scholarly journals Heterogeneity of Hematological Response to Hypoxia and Short-Term or Medium-Term Bed Rest

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua T. Royal ◽  
Ola Eiken ◽  
Michail E. Keramidas ◽  
Adam C. McDonnell ◽  
Igor B. Mekjavic
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Hematological Changes

Hematological changes are commonly observed following prolonged exposure to hypoxia and bed rest. Typically, such responses have been reported as means and standard deviations, however, investigation into the responses of individuals is insufficient. Therefore, the present study retrospectively assessed individual variation in the hematological responses to severe inactivity (bed rest) and hypoxia. The data were derived from three-bed rest projects: two 10-d (LunHab project: 8 males; FemHab project: 12 females), and one 21-d (PlanHab project: 11 males). Each project comprised a normoxic bed rest (NBR; PIO2=133mmHg) and hypoxic bed rest (HBR; PIO2=91mmHg) intervention, where the subjects were confined in the Planica facility (Rateče, Slovenia). During the HBR intervention, subjects were exposed to normobaric hypoxia equivalent to an altitude of 4,000m. NBR and HBR interventions were conducted in a random order and separated by a washout period. Blood was drawn prior to (Pre), during, and post bed rest (R1, R2, R4) to analyze the individual variation in the responses of red blood cells (RBC), erythropoietin (EPO), and reticulocytes (Rct) to bed rest and hypoxia. No significant differences were found in the mean ∆(Pre-Post) values of EPO across projects (LunHab, FemHab, and PlanHab; p>0.05), however, female EPO responses to NBR (Range - 17.39, IQR – 12.97 mIU.ml−1) and HBR (Range – 49.00, IQR – 10.91 mIU.ml−1) were larger than males (LunHab NBR Range – 4.60, IQR – 2.03; HBR Range – 7.10, IQR – 2.78; PlanHab NBR Range – 7.23, IQR – 1.37; HBR Range – 9.72, IQR – 4.91 mIU.ml−1). Bed rest duration had no impact on the heterogeneity of EPO, Rct, and RBC responses (10-d v 21-d). The resultant hematological changes that occur during NBR and HBR are not proportional to the acute EPO response. The following cascade of hematological responses to NBR and HBR suggests that the source of variability in the present data is due to mechanisms related to hypoxia as opposed to inactivity alone. Studies investigating hematological changes should structure their study design to explore these mechanistic responses and elucidate the discord between the EPO response and hematological cascade to fully assess heterogeneity.

scholarly journals The individual empowerment program improves glycemic and lipid controls in admitted type 2 DM patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
Ampornpan Theeranut ◽  
Nonglak Methakanjanasak ◽  
Pattama Surit ◽  
Wasana Ruaisungnoen ◽  
Kittisak Sawanyawisuth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Inpatient Setting ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Diabetes Patients ◽  
Empowerment Program

Aim. To evaluate the short-term effects of the empowerment program on glycemic and lipid profiles in an inpatient setting for DM type 2 patients. Materials and methods. This was a quasi-experimental study conducted between October 2013 and June 2015. We enrolled diabetes patients admitted to the hospital, age over 35 years, and HbA1c 7%. During the admission, the intervention group received the empowerment course three times prior to discharge, the control group received standard diabetes and nursing care. All patients body weight, HbA1c, HDL-c, and LDL levels were evaluated at three and six months after discharge. All outcomes were compared between the control and intervention group. Results. A total of 57 diabetes patients participated in the study, with 27 in the intervention group and 30 in the control group. The intervention group had significantly higher HbA1c levels than the control group (10.3% vs 8.0%; p value 0.001). After discharge, the mean HbA1c and LDL-c levels of the intervention group were significantly lower than those of the control group at three and six months, while the mean HDL-c level of the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the control group at six months (1.54 vs 1.29 mmol/L; p value 0.001). The average body mass index of the intervention group was also significantly lower than that of the control group at six months (22.74 vs 25.54 kg/m2; p value = 0.016). Conclusion. The individual empowerment program improved short-term glycemic and lipid outcomes in admitted diabetes mellitus patients.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular and hematologic effects produced by chronic treatment with etoricoxib in normotensive rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilo César do Vale Baracho ◽  
Guilherme Pedrosa Guizelli ◽  
Beatriz Leone Carmello ◽  
Danielle de Souza Sanches ◽  
Felipe Moraes Costa Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Chronic Treatment ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hematological Effects ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hematological Changes

PURPOSE: Evaluate the cardiovascular and hematological effects produced by chronic treatment with two dosis of etoricoxib in Wistar normotensive rats. METHODS: Thirty rats have been used and divided into one control group and two etoricoxib (10mg/kg and 30mg/kg) treatments groups for 60 days. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was taken during the whole experimental period and at the end of this period, under anesthesia blood samples were taken, and further the withdrawn of the aorta, heart, brain, liver, and kidneys for the anatomopathologic study. RESULTS: The treatment with etoricoxib (30mg/Kg) produced a significant increase of the MAP from the 28th day of the experiment and from the platelets when compared to the control group and to the group treated with 10mg/Kg, besides producing a highly significant difference in hematocrit and in the red blood cells in relation to the control group. On the other hand the treatment with etoricoxib has not caused histopathological changes when compared to the control. CONCLUSION: These data show that the chronic treatment with etoricoxib leads to increase of the MAP, and to important hematological changes which seem to be associated to the hemoconcentration although not producing anatomopathological significant changes.

scholarly journals On the Rollout of Network Slicing in Carrier Networks: A Technology Radar

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 8094
Author(s):  
Jose Ordonez-Lucena ◽  
Pablo Ameigeiras ◽  
Luis M. Contreras ◽  
Jesús Folgueira ◽  
Diego R. López
Keyword(s):  
Medium Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Network Slicing ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Realistic Option ◽  
Commercial Networks ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Market Strategies ◽  
Integrate Network ◽  
Roll Out

Network slicing is a powerful paradigm for network operators to support use cases with widely diverse requirements atop a common infrastructure. As 5G standards are completed, and commercial solutions mature, operators need to start thinking about how to integrate network slicing capabilities in their assets, so that customer-facing solutions can be made available in their portfolio. This integration is, however, not an easy task, due to the heterogeneity of assets that typically exist in carrier networks. In this regard, 5G commercial networks may consist of a number of domains, each with a different technological pace, and built out of products from multiple vendors, including legacy network devices and functions. These multi-technology, multi-vendor and brownfield features constitute a challenge for the operator, which is required to deploy and operate slices across all these domains in order to satisfy the end-to-end nature of the services hosted by these slices. In this context, the only realistic option for operators is to introduce slicing capabilities progressively, following a phased approach in their roll-out. The purpose of this paper is to precisely help designing this kind of plan, by means of a technology radar. The radar identifies a set of solutions enabling network slicing on the individual domains, and classifies these solutions into four rings, each corresponding to a different timeline: (i) as-is ring, covering today’s slicing solutions; (ii) deploy ring, corresponding to solutions available in the short term; (iii) test ring, considering medium-term solutions; and (iv) explore ring, with solutions expected in the long run. This classification is done based on the technical availability of the solutions, together with the foreseen market demands. The value of this radar lies in its ability to provide a complete view of the slicing landscape with one single snapshot, by linking solutions to information that operators may use for decision making in their individual go-to-market strategies.

Entry rate and metabolism of leukotriene C4 into vascular compartment in healthy subjects

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (1) ◽  
pp. H244-H249
Author(s):  
J. Maclouf ◽  
C. Antoine ◽  
R. De Caterina ◽  
R. Sicari ◽  
R. C. Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Order ◽  
Urinary Metabolites ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Beta Oxidation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Cysteinyl Leukotriene ◽  
Major Urinary Metabolite ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Vascular Compartment

We measured the excretion of a major urinary metabolite of leukotriene (LT) C4, i.e., LTE4, during the infusion of exogenous LTC4 to enable estimation of the rate of entry of endogenous LTC4 into the bloodstream. Four healthy volunteers received 2-h intravenous infusions of vehicle alone and LTC4 at 0.063, 0.32, 1.6, and 2.9 pmol.kg-1.min-1 in random order. Urinary LTE4 was measured before, during, and up to 24 h after the infusions. The fractional elimination of LTE4 was independent of the rate of LTC4 infusion and averaged 4.3 +/- 0.9%. Calculation of the mean rate of entry of LTC4 into the circulation was found to be 0.06 pmol.kg-1.min-1. In addition, we characterized further metabolism of [14C]LTC4. The two major urinary metabolites were the omega- and beta-oxidation products (16-COOH-LTE4 and 14-COOH-LTE3), which accounted for 6-8% of the total infused amount of [14C]LTC4. We conclude that 1) LTC4 is produced at a low rate under physiological circumstances and is rapidly converted in the vasculature to LTE4, 2) changes in the urinary excretion of the latter may reliably reflect short-term changes in the rate of secretion of LTC4, and 3) measurement of the omega- and beta-oxidation products may reflect chronic changes in cysteinyl leukotriene biosynthesis.

scholarly journals Frequency of eruptions at New Zealand volcanoes

1985 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Latter
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Annual Basis ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wide Perspective ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Property Losses ◽  
The Times

This paper reviews the nature and history of activity and the extent of risk at 14 volcanoes and volcanic centres in New Zealand and the Kermadec Islands. Mean intervals between eruptions are calculated, or estimated by extrapolation, for eight classes of eruption, represented by order of magnitude volume increases from 104m3 to 1011m3 (100 km3) Expected property losses in eruptions, divided by the approximate mean intervals, allow risk to be apportioned on an annual basis. In real terms the rhyolite volcanoes, between Kawerau/Lake Rotorua and the southern end of Lake Taupo, are easily the most destructive. Annually apportioned, however, the risk is highest for an eruption of about 107m3 at Mt Egmont. Cumulative volumes erupted with time are estimated for most of the volcanoes and, where possible, average rates of magma accumulation and subsequent eruption have been estimated. This enables any shortfall between the actual volumes erupted, and the expected volumes, to be estimated, thus giving a measure of eruption potential at the present time. This varies for different volcanoes, from about 0.04 km3 up to several hundred cubic kilometres. The time elapsed since the last eruption, divided by the mean frequency for that class of eruption, gives an idea of the likelihood of further activity, although the usefulness of the results is limited by large standard deviations. In the short term, less than 100 years, an eruption of 107m3 at Mt Egmont again emerges as the most likely damaging event. In the medium term, of the order of a few hundred years, an eruption of c.1 km3 in the Okataina-Rotorua area, or in the district between Lake Taupo and Rotorua, becomes probable. The data on which the conclusions are based, together with the mean intervals accepted, and the times elapsed since the last eruptions, are given in Appendices, so that the nature of the facts, and hence a wide perspective on volcanic activity in New Zealand, can be the better appreciated. The picture is one of volcanoes dormant for long periods of time, with great destructive potential, any of which could awaken at any time.

Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Response to Short-Term Head-Down Bed Rest: A Nonlinear Approach

2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (02) ◽  
pp. 157-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Balocchi ◽  
A. Di Garbo ◽  
C. Michelassi ◽  
S. Chillemi ◽  
M. Varanini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Orthostatic Intolerance ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Microgravity Environment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Recurrence Quantification

Abstract:Although it is well-known that prolonged exposure to microgravity environment such as in space travel results in derangements of orthostasis, recent evidence suggests that even short-term exposure may have similar effects and parallels such common examples as prolonged bed rest. Whereas spectral analysis of heart rate and systolic blood pressure have been unable to detect changes, we hypothesized that nonlinear indexes may be better able to uncover such perturbations. Eighteen healthy subjects were exposed to 4-hour head-down tilt, and of these, 4 exhibited fainting. Two nonlinear indexes, mutual information and recurrence quantification were used to analyze the data. Only recurrence quantification was able to detect a “decoupling” of heart rate and systolic blood pressure at rest using discriminant analysis (p < 0.05). These results suggest that orthostatic intolerance may be due to a decoupling of heart rate from systolic blood pressure reflexive activity occurring at rest.

Consequences of variation in feeding behaviour for the probability of animals starting a meal as estimated from pooled data

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Yeates ◽  
B. J. Tolkamp ◽  
I. Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Food Intake Regulation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Intake Regulation

AbstractBetter understanding of how animals regulate their intake may be gained by analysis of feeding behaviour. This is often recorded in terms of feeding events, e.g. visits to feeders, which can be clustered into meals. This enables calculation of the probability of animals starting a meal in relation to time since the last meal, which is thought to give insight into food intake regulation. Starting probabilities are often calculated with pooled data but recent work suggests that pooling may strongly affect conclusions.In this study we analysed feeding behaviour of cows to investigate how previous conclusions about feeding behaviour may have been affected by pooling. Using parameters derived from experimental data, we constructed simulation models to further explore under what circumstances pooling, either across day and night or across individuals, could affect the interpretation of starting probabilities. Data were simulated to explore the consequences of pooling as either the proportion of meals occurring during the day or the individual variation in their mean number of meals per 24 h changed. Simulation allowed us to extend the analysis of the consequences of pooling for the interpretation of starting probabilities.Analysis of experimental data, collected with 16 dairy cows, showed that they ate a mean of six meals per 24 h. Individual variation resulted in a proportional CV of the individual mean number of meals per 24 h of 0·14. Cows ate a mean proportion of 0·59 of their meals during the day. Analysis of experimental data suggested that pooling, conducted in previous studies, has probably led to a quantitative underestimation of the increase in starting probability with time since the last meal but not a qualitative misinterpretation of the direction of change in the starting probability.Simulation studies showed that pooling had no serious consequences when the mean number of meals per 24 h, or the variation about this mean, was low. However, as the number of meals per 24 h and variation increased, pooling led to conclusions that may wholly misrepresent both magnitude and direction of the change in starting probabilities calculated separately for the individuals or for day and night. This may explain why the results of some published studies seem not to agree with biological principles of food intake regulation.

scholarly journals Annual and hybrid ryegrass cultivars in New Zealand

1997 ◽  
pp. 239-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syd Easton ◽  
David Baird ◽  
Gordon Baxter ◽  
Nick Cameron ◽  
Robyn Hainsworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Patterns Of Interaction ◽  
Better Than

Results are presented for 16 National Forage Variety Trials of annual and short-term hybrid ryegrass cultivars conducted in Waikato, Taranaki, Manawatu, Canterbury and Southland. In all, 30 cultivars (17 named, 13 experimental) were included. Cultivar effects were significant in all seasons, and for the annual totals. Cultivar differences were greatest in summer. Spring production accounted for over 40% of annual totals and summer production less than 20%, but it was summer production that was more closely correlated with the individual cultivar annual total. Over all trials and cultivars, regrowth in the second autumn accounted for 11% of the total for 12 months beginning in the winter following sowing. Comparing North Island sites with Canterbury sites, there was some indication of cultivar × region interaction, particularly in summer. Patterns of interaction of cultivars with trials were examined, and indicated that some cultivars can be grouped as having similar responses. Repeated trials at the same site were sometimes but not always consistent in ranking cultivars. The results indicate that some cultivars do perform consistently better than others, for particular seasons or for annual totals, so that the trials are a reliable indicator of which new experimental cultivars should be released to the market. The results also indicate that several trials are necessary to determine the merit of a wellperforming cultivar. The error associated with the mean of cultivars present in only one or two trials is high (standard deviation approaching 20% of the mean in some seasons). This may, however, be sufficient to eliminate poorer experimental lines from further consideration. Keywords: Italian ryegrass, hybrid ryegrass, cultivars, Lolium × boucheanum, Lolium multiflorum, pasture agronomy

Maximum calorie (sub-threshold) dieting of the obese and its hormonal response

1983 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Wilkin ◽  
R. C. Choquet ◽  
Y. Schmouker ◽  
N. Rouquette ◽  
L. Baldet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Low Calorie Diet ◽  
Calorie Diet ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. Severe calorie restriction for treating the obese reduces serum triiodothyronine (T3) and energy expenditure, and may be counterproductive. In order to avoid severe calorie deficiency, we measured the individual minimum energy requirements (threshold, T) in 17 obese females and fed each on a sub-threshold diet, comprising the maximum number of calories commensurate with weight loss (T-200 cals). Mean T-200 was 1318 ± 96 cals, but the mean weight loss after 16 weeks on a sub-threshold diet (STD) was identical (17 kg) to that obtained by 22 age-matched female controls on a classical diet of 659 ± 59 cals, exactly half the intake. Weight loss on the classical diet was initially rapid but decelerated sharply after 8 weeks, while on the sub-threshold diet the rate of loss remained constant throughout. In a second study, thyroid hormone measurements were performed three times weekly in 27 obese females during the 4 week period required to establish T. The mean weight loss was 4.02 ± 0.3 kg, but T3 levels varied minimally and very transiently. STD produces short-term results similar to those obtained by severe calorie deprivation, but is more acceptable to the patient. It appears not to provoke the fat-saving reflexes provoked by the classical, low-calorie diet.

High tolerance of progressive elastic compression in peripheral arterial disease

VASA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 413-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Couzan ◽  
Jean-François Pouget ◽  
Claire Le Hello ◽  
Céline Chapelle ◽  
Silvy Laporte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venous Insufficiency ◽  
Ankle Brachial Index ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Return Flow ◽  
High Tolerance ◽  
Compression Stockings ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Poor Tolerance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Peripheral Arterial

Summary. Background: Theoretically progressive compression stockings, which produce a higher compression at the calf than at the ankle level, improve venous return flow without exacerbating peripheral arterial insufficiency (PAD). We aimed to evaluate the short-term tolerance of elastic progressive compression stockings on peripheral arterial vascularisation in patients with symptomatic PAD and associated mild venous insufficiency. Patients and methods: Monocentric, prospective, open pilot study of 18 patients (acceptability study, 6 x 6 plan) evaluating the short-term tolerance of progressive compression stockings (18 ± 2 mmHg at calf and 8 ± 2 mmHg at ankle level) in patients with PAD (ankle brachial index ABI > 0.60 < 0.75) and chronic venous insufficiency (C1s–C4 stages of the CEAP classification). Day 15 tolerance was evaluated by a composite primary criteria comprising: no decrease > 15 % of ABI on each side, no decrease > 15 % of toe brachial index (TBI) on each side and no decrease > 25 % of the number of active plantar flexions performed while standing. Results: The proportion of men was 77.8 %, mean age was 77.3 ± 7.5 years and no patient were diabetic. At inclusion, the mean low ABI was 0.60 ± 0.04 and the mean high ABI was 0.77 ± 0.18. The mean low TBI was 0.32 ± 0.09 and the mean high TBI 0.46 ± 0.15. The mean number of active standing plantar flexions was 33.0 ± 5.0. The majority of the patients were classified in CEAP C2s and C3 classes (class 2: 16.7 %, class C2s: 27.8 %, class C3: 44.4 %, class C4: 5.6 % and class C4s: 5.6 %). Poor tolerance occurred in no patient. By day 30, no patient had worsening of their arterial and venous symptoms. No adverse events occurred during the study. Conclusions: These results suggest a high tolerance of progressive elastic stockings (18 ± 2 mmHg at calf and 8 ± 2 mmHg at ankle level) in symptomatic PAD.

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