scholarly journals Phenolic Compound Induction in Plant-Microbe and Plant-Insect Interactions: A Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Wallis ◽  
Erin R.-A. Galarneau
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Insect Feeding ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Plant Hosts ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Meta Analyses

Plants rely on a variety of ways to protect themselves from being fed upon, including de novo production of specific compounds such as those termed as phenolics. Phenolics are often described as important in plant health and numerous studies have concluded they increase as a result of insect feeding, pathogen infection, or beneficial microorganism colonization. However, there are some studies reaching differing conclusions. Therefore, meta-analyses were conducted to observe whether common trends in phenolic induction in plants can be made when they become hosts to insects or microorganisms. Four hypotheses were tested. The first was that total phenolics increase as a generic response, and meta-analyses confirmed that this occurs when plants are infested with insects or colonized by bacterial or fungal microorganisms, but not for oomycetes. The second hypothesis was that phenolic induction is different when a beneficial microorganism colonizes a plant vs. when a plant is infected by a pathogen. Beneficial bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, and beneficial fungi produced increased phenolic levels in plant hosts, but fungal pathogens did not. The third hypothesis was that insect feeding method on plant hosts determines if phenolics are induced. Chewing induced phenolics but piercing-sucking and wood-boring did not. Lastly, we used meta-analyses to determine if annual or perennials rely on phenolic induction in different amounts, and even though annuals had significantly increased phenolic levels but perennials did not, it was observed that phenolic induction was not statistically different when plant type was considered. These results demonstrate that phenolic induction is a common response in plant hosts exposed to feeding or colonization, with specific exceptions such a pathogenic fungi and piercing-sucking insects.

scholarly journals Impact of donor and recipient Epstein-Barr Virus serostatus on outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michalina Kołodziejczak ◽  
◽  
Lidia Gil ◽  
Rafael de la Camara ◽  
Jan Styczyński
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Graft Versus Host Disease ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Graft Versus Host ◽  
Hematological Diseases ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractAllogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (allo-HCT) is a potentially curative therapeutic strategy that showed encouraging long-term outcomes in hematological diseases. A number of factors can influence post-transplant clinical outcomes. While Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) constitutes a trigger for development of various adverse conditions, no clinical study yet has been powered to assess the effect of EBV serostatus on the clinical outcomes in allo-HCT population. To systematically summarize and analyze the impact of donor and recipient EBV serostatus on transplant outcomes in allo-HCT recipients, meta-analyses were conducted. Selected endpoints were overall survival (OS), relapse-free survival (RFS), relapse incidence (RI), non-relapse mortality (NRM), acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), and de novo cGVHD. Three studies with 26,650 patients, transplanted for acute leukemias, lymphomas, chronic hematological malignancies, or non-malignant hematological diseases were included in the meta-analysis. In the whole population, with a total of 53,300 donors and recipients, the rate of EBV seropositivity was 85.1%, including 86.6% and 83.6% among transplant recipients and healthy donors, respectively. Donor EBV seropositivity increased the risk of cGVHD by 17%, de novo cGVHD by 14%, and aGHVD by 5%. Recipient EBV seropositivity increased the risk of cGVHD by 12%, de novo cGVHD by 17%; increased NRM by 11%, increased RI by 11%, decreased OS by 14%, and decreased RFS by 11%. In performed meta-analyses, donor and recipient EBV seropositivity was found to have a significant impact on transplant outcomes in patients after allo-HCT.

A Meta-analysis of the Efficacy of Hypochlorite as a Disinfestant against Fungal Pathogens in Agricultural and Horticultural Plant Production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren Copes ◽  
Peter Ojiambo
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Target Material ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Horticultural Plant ◽  
Meta Analyses

Hypochlorite is often used as a disinfestant of fungal pathogens in agricultural and horticultural settings. However, reports of its effectiveness are variable across studies. A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy of hypochlorite against fungal pathogens and explore factors that explain the heterogeneity. Standardized mean effect size was calculated for each of the 109 studies. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted on Hedges’ g to estimate the overall mean effect size g+ and determine the heterogeneity among studies. Hypochlorite resulted in a significant reduction in disease intensity or propagule viability indicating treatments were effective. However, 95% prediction intervals from -0.18 to 4.68 indicate hypochlorite could be ineffective against some populations. Random-effects analyses of categorical moderator values showed hypochlorite treatments were significantly more effective against disinfest spores in aqueous solution than on plastic, plant and wood. Similarly, hypochlorite was significantly more effective against Thielaviopsis spp. than Verticillium spp. Meta-regression indicated dose, contact time and their interaction on g+ were significant. Dose and time explained 0% and 16% of the variance in true effects, respectively. Continuous variable of dose or time, a categorical variable of target or genus and their interaction term explained 7% to 19% of the variance. These results show that although the current recommended dose and contact time for commercial bleach products are expected to result in effective disinfestation, the target material and genera of the fungal pathogen of interest will likely influence their efficacy.

Antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis for de novo brain tumour-related epilepsy after craniotomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of harm and benefits

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 599-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Mirian ◽  
Maria Møller Pedersen ◽  
Anne Sabers ◽  
Tiit Mathiesen
Keyword(s):  
Antiepileptic Drugs ◽  
Brain Tumour ◽  
Retrospective Studies ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Diagnostic Biopsy ◽  
Quantitative Synthesis ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Meta Analyses

ObjectivesTo investigate potential harm and benefits of antiepileptic drugs (AED) given prophylactically to prevent de novo brain tumour-related epilepsy after craniotomy.MethodsRandomised controlled trials (RCT) and retrospective studies published before 27 November 2018 were included. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were applied. Eligible patients were diagnosed with a brain tumour, were seizure naïve and underwent craniotomy. The random effects model was used for quantitative synthesis. The analysis was adjusted for the confounding effect of including patients with a history of seizure prior to study inclusion.ResultsA total of 454 patients received prophylactic AED whereas 333 were allocated to placebo or no treatment. Two RCTs and four retrospective studies were identified. The OR was 1.09 (95% CI 0.7 to 1.8, p=0.7, I2=5.6%, χ2 p=0.5), indicating study consistency and no significant differences. An additional two RCTs and one retrospective study combined craniotomy and diagnostic biopsy, and were subgroup analysed—which supported no difference in odds for epilepsy.ConclusionsA prophylactic effect of AED could not be demonstrated (nor rejected statistically). Levetiracetam was associated with less adverse effects than phenytoin. The potential harm of AED was not balanced by the potential prophylactic benefit. This study suggests that prophylactic AED should not be administered to prevent brain tumour-related epilepsy after craniotomy.

A Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors for the Formation of de novo Intracranial Aneurysms

Neurosurgery ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Si Hu ◽  
NianZu Yu ◽  
YiYun Li ◽  
Zheng Hao ◽  
Zheng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Cerebral Aneurysms ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
First Diagnosis

Abstract BACKGROUND Understanding the risk factors for the formation of de novo intracranial aneurysms (IAs) is important for patients who have ever suffered a cerebral aneurysm. OBJECTIVE To estimate the risk factors for the development of a de novo IA to identify which patients need more aggressive surveillance after aneurysm treatment. METHODS We followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines and searched the PubMed, CENTRAL, EMBASE, and LILACS databases using the key words cerebral aneurysms, de novo, IAs, risk factors combined using and/or. The search was performed in July 2017.We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using RevMan 5.3 (Cochrane, London, United Kingdom) to evaluate risk factors. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS The analysis included 14 studies involving 6389 patients, of whom 197 patients had de novo IAs. The main risk factors for formation included sex (OR = 1.82, 95% CI [1.30,2.56], P = .0005, female vs male), age <40 yr (OR = 2.96, 95% CI [1.76,4.96], P < .0001), family history (OR = 2.05, 95% CI [1.07,3.93], P = .03), smoking history (OR = 2.73, 95% CI [1.81,4.12], P < .0001), and multiple saccular intracranial aneurysms (sIAs) at first diagnosis (OR = 2.10, 95% CI [1.12,3.91], P = .02), internal carotid artery (ICA) as the initial site (OR = 2.58, 95% CI [1.43,4.68], P = .002). Heterogeneous analysis showed that these I2 were less than 50% and the results were reliable. CONCLUSION Observational evidence identified multiple clinical and anatomic risk factors for the formation of de novo IAs, including female sex, age <40 yr, family history, smoking history, multiple sIAs at first diagnosis, and IC as the initial site. More aggressive long-term angiographic follow-up with digital subtraction angiography, computed tomography angiography, or magnetic resonance angiography is recommended for these patients.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Non-Invasive and Invasive Respiratory Managements in Adult Patients with Acute Hypoxaemic Respiratory Failure: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaaki Sakuraya ◽  
Hiromu Okano ◽  
Tomoyuki Masuyama ◽  
Shunsuke Kimata ◽  
Satoshi Hokari
Keyword(s):  
Lower Risk ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Non Invasive Ventilation ◽  
Respiratory Management ◽  
Short Term Mortality ◽  
Ventilation Modes ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Background: Although non-invasive respiratory managements are preformed to avoid intubation, patients with de novo acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure (AHRF) are high risk for treatment failure. Choosing the most effective primary respiratory management for adults with de novo AHRF is a complex problem. In the previous meta-analyses, the effect of non-invasive ventilation was not sufficiently evaluated according to ventilation modes in patients with AHRF. Furthermore, no meta-analyses comparing non-invasive respiratory managements with invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) have been reported. We performed a network meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of non-invasive ventilation according to ventilation modes with high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO), standard oxygen therapy (SOT), and IMV in adult patients with AHRF.Methods: The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Ichushi databases were searched. Studies including adults with AHRF and randomised controlled trials comparing two different respiratory managements (continuous positive airway pressure [CPAP], pressure support ventilation [PSV], HFNO, SOT, or IMV) were reviewed. A network meta-analysis was performed via a frequentist approach with a multivariate random-effects meta-analysis. The certainty of evidence was assessed based on the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group approach. The primary outcome was short-term mortality.Results: Using SOT as the reference, CPAP (risk ratio [RR], 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31–0.95; very low certainty) was significantly associated with a lower risk of mortality. Compared with SOT, PSV (RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.62–1.06; low certainty) and HFNO (RR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.65–1.25; very low certainty) were not associated with a significantly lower risk of mortality. Compared with IMV, no non-invasive respiratory management was associated with a significantly lower risk of mortality, although all certainties of evidence were very low. The probability of being best in reducing short-term mortality among all possible interventions was higher for CPAP, followed by PSV and HFNO; IMV and SOT were tied for the worst.Conclusions: Our findings imply that CPAP may be the most effective strategy as the primary non-invasive respiratory management for AHRF to avoid unnecessary pressure support. Trial registration: protocols.io (Protocol integer ID 49375, April 23, 2021). dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.buf7ntrn.

scholarly journals In the tripartite combination Botrytis cinerea–Arabidopsis–Eurydema oleracea, the fungal pathogen alters the plant–insect interaction via jasmonic acid signalling activation and inducible plant-emitted volatiles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Ederli ◽  
Gianandrea Salerno ◽  
Mara Quaglia
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Abiotic Factor ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Plant Volatile ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Plant Choice ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn ecosystems, plants are continuously challenged by combined stress conditions more than by a single biotic or abiotic factor. Consequently, in recent years studies on plant relationships with multiple stresses have aroused increasing interest. Here, the impact of inoculation with fungal pathogens with different lifestyles on Arabidopsis plants response to the following infestation with the invasive crop pest Eurydema oleracea was investigated. In particular, as fungal pathogens the necrotroph Botrytis cinerea and the biotroph Golovinomyces orontii were used. Plants exposed to B. cinerea, but not to G. orontii, showed reduced herbivore feeding damage. This difference was associated to different hormonal pathways triggered by the pathogens: G. orontii only induced the salicylate-mediated pathway, while B. cinerea stimulated also the jasmonate-dependent signalling, which persisted for a long time providing a long-term defence to further herbivore attack. In particular, the lower susceptibility of B. cinerea-infected Arabidopsis plants to E. oleracea was related to the stimulation of the JA-induced pathway on the production of plant volatile compounds, since treatment with VOCs emitted by B. cinerea inoculated plants inhibited both insect plant choice and feeding damage. These results indicate that necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungi modulate host volatile emission, thus affecting plant response to subsequent insect, thereby increasing the knowledge on tripartite plant–microbe–insect interactions in nature.

A Meta-Analysis of Interviews and Cognitive Ability

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip L. Roth ◽  
Allen I. Huffcutt
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Employment Interviews ◽  
Moderator Analysis ◽  
The Future ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Relationship

The topic of what interviews measure has received a great deal of attention over the years. One line of research has investigated the relationship between interviews and the construct of cognitive ability. A previous meta-analysis reported an overall corrected correlation of .40 ( Huffcutt, Roth, & McDaniel, 1996 ). A more recent meta-analysis reported a noticeably lower corrected correlation of .27 ( Berry, Sackett, & Landers, 2007 ). After reviewing both meta-analyses, it appears that the two studies posed different research questions. Further, there were a number of coding judgments in Berry et al. that merit review, and there was no moderator analysis for educational versus employment interviews. As a result, we reanalyzed the work by Berry et al. and found a corrected correlation of .42 for employment interviews (.15 higher than Berry et al., a 56% increase). Further, educational interviews were associated with a corrected correlation of .21, supporting their influence as a moderator. We suggest a better estimate of the correlation between employment interviews and cognitive ability is .42, and this takes us “back to the future” in that the better overall estimate of the employment interviews – cognitive ability relationship is roughly .40. This difference has implications for what is being measured by interviews and their incremental validity.

Power-Enhanced Funnel Plots for Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 228 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kossmeier ◽  
Ulrich S. Tran ◽  
Martin Voracek
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Power ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Selective Reporting ◽  
Graphical Display ◽  
Funnel Plot ◽  
Evidential Value ◽  
Graphical Displays ◽  
Funnel Plots ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract. Currently, dedicated graphical displays to depict study-level statistical power in the context of meta-analysis are unavailable. Here, we introduce the sunset (power-enhanced) funnel plot to visualize this relevant information for assessing the credibility, or evidential value, of a set of studies. The sunset funnel plot highlights the statistical power of primary studies to detect an underlying true effect of interest in the well-known funnel display with color-coded power regions and a second power axis. This graphical display allows meta-analysts to incorporate power considerations into classic funnel plot assessments of small-study effects. Nominally significant, but low-powered, studies might be seen as less credible and as more likely being affected by selective reporting. We exemplify the application of the sunset funnel plot with two published meta-analyses from medicine and psychology. Software to create this variation of the funnel plot is provided via a tailored R function. In conclusion, the sunset (power-enhanced) funnel plot is a novel and useful graphical display to critically examine and to present study-level power in the context of meta-analysis.

Which Data to Meta-Analyze, and How?

2019 ◽  
Vol 227 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Voracek ◽  
Michael Kossmeier ◽  
Ulrich S. Tran
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Curve Analysis ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Statistical Procedures ◽  
Graphical Displays ◽  
Primary Data Analysis ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Data Analytic

Abstract. Which data to analyze, and how, are fundamental questions of all empirical research. As there are always numerous flexibilities in data-analytic decisions (a “garden of forking paths”), this poses perennial problems to all empirical research. Specification-curve analysis and multiverse analysis have recently been proposed as solutions to these issues. Building on the structural analogies between primary data analysis and meta-analysis, we transform and adapt these approaches to the meta-analytic level, in tandem with combinatorial meta-analysis. We explain the rationale of this idea, suggest descriptive and inferential statistical procedures, as well as graphical displays, provide code for meta-analytic practitioners to generate and use these, and present a fully worked real example from digit ratio (2D:4D) research, totaling 1,592 meta-analytic specifications. Specification-curve and multiverse meta-analysis holds promise to resolve conflicting meta-analyses, contested evidence, controversial empirical literatures, and polarized research, and to mitigate the associated detrimental effects of these phenomena on research progress.

The Orchard Plot: Cultivating a Forest Plot for Use in Ecology, Evolution and Beyond

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichi Nakagawa ◽  
Malgorzata Lagisz ◽  
Rose E O'Dea ◽  
Joanna Rutkowska ◽  
Yefeng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
R Package ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Forest Plot ◽  
Point Estimates ◽  
Aggregate Effect ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Heterogeneous Effect ◽  
Intuitive Interpretation

‘Classic’ forest plots show the effect sizes from individual studies and the aggregate effect from a meta-analysis. However, in ecology and evolution meta-analyses routinely contain over 100 effect sizes, making the classic forest plot of limited use. We surveyed 102 meta-analyses in ecology and evolution, finding that only 11% use the classic forest plot. Instead, most used a ‘forest-like plot’, showing point estimates (with 95% confidence intervals; CIs) from a series of subgroups or categories in a meta-regression. We propose a modification of the forest-like plot, which we name the ‘orchard plot’. Orchard plots, in addition to showing overall mean effects and CIs from meta-analyses/regressions, also includes 95% prediction intervals (PIs), and the individual effect sizes scaled by their precision. The PI allows the user and reader to see the range in which an effect size from a future study may be expected to fall. The PI, therefore, provides an intuitive interpretation of any heterogeneity in the data. Supplementing the PI, the inclusion of underlying effect sizes also allows the user to see any influential or outlying effect sizes. We showcase the orchard plot with example datasets from ecology and evolution, using the R package, orchard, including several functions for visualizing meta-analytic data using forest-plot derivatives. We consider the orchard plot as a variant on the classic forest plot, cultivated to the needs of meta-analysts in ecology and evolution. Hopefully, the orchard plot will prove fruitful for visualizing large collections of heterogeneous effect sizes regardless of the field of study.

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