Mycorrhizal Stimulation of Leaf Gas Exchange in Relation to Root Colonization, Shoot Size, Leaf Phosphorus and Nitrogen: A Quantitative Analysis of the Literature Using Meta-Regression

ABSTRACT: This study o evaluated growth, leaf gas exchange and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi root colonization in three medicinal plant species under different irradiance intensities. Fridericia chica (Bonpl.) L.G.Lohmann, Mikania laevigata Sch.Bip. ex Baker and Varronia curassavica Jacq. were propagated by cutting and cultivated for 120 days in artificially shaded environments using black shade-type screens, obtaining four irradiance levels: 100%, 70%, 50% and 30%. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme (three plant species and four irradiation levels) with seven replicates. The three medicinal species showed higher liquid assimilation, mass growth and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi root colonization rates when exposed to environments with 70% light availability. In relation to physiological responses, V. curassavica presented higher photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration when submitted to 70% irradiance, being able to be cultivated in more open environments with higher irradiation levels. Conversely F. chica and M. laevigata presented shade tolerance characteristics. At the initial growth phase, the results obtained can be used as indicators to recommend the ideal cultivation environment for these species in agroforestry systems.

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Biomass allocation, leaf gas exchange and nutrient uptake of hazelnut seedlings in response to Trichoderma harzianum and Glomus intraradices inoculation

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/99/2016-jfs ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 63 (No. 5) ◽

pp. 219-226 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rostamikia Younes ◽

Kouchaksaraei Masoud Tabari ◽

Asgharzadeh Ahmad ◽

Rahmani Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Nutrient Uptake ◽

Biomass Allocation ◽

Trichoderma Harzianum ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Glomus Intraradices ◽

Root Colonization ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Physiological Characteristics

Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic symbioses with the roots of 80% of plants which increase growth and nutrient uptake for the host plants. This research was conducted to determine the effect of individual Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith and Trichoderma harzianum Rifai species on the root colonization, biomass allocation, physiological characteristics and nutrient uptake of hazelnut (Corylus avellana Linnaeus) seedlings in the nursery. The results showed that both G. intraradices and T. harzianum improved biomass, physiological characteristics and nutrient uptake of hazelnut seedlings as well as simultaneous root colonization. However, the growth rate for G. intraradices treatment was significantly higher than that for T. harzianum treatment. The highest leaf dry mass (2.66 g), root dry mass (3.39 g), root volume (11.31 cm<sup>3</sup>), total plant dry weight (11.20 g) were detected in seedlings inoculated with G. intraradices. Inoculation with G. intraradices and T. harzianum increased net photosynthesis (64 and 26%), stomatal conductance (66.1 and 31.4%) and water use efficiency (50 and 22%). Both G. intraradices and T. harzianum showed increased nutrient accumulation. The G. intraradices treatment resulted in the most efficient nutrient absorption with increases of 58.4% (N), 85.2% (P) and 83.2% (K) in plants. It can be deduced that although G. intraradices in comparison with T. harzianum more favourably affected the growth and leaf gas exchange as well as nutrient uptake of hazelnut seedlings, it can be suggested that the inoculation of hazelnut roots with both arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is a proper measure to produce the healthy and strong seedlings of this species in the nursery.

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Effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment and root restriction on leaf gas exchange and growth of banana (Musa)

Physiologia Plantarum ◽

10.1034/j.1399-3054.1996.970408.x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 97 (4) ◽

pp. 685-693

Author(s):

B. Schaffer ◽

C. Searle ◽

A. W. Whiley ◽

R. J. Nissen

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Co2 Enrichment ◽

Atmospheric Co2 ◽

Root Restriction

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Influence of Selected Endomycorrhizae from the Sonoran Desert and Glomus intraradices on Growth Response and Gas Exchange of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. cv. Leprechaun

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.501d ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 501d-501

Author(s):

Jonathan N. Egilla ◽

Fred T. Davies

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Sonoran Desert ◽

Growth Response ◽

Glomus Intraradices ◽

Root Colonization ◽

Gas Exchange Parameters ◽

Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis ◽

Low Phosphorus ◽

The Relationship ◽

Exchange Parameters

Six endomycorrhiza isolates from the Sonoran Desert of Mexico [Desert-14(18)1, 15(9)1, 15(15)1, Palo Fierro, Sonoran, and G. geosporum] were evaluated with a pure isolate of Glomus intraradices for their effect on the growth and gas exchange of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. cv. Leprechaun under low phosphorus fertility (11 mg P/L). Rooted cuttings of Hibiscus plants were inoculated with the seven mycorrhiza isolates and grown for 122 days. Gas exchange measurements were made on days 26, 88, and 122 after inoculation, and plants were harvested on day 123 for growth analysis. Plants inoculated with the seven isolates had 70% to 80% root colonization at harvest. Plants inoculated with G. intraradices had significantly higher leaf, shoot and root dry matter (DM), leaf DM/area (P ≤ 0.05) than those inoculated with any of the six isolates, and greater leaf area (LA) than Desert-15(9)1 and 15(15)1. Uninoculated plants had significantly lower leaf, shoot, root DM, leaf DM/area and LA (P ≤ 0.05) than the inoculated plants. There were no differences among the seven isolates in any of the gas exchange parameters measured [photosynthesis (A) stomatal conductance (gs), the ratio of intercellular to external CO2 (ci/ca), A to transpiration (E) ratio (A/E)]. The relationship between inoculated and uninoculated plants in these gas exchange parameters were variable on day 122 after inoculation.

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The Effects of Drought on Leaf Gas Exchange and Growth of Three Species of Herbaceous Perennials

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.540a ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 540a-540

Author(s):

K.J. Prevete ◽

R.T. Fernandez

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Drought Tolerance ◽

Transpiration Rate ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Gas Analysis ◽

Herbaceous Perennials ◽

Effects Of Drought ◽

Analysis System

Three species of herbaceous perennials were tested on their ability to withstand and recover from drought stress periods of 2, 4, and 6 days. Eupatorium rugosum and Boltonia asteroides `Snowbank' were chosen because of their reported drought intolerance, while Rudbeckia triloba was chosen based on its reported drought tolerance. Drought stress began on 19 Sept. 1997. Plants were transplanted into the field the day following the end of each stress period. The effects of drought on transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and net photosynthetic rate were measured during the stress and throughout recovery using an infrared gas analysis system. Leaf gas exchange measurements were taken through recovery until there were no differences between the stressed plants and the control plants. Transpiration, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis of Rudbeckia and Boltonia were not affected until 4 days after the start of stress. Transpiration of Eupatorium decreased after 3 days of stress. After rewatering, leaf gas exchange of Boltonia and Rudbeckia returned to non-stressed levels quicker than Eupatorium. Growth measurements were taken every other day during stress, and then weekly following transplanting. Measurements were taken until a killing frost that occurred on 3 Nov. There were no differences in the growth between the stressed and non-stressed plants in any of the species. Plants will be monitored throughout the winter, spring, and summer to determine the effects of drought on overwintering capability and regrowth.

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Grapevine species from varied native habitats exhibit differences in embolism formation/repair associated with leaf gas exchange and root pressure

Plant Cell & Environment ◽

10.1111/pce.12497 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 38 (8) ◽

pp. 1503-1513 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

THORSTEN KNIPFER ◽

ASHLEY EUSTIS ◽

CRAIG BRODERSEN ◽

ANDREW M. WALKER ◽

ANDREW J. MCELRONE

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Root Pressure ◽

Native Habitats

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An improved theory for calculating leaf gas exchange more precisely accounting for small fluxes

Nature Plants ◽

10.1038/s41477-021-00861-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Diego A. Márquez ◽

Hilary Stuart-Williams ◽

Graham D. Farquhar

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange

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Long-term liming improves soil fertility and soybean root growth, reflecting improvements in leaf gas exchange and grain yield

European Journal of Agronomy ◽

10.1016/j.eja.2021.126308 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 128 ◽

pp. 126308

Author(s):

João William Bossolani ◽

Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol ◽

José Roberto Portugal ◽

Luiz Gustavo Moretti ◽

Ariani Garcia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Root Growth ◽

Soil Fertility ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Soybean Root

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Shading Effects on Leaf Gas Exchange, Leaf Pigments and Secondary Metabolites of Polygonum minus Huds., an Aromatic Medicinal Herb

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10030608 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 608

Author(s):

Fairuz Fatini Mohd Yusof ◽

Jamilah Syafawati Yaacob ◽

Normaniza Osman ◽

Mohd Hafiz Ibrahim ◽

Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Chlorophyll A ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Photosynthesis Rate ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Chlorophyll B ◽

Low Light ◽

Total Anthocyanin ◽

Polygonum Minus

The growing demand for high value aromatic herb Polygonum minus-based products have increased in recent years, for its antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory potentials. Although few reports have indicated the chemical profiles and antioxidative effects of Polygonum minus, no study has been conducted to assess the benefits of micro-environmental manipulation (different shading levels) on the growth, leaf gas exchange and secondary metabolites in Polygonum minus. Therefore, two shading levels (50%:T2 and 70%:T3) and one absolute control (0%:T1) were studied under eight weeks and 16 weeks of exposures on Polygonum minus after two weeks. It was found that P. minus under T2 obtained the highest photosynthesis rate (14.892 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1), followed by T3 = T1. The increase in photosynthesis rate was contributed by the enhancement of the leaf pigments content (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b). This was shown by the positive significant correlations observed between photosynthesis rate with chlorophyll a (r2 = 0.536; p ≤ 0.05) and chlorophyll b (r2 = 0.540; p ≤ 0.05). As the shading levels and time interval increased, the production of total anthocyanin content (TAC) and antioxidant properties of Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) also increased. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were also significantly enhanced under T2 and T3. The current study suggested that P.minus induce the production of more leaf pigments and secondary metabolites as their special adaptation mechanism under low light condition. Although the biomass was affected under low light, the purpose of conducting the study to boost the bioactive properties in Polygonum minus has been fulfilled by 50% shading under 16 weeks’ exposure.

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Ethylene enhances root water transport and aquaporin expression in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) exposed to root hypoxia

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-021-02995-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xiangfeng Tan ◽

Mengmeng Liu ◽

Ning Du ◽

Janusz J. Zwiazek

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Water Transport ◽

Populus Tremuloides ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Hydraulic Conductance ◽

Root Hydraulic Conductance ◽

Trembling Aspen ◽

Expression Levels ◽

Root Hypoxia ◽

Exogenous Ethylene

Abstract Background Root hypoxia has detrimental effects on physiological processes and growth in most plants. The effects of hypoxia can be partly alleviated by ethylene. However, the tolerance mechanisms contributing to the ethylene-mediated hypoxia tolerance in plants remain poorly understood. Results In this study, we examined the effects of root hypoxia and exogenous ethylene treatments on leaf gas exchange, root hydraulic conductance, and the expression levels of several aquaporins of the plasma membrane intrinsic protein group (PIP) in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings. Ethylene enhanced net photosynthetic rates, transpiration rates, and root hydraulic conductance in hypoxic plants. Of the two subgroups of PIPs (PIP1 and PIP2), the protein abundance of PIP2s and the transcript abundance of PIP2;4 and PIP2;5 were higher in ethylene-treated trembling aspen roots compared with non-treated roots under hypoxia. The increases in the expression levels of these aquaporins could potentially facilitate root water transport. The enhanced root water transport by ethylene was likely responsible for the increase in leaf gas exchange of the hypoxic plants. Conclusions Exogenous ethylene enhanced root water transport and the expression levels of PIP2;4 and PIP2;5 in hypoxic roots of trembling aspen. The results suggest that ethylene facilitates the aquaporin-mediated water transport in plants exposed to root hypoxia.

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