THE EFFECTIVENESS OF KESUM LEAVES (polygonum minus) IN REDUCING OF FREE FATTY ACIDS IN USED COOKING OIL

This study aims to determine the effect of adding kesum leaves (polygonum minus) to used cooking oil on reducing levels of free fatty acids. This type of research is quasi experimental. The population in this study is used cooking oil and the sample used is used cooking oil that has been added with the leaves of kesum with 5 treatments and replicated 5 times so that the total sample is 25.From the results, it was found that the average reduction in free fatty acid levels in used cooking oil before adding the leaves of kesum was 7,12%, which had added kesum leaves as much as 20 grams of 6.93%, 40 grams of 5.36%, 60 gr at 3.93%, 80 gr at 3.26% and 100 gr at 1.62%. The results of the analysis using linear regression test, it is known that the addition of 20 grams and 40 grams of p-value is 0.026 and 0.021 (p <0.05), respectively, so Ha is accepted, that is, there is a relationship between the effectiveness of leaves of kesum (polygonum minus) in reducing levels of fatty acid numbers. free of used cooking oil, namely the addition of 20 and 40 grams. Whereas in the addition of 60, 80 and 100 grams of kesum leaves there was no relationship that was shown with a p value> 0.05.

Shading Effects on Leaf Gas Exchange, Leaf Pigments and Secondary Metabolites of Polygonum minus Huds., an Aromatic Medicinal Herb

The growing demand for high value aromatic herb Polygonum minus-based products have increased in recent years, for its antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory potentials. Although few reports have indicated the chemical profiles and antioxidative effects of Polygonum minus, no study has been conducted to assess the benefits of micro-environmental manipulation (different shading levels) on the growth, leaf gas exchange and secondary metabolites in Polygonum minus. Therefore, two shading levels (50%:T2 and 70%:T3) and one absolute control (0%:T1) were studied under eight weeks and 16 weeks of exposures on Polygonum minus after two weeks. It was found that P. minus under T2 obtained the highest photosynthesis rate (14.892 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1), followed by T3 = T1. The increase in photosynthesis rate was contributed by the enhancement of the leaf pigments content (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b). This was shown by the positive significant correlations observed between photosynthesis rate with chlorophyll a (r2 = 0.536; p ≤ 0.05) and chlorophyll b (r2 = 0.540; p ≤ 0.05). As the shading levels and time interval increased, the production of total anthocyanin content (TAC) and antioxidant properties of Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) also increased. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were also significantly enhanced under T2 and T3. The current study suggested that P.minus induce the production of more leaf pigments and secondary metabolites as their special adaptation mechanism under low light condition. Although the biomass was affected under low light, the purpose of conducting the study to boost the bioactive properties in Polygonum minus has been fulfilled by 50% shading under 16 weeks’ exposure.

Novelties in Persicaria (Polygonaceae): description of a narrowly endemic new species from southern Brazil, and typification of the name Polygonum minus

A new species of Persicaria, P. humboldtiana, endemic to a narrow area of waterfalls in Corupá, southern Brazil, is described in the present paper. The locus classicus of the new species is well-known for plant endemisms. A complete morphological description, original pictures, a distribution map, and a morphological comparison with the similar Eurasian species P. minor (≡ Polygonum minus) are given. The name Polygonum minus is lecto- and epitypified on, respectively, a Morison’s illustration and a specimen preserved at BM.

Antibacterial Mouthwash of Kesum Leaf (Polygonum Minus Huds) Essential Oil on Streptococcus Mutans and Sanguinis

Polygonum Minus Huds methanol extract from several previous studies has antibacterial properties in bacteria in the mouth such as Streptococcus Mutans, Staphylococcus Aureus, Salmonella Typhi, Escherichia Coli, etc. The cause of gingivitis is Streptococcus Sanguinis and anaerobic bacteria in the subgingival, which is porphyromonas gingivalis. Polygonum Minus Huds has the potential to be an antibacterial mouthwash for bacteria that causes caries and gingivitis. This research aims to make a mouthwash based on the essential oil of Polygonum Minus Huds and determine its antibacterial properties in mouthwashes of 0.025% and 0.05% concentrations to find antibacterial activity on Streptococcus Mutans and Sanguinis. The research was conducted in June 2019 at the Chemistry Laboratory of Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, the University of Tanjungpura in Pontianak Lab and Health Polytechnique Pontianak Integrated Lab. Design Quasi-experimental research used post-test only control group design, mouthwash formulation with essential oil concentrations of 0.025% and 0.05%, positive control using non-alcoholic mouthwash, and negative control (Aquades). Statistical analysis was performed univariately. The results showed that the best mouthwash was 2.5 ml of Tween 80 and 2.5 ml of glycerin. The results showed the essential oil gargle of Kesum leaves (Polygonum Minus Huds) at concentrations of 0.05%, and 0.02%, which is the bacteria of Streptococcus Mutans and Streptococcus Sanguinis were not able to inhibit the growth of the two bacteria. Increasing the amount of concentration or making mouthwash in other forms is expected to increase its antibacterial effect.

Different Polarity Extracts of Polygonum minus towards Cytotoxic Activities against Colon Cancer Cell Lines (HT-29, HCT-116, CT-26)

Aims: To investigate the cytotoxic properties of different polarity solvents of Polygonum minus extracts towards colon cancer cell lines, HT-29, HCT-116 and CT-26. Study Design: Experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Central Laboratory, Tissue Culture Laboratory, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu between September 2019 until December 2019. Methodology: The different polarity solvents of P. minus extracts had been led to tetrazolium salt reduction (MTT) assay and an inhibition concentration of 50 (IC50) value for their cytotoxic potential against colon cancer cells. Then, cell morphology observation and fluorescence double staining of treatment cells were determined using a light inverted microscope and acridine orange/propidium iodide staining. Results: The results indicated that an extraction yields aligned from 0.01% for acetone and ethyl acetate to 0.45% for aqueous solution with decreasing order of aqueous solution > 70% aqueous ethanol > 50% aqueous ethanol > methanol > ethanol > acetone and ethyl acetate. Meanwhile, the ethyl acetate extract showed a higher cytotoxic effect at IC50 values of 7.00 ± 0.06 µg/mL and 7.00 ± 0.30 µg/mL towards the HCT-116 and CT-26 cells; and 50% aqueous ethanol towards HT-29 cells (24.00 ± 0.01 µg/mL). The different solvent extracts of P. minus induced cytotoxic effects on the treated cell lines by altering their normal cell morphology and cell membrane integrity (except for acetone extract). Conclusion: Therefore, the use of different polarity solvent extracts of P. minus as an anti-cancer agent is promising more on ethyl acetate and warrants further investigation.

EFFECT OF Polygonum minus (KESUM) LEAVES ETHANOLIC EXTRACT ON HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES ON THE WALL AORTA OF MICE (Mus musculus) INDUCED BY CADMIUM CHLORIDE ANTIOXIDANT

This study was conducted to investigate the protective effect Polygonum minus leaves extract on the histopathological changes on aorta wall of mice (Mus musculus) induced by cadmium chloride. Thirty male mice were divided into five groups and were administered via intragastric gavage with different treatments for 21 days. The treatment were Negative Control (CMC Na 0.5% solution + aquadest), Positive Control (CMC Na0.5% solution + 8 mg/kg bw of mercuric chloride), Treatment 1, 2, and 3 (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg bw of Polygonum minus leaves extract respectively + 8 mg/kg bw of cadmium chloride). The microscopec examine followed analyzed by One Way ANOVA continued with Duncan test for counting the amount of foam cell and the histopathological changes of wall aorta were examined by using Ifora Scoring method was analysed using Kruskal Wallis and continued with Mann-Whitney test. The result showed Polygonum minus leaves extract could protect wall aorta of mice from the damage effect of cadmium chloride. The best dose of Polygonum minus on this research was 400 mg/kg bw.