scholarly journals In the tripartite combination Botrytis cinerea–Arabidopsis–Eurydema oleracea, the fungal pathogen alters the plant–insect interaction via jasmonic acid signalling activation and inducible plant-emitted volatiles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Ederli ◽  
Gianandrea Salerno ◽  
Mara Quaglia
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Abiotic Factor ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Plant Volatile ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Plant Choice ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn ecosystems, plants are continuously challenged by combined stress conditions more than by a single biotic or abiotic factor. Consequently, in recent years studies on plant relationships with multiple stresses have aroused increasing interest. Here, the impact of inoculation with fungal pathogens with different lifestyles on Arabidopsis plants response to the following infestation with the invasive crop pest Eurydema oleracea was investigated. In particular, as fungal pathogens the necrotroph Botrytis cinerea and the biotroph Golovinomyces orontii were used. Plants exposed to B. cinerea, but not to G. orontii, showed reduced herbivore feeding damage. This difference was associated to different hormonal pathways triggered by the pathogens: G. orontii only induced the salicylate-mediated pathway, while B. cinerea stimulated also the jasmonate-dependent signalling, which persisted for a long time providing a long-term defence to further herbivore attack. In particular, the lower susceptibility of B. cinerea-infected Arabidopsis plants to E. oleracea was related to the stimulation of the JA-induced pathway on the production of plant volatile compounds, since treatment with VOCs emitted by B. cinerea inoculated plants inhibited both insect plant choice and feeding damage. These results indicate that necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungi modulate host volatile emission, thus affecting plant response to subsequent insect, thereby increasing the knowledge on tripartite plant–microbe–insect interactions in nature.

scholarly journals Insect herbivory facilitates the establishment of an invasive plant pathogen

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin M. Gossner ◽  
Ludwig Beenken ◽  
Kirstin Arend ◽  
Dominik Begerow ◽  
Derek Peršoh
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
The Impact

AbstractPlants can be severely affected by insect herbivores and phytopathogenic fungi, but interactions between these plant antagonists are poorly understood. We analysed the impact of feeding damage by the abundant herbivore Orchestes fagi on infection rates of beech (Fagus sylvatica) leaves with Petrakia liobae, an invasive plant pathogenic fungus. The fungus was not detected in hibernating beetles, indicating that O. fagi does not serve as vector for P. liobae, at least not between growing seasons. Abundance of the fungus in beech leaves increased with feeding damage of the beetle and this relationship was stronger for sun-exposed than for shaded leaves. A laboratory experiment revealed sun-exposed leaves to have thicker cell walls and to be more resistant to pathogen infection than shaded leaves. Mechanical damage significantly increased frequency and size of necroses in the sun, but not in shade leaves. Our findings indicate that feeding damage of adult beetles provides entry ports for fungal colonization by removal of physical barriers and thus promotes infection success by pathogenic fungi. Feeding activity by larvae probably provides additional nutrient sources or eases access to substrates for the necrotrophic fungus. Our study exemplifies that invasive pathogens may benefit from herbivore activity, which may challenge forest health in light of climate change.

scholarly journals The Mechanisms of Mating in Pathogenic Fungi—A Plastic Trait

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 831
Author(s):  
Jane Usher
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Sexual And Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Target Dna ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

The impact of fungi on human and plant health is an ever-increasing issue. Recent studies have estimated that human fungal infections result in an excess of one million deaths per year and plant fungal infections resulting in the loss of crop yields worth approximately 200 million per annum. Sexual reproduction in these economically important fungi has evolved in response to the environmental stresses encountered by the pathogens as a method to target DNA damage. Meiosis is integral to this process, through increasing diversity through recombination. Mating and meiosis have been extensively studied in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, highlighting that these mechanisms have diverged even between apparently closely related species. To further examine this, this review will inspect these mechanisms in emerging important fungal pathogens, such as Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus. It shows that both sexual and asexual reproduction in these fungi demonstrate a high degree of plasticity.

scholarly journals Investigation of antagonistic activities of actinomycetes isolated from Cuc Phuong and Ba Be National Parks against four plant pathogenic fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-535
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Van ◽  
Dinh Thi Ngoc Mai ◽  
Le Thi Hoang Yen ◽  
Nguyen Hong Minh ◽  
Nguyen Kim Nu Thao
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Antagonistic Microorganisms ◽  
Alternaria Sp

Fungal diseases are a huge problem in agriculture, causing serious damage to annual crop yields worldwide. In order to control fungal pathogens in plants, using antagonistic microorganisms is a common approach, especially actinomycetes, as biocontrols considered to be very potential and safe for the environment. With the advantage of high levels of biodiversity, Vietnamese actinomycetes are of a valuable resource for finding strains that are capable of biocontrolling fungal pathogens in plants. Thus, in this study, 70 actinomycete strains were isolated from Cuc Phuong and Ba Be National Parks by four different isolation methods including rehydration centrifugation, sodium dodecyl sulfate – yeast extract, dry heating and dilution methods. Of these, 29 strains (41.4%) belong to rare actinomycete genera including Actinoplanes, Acrocarpospora, Dactylosporangium, Kineosporia, Micromonospora, Nocardia, Nocardiopsis and Pseudonocardia, which are rarely studied in Vietnam. Subsequently, 70 actinomycete strains were subjected to antagonistic activity assays against four highly pathogenic fungi in plants including Alternaria sp., Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Phytophthora capsici. The results showed that 80.5% of Streptomyces and 31% of rare actinomyces could inhibit the growth of at least one of the four pathogenic fungal strains. Moreover, ten actinmomycete strains were found to be able to inhibit three types of tested fungal pathogens, simutaneously. Especially, four actinomycete strains (VTCC-A-828, VTCC-A-671, VTCC-A-605, and VTCC-A-69), having the highest antagonistic activity against four fungal pathogens Alternaria sp., Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Phytophthora capsici, respectively, were selected. The results in this study indicate the great potential application for Vietnam's microorganisms in the field of plant protection.

scholarly journals Phenolic Compound Induction in Plant-Microbe and Plant-Insect Interactions: A Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Wallis ◽  
Erin R.-A. Galarneau
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Insect Feeding ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Plant Hosts ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Meta Analyses

Plants rely on a variety of ways to protect themselves from being fed upon, including de novo production of specific compounds such as those termed as phenolics. Phenolics are often described as important in plant health and numerous studies have concluded they increase as a result of insect feeding, pathogen infection, or beneficial microorganism colonization. However, there are some studies reaching differing conclusions. Therefore, meta-analyses were conducted to observe whether common trends in phenolic induction in plants can be made when they become hosts to insects or microorganisms. Four hypotheses were tested. The first was that total phenolics increase as a generic response, and meta-analyses confirmed that this occurs when plants are infested with insects or colonized by bacterial or fungal microorganisms, but not for oomycetes. The second hypothesis was that phenolic induction is different when a beneficial microorganism colonizes a plant vs. when a plant is infected by a pathogen. Beneficial bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, and beneficial fungi produced increased phenolic levels in plant hosts, but fungal pathogens did not. The third hypothesis was that insect feeding method on plant hosts determines if phenolics are induced. Chewing induced phenolics but piercing-sucking and wood-boring did not. Lastly, we used meta-analyses to determine if annual or perennials rely on phenolic induction in different amounts, and even though annuals had significantly increased phenolic levels but perennials did not, it was observed that phenolic induction was not statistically different when plant type was considered. These results demonstrate that phenolic induction is a common response in plant hosts exposed to feeding or colonization, with specific exceptions such a pathogenic fungi and piercing-sucking insects.

scholarly journals The Role of Yeasts as Biocontrol Agents for Pathogenic Fungi on Postharvest Grapes: A Review

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1650
Author(s):  
Alessandra Di Canito ◽  
María Alejandra Mateo-Vargas ◽  
Monica Mazzieri ◽  
Jesús Cantoral ◽  
Roberto Foschino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Wine Grapes ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Chemical Pesticide ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Saccharomyces Yeasts

In view of the growing concern about the impact of synthetic fungicides on human health and the environment, several government bodies have decided to ban them. As a result, a great number of studies have been carried out in recent decades with the aim of finding a biological alternative to inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens. In order to avoid the large losses of fruit and vegetables that these pathogens cause every year, the biological alternative’s efficacy should be the same as that of a chemical pesticide. In this review, the main studies discussed concern Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts as potential antagonists against phytopathogenic fungi of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus and the species Botrytis cinerea on table grapes, wine grapes, and raisins.

scholarly journals Plant-Pathogenic Fungi in Seeds of Different Pea Cultivars in Poland

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Wilman ◽  
Łukasz Stępień ◽  
Izabela Fabiańska ◽  
Piotr Kachlicki
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Epicoccum Nigrum ◽  
Legume Crops ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
Pea Seeds

AbstractLegume crops are exposed to infection by fungal pathogens, which often results in contamination with mycotoxins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of field resistance/susceptibility of edible and fodder pea cultivars to the colonization of seeds by fungal pathogens in two subsequent seasons, as well as to identify the pathogens present in the seeds of the tested cultivars. Alternaria spp. were the most common fungi isolated from pea seeds in both seasons, followed by Fusarium spp., Stemphylium spp., Ulocladium spp., Botrytis cinerea Pers., Epicoccum nigrum Link., and Phomapinodella L. K. Jones. The highest percentage of infected seeds (55 %) was recorded for cultivar Ezop. The presence of a large number of fungi was found in 2012 for cultivars Santana, Tarchalska, Medal, Cysterski, Mentor, Lasso, and Ezop. Fodder cultivars displayed a lower infection level than edible cultivars. We can conclude that Alternaria spp. were the most frequent fungi present in pea seeds in Poland and Fusarium spp. were likely the most dangerous, having in mind their established mycotoxigenic abilities.

Seedbed preparation, timing of seeding, fertility and root pathogens affect establishment and yield of alfalfa

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Hwang ◽  
B. D. Gossen ◽  
G. D. Turnbull ◽  
K. F. Chang ◽  
R. J. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Seedbed Preparation ◽  
The Impact

Invasion by grasses and weedy species occurs when plant density in alfalfa fields falls below critical levels. Several soil-borne fungal pathogens can reduce stand density in alfalfa by impeding seedling establishment and by killing older plants weakened by other stresses. Surveys of alfalfa fields were conducted in 1997, and pathogenic fungi from rotted roots were isolated and identified. Isolates of selected pathogens were applied with the seed in field trials to assess the impact of fertilizer and seeding system (conventional vs. sod-seeding, spring vs. dormant-fall seeding) on seedling emergence and subsequent productivity when disease pressure was high. The impact of various fungicide seed treatments was also assessed. Seed treatment improved seedling emergence and initial forage productivity in one of three trials; however, it had little effect on long-term forage yield. Addition of sulphur fertilizer had little effect on seedling emergence or survival, but improved forage productivity at all three trial sites. Sod-seeded plots suffered more winterkill and were less vigorous than plots seeded into a tilled seedbed. Seedling emergence was lower when seedlings were planted in the fall than in the spring. However, fall-seeded treatments showed a less adverse response to inoculum treatments and, in some cases, these seedlings were able to take advantage of early-season moisture to produce higher yields than their spring-seeded counterparts. Key words: Medicago, Fusarium, Pythium, Phoma, fungicide, seed treatment, fertilizer, tillage

scholarly journals The Use of Interactions Between Microorganisms in Strawberry Cultivation (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Drobek ◽  
Justyna Cybulska ◽  
Anna Gałązka ◽  
Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk ◽  
Anna Marzec-Grządziel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Soluble Solid Content ◽  
The Impact

As the market indicates a growing interest in organically grown fruit, there is a need for biostimulants to counter the adverse effects of pathogenic fungi and fungal-like-pathogens. Four microbial pathogens (Botrytis cinerea, Verticillium sp., Phytophthora sp., and Colletotrichum sp.) which are the most often causes of strawberry diseases were selected. Five kinds of biostimulants (C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5) containing bacterial consortia were developed to combat the pathogens. The antagonistic effect of selected microorganisms against strawberry pathogens was observed. The effectiveness of various beneficial bacteria in combating fungal pathogens of cv. Honeoye strawberries was compared and the impact of their activity on fruit quality was assessed. The most significant effect on the strawberry firmness was found for the C2 consortium, which provided the strawberries infected with the pathogens group (MIX: B. cinerea, Verticillium sp., Phytophthora sp., and Colletotrichum sp.) with a 140% increase in maximum load in a puncture test compared to the positive control (C0). Strawberries contaminated with Phytophthora sp. after the application of Consortium C4 (C4) showed the largest increase (127%) in soluble solid content (SSC) when compared to the C0. Fruit contaminated with Colletotrichum sp. and B. cinerea after the application of C2 and Consortium 5 (C5), respectively, had the highest levels of anthocyanins and total phenolic content, when compared to C0. The largest increase, which reached as high as 25%, in D-galacturonic acid content was observed for the group of pathogens after Consortium 1 (C1) application. The extraction of strawberry pectin allowed for the study of the rheological properties of pectin solutions; on this basis, strawberry pectin from the control (NC) was distinguished as it showed the highest viscosity (0.137–0.415 Pas). Taking into account the individual effects of bacteria on strawberry pathogenic fungi and fungal-like-pathogens, it is possible to reduce the adverse effects of fungal disease and to improve the properties of strawberries by selecting the appropriate bacterial consortium. Interactions between microorganisms are often complex and not fully understood, which suggests the need for further research in this direction.

scholarly journals The impact of Pseudomonas syringae bacteria on the plant pathogenic fungi and cherry plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 00019
Author(s):  
Marina Maslova ◽  
Ekaterina Grosheva ◽  
Ivan Shamshin ◽  
Anna Kuznetsova ◽  
Alexander Fedorenko
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Necrotrophic Fungi ◽  
Antagonist Action ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Association Effect

The investigations are made of cherry biological peculiarities and disease excitants composition. The domination of necrotrophic fungi and Pseudomonas syringae van Hall bacteria in pathocenosis is shown. The fact of microbiota associative lesion of plants is established. The antagonist action of isolated bacterium in relation to Cytospora leucostoma (Pers.) Sacc., Alternaria alternata Keissl., Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht., Monillia cinerea Bonord is detected. The character of isolated bacterium metabolites, pathogenic fungi and their association effect on a host-plant is established. The ability of bacterium to lower the activity of phytotoxins secretion in fungi when cultivated together is identified. It has been found that it is the fungal pathogens causing the development of die-back in cherry in investigated gardens, whereas P. syringae bacterium, when in latent state, plays a part of protector and permits to suppress the development of fungal infection. Taking into account the fact that this bacterium is pathogenic, the works of advanced breeding for resistance of the horticultural crops to bacterial blight are recommended.

scholarly journals RNA Interference Strategies for Future Management of Plant Pathogenic Fungi: Prospects and Challenges

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 650
Author(s):  
Daniel Endale Gebremichael ◽  
Zeraye Mehari Haile ◽  
Francesca Negrini ◽  
Silvia Sabbadini ◽  
Luca Capriotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Rapid Improvement ◽  
Rnai Technology ◽  
The Impact

Plant pathogenic fungi are the largest group of disease-causing agents on crop plants and represent a persistent and significant threat to agriculture worldwide. Conventional approaches based on the use of pesticides raise social concern for the impact on the environment and human health and alternative control methods are urgently needed. The rapid improvement and extensive implementation of RNA interference (RNAi) technology for various model and non-model organisms has provided the initial framework to adapt this post-transcriptional gene silencing technology for the management of fungal pathogens. Recent studies showed that the exogenous application of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules on plants targeting fungal growth and virulence-related genes provided disease attenuation of pathogens like Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium graminearum in different hosts. Such results highlight that the exogenous RNAi holds great potential for RNAi-mediated plant pathogenic fungal disease control. Production of dsRNA can be possible by using either in-vitro or in-vivo synthesis. In this review, we describe exogenous RNAi involved in plant pathogenic fungi and discuss dsRNA production, formulation, and RNAi delivery methods. Potential challenges that are faced while developing a RNAi strategy for fungal pathogens, such as off-target and epigenetic effects, with their possible solutions are also discussed.

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