference in ICSI (p=0.448), ICPI (p=0.352), or PUF (p=0.869) pre- and post-treatment. Analysis of symptom-specific outcomes show statistically significant improvements in urgency (p=0.048); however, no statistically significant improvements in frequency (p=0.951) or pain (p=0.952) were observed with mirabegron therapy.Conclusions: IC/BPS patients treated with mirabegron had improvement of urinary urgency, but no significant benefit in terms of pain or urinary frequency. This data suggests that mirabegron’s role in the IC/BPS patient should be that of adjuvant treatment to ameliorate urgency.

scholarly journals Possible Association between Bladder Wall Morphological Changes on Computed Tomography and Bladder-Centered Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1306
Author(s):  
Jia-Fong Jhang ◽  
Yung-Hsiang Hsu ◽  
Han-Chen Ho ◽  
Yuan-Hong Jiang ◽  
Cheng-Ling Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Interstitial Cystitis ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Bladder Wall ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Bladder Capacity ◽  
Bladder Pain Syndrome ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Bladder Pain ◽  
Urinary Bladder Wall

This study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of urinary bladder wall thickening on computed tomography (CT) among patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). Patients with IC/BPS were prospectively enrolled and classified into three groups according to bladder CT finding: smooth bladder wall, focal bladder thickening, and diffuse bladder thickening. Among the 100 patients with IC/BPS, 49, 36, and 15 had smooth bladder wall, focal bladder thickening, and diffuse bladder thickening on CT, respectively. Patients with Hunner’s lesion showed a higher proportion of diffuse and focal bladder thickening compared to those without the same (p < 0.001). Patients with diffuse bladder thickening displayed smaller first sensation of filling, cystometric bladder capacity, and voided volume compared to the rest (all p < 0.001). Patients with focal and diffuse thickening had a higher proportion of inflammatory cell infiltration, uroepithelial cell denudation, and granulation tissue compared to those with smooth bladder wall (p = 0.045, 0.002, and 0.005, respectively). Bladder wall thickening on CT was correlated with clinical phenotypes of IC/BPS, including histopathological findings. Focal or diffuse bladder wall thickening on CT might indicate the presence of chronic bladder wall inflammation and fibrosis and could be used to differentiate bladder-centered IC/BPS.

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