scholarly journals Mediation of a GDSL Esterase/Lipase in Carotenoid Esterification in Tritordeum Suggests a Common Mechanism of Carotenoid Esterification in Triticeae Species

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Dolores Requena-Ramírez ◽  
Sergio G. Atienza ◽  
Dámaso Hornero-Méndez ◽  
Cristina Rodríguez-Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Hordeum Chilense ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Cysteine Substitution ◽  
Triticeae Species ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
Strong Candidate

Carotenoids are essential in human diet, so that the development of programs toward carotenoid enhancement has been promoted in several crops. The cereal tritordeum, the amphiploid derived from the cross between Hordeum chilense Roem. et Schulz. and durum wheat has a remarkable carotenoid content in the endosperm. Besides, a high proportion of these carotenoids are esterified with fatty acids. The identification of the gene(s) responsible for xanthophyll esterification would be useful for breeding as esterified carotenoids show an increased ability to accumulate within plant cells and have a higher stability during post-harvest storage. In this work, we analyzed five genes identified as candidates for coding the xanthophyll acyltransferase (XAT) enzyme responsible for lutein esterification in H. chilense genome. All these genes were expressed during grain development in tritordeum, but only HORCH7HG021460 was highly upregulated. Sequence analysis of HORCH7HG021460 revealed a G-to-T transversion, causing a Glycine to Cysteine substitution in the protein of H290 (the only accession not producing quantifiable amounts of lutein esters, hereinafter referred as zero-ester) of H. chilense compared to the esterifying genotypes. An allele-specific marker was designed for the SNP detection in the H. chilense diversity panel. From the 93 accessions, only H290 showed the T allele and the zero-ester phenotype. Furthermore, HORCH7HG021460 is the orthologue of XAT-7D, which encodes a XAT enzyme responsible for carotenoid esterification in wheat. Thus, HORCH7HG021460 (XAT-7Hch) is a strong candidate for lutein esterification in H. chilense and tritordeum, suggesting a common mechanism of carotenoid esterification in Triticeae species. The transference of XAT-7Hch to wheat may be useful for the enhancement of lutein esters in biofortification programs.

scholarly journals Durum Wheat (Triticum durum L.) Landraces Reveal Potential for the Improvement of Grain Carotenoid Esterification in Breeding Programs

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 757
Author(s):  
María Dolores Requena-Ramírez ◽  
Dámaso Hornero-Méndez ◽  
Cristina Rodríguez-Suárez ◽  
Sergio G. Atienza
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Relative Content ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Hordeum Chilense ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Yellow Pigments ◽  
Carotenoid Profile ◽  
Remarkable Advance ◽  
Β Carotene

Carotenoids are essential in the human diet for their important functions in health. Besides, they are responsible for the yellow pigments desirable for industrial quality in durum wheat. The remarkable carotenoid content of durum wheat endosperm is mostly due to lutein. However, lutein esters have not been previously detected in durum wheat as in other cereals such as common wheat, tritordeum or Hordeum chilense. Esterification increases carotenoid stability and allows greater retention and accumulation through the food chain. Therefore, carotenoid esterification is revealed as a new key target in breeding. We characterized the carotenoid profile of 156 accessions of the Spanish durum wheat collection, searching for landraces with esterification ability. Interestingly, four accessions produced lutein monoesters and diesters. Also, traces of lutein monoesters were detected in eleven accessions. The identification of the first durum wheat accessions with esterification ability reported herein is a remarkable advance for carotenoid biofortification. Furthermore, variation for the relative content of zeaxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene was also observed. This diversity for the β,ε and β,β branches of the carotenogenic pathway also represents a new opportunity for breeding for specific carotenoids in biofortification programs.

Erratum to: Progress and perspectives for carotenoid accumulation in selected Triticeae species

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 531
Author(s):  
C. Rodríguez-Suárez ◽  
M. J. Giménez ◽  
S. G. Atienza
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Functional Markers ◽  
Relevant Issue ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Triticeae Species ◽  
Total Carotenoid Content ◽  
Carotenogenic Genes ◽  
Breeding Target

Plant carotenoids are C40 isoprenoids with multiple biological roles. Breeding for carotenoid content in rice, maize and wheat is a relevant issue, both for their importance in human health and nutrition and for their influence in food colouration in products such as pasta from durum wheat. Regarding human health, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is one of the major causes of malnutrition in the world. As many as 500�000 children become blind due to VAD each year with many of them dying from VAD-related illness within 1 year. This review presents the main results in the improvement of endosperm carotenoid levels in rice, maize and wheat considering the methodology used, either transgenic or non-transgenic; the breeding target, such as provitamin A or total carotenoid content; the identification of new carotenogenic genes/alleles related to the available variation for this trait; and the development of new functional markers for marker-assisted selection. A comparative overview among these species and key areas for further improvement are also identified. Carotenoid enhancement in grasses would benefit from comparative studies among Triticeae species since they allow the understanding of the diversity basis. Therefore, the comparative overview given in this work will be relevant not only to rice, maize and wheat but also to other Triticeae species.

scholarly journals Screening Carotenoid Content in Seeded and Seedless Watermelon Fruit

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 830A-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope Perkins-Veazie* ◽  
J.K. Collins ◽  
Warren Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Carotene Content ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Oxidative Protection ◽  
Seedless Watermelon ◽  
Lycopene Content ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Very High

Watermelons contain the carotenoids b-carotene, phytofluene, lycopene, and lutein. These carotenoids play an important role in plant oxidative protection and may serve to protect humans against oxidative assaults. Of the carotenoids, lycopene is the predominant pigment in red-fleshed melons (30-130 μg·g-1), b-carotene is present in small amounts (1-14 μg·g-1), and other carotenoids are present in minute amounts (1-3 μg·g-1). Seventy varieties were screened for lycopene content using scanning colorimetry, spectrophotometry, and HPLC techniques, and grouped as low, medium, high, or very high in lycopene. Pink-fleshed heirloom varieties such as Sweet Princess and Black Diamond contained low amounts of lycopene (<40 μg·g-1). A number of seeded and seedless varieties had medium amounts of lycopene (40-60 μg·g-1). Varieties in the high category (60-80 μg·g-1) were primarily seedless types, although `Dixie Lee', an open-pollinated, seeded variety had 69 μg·g-1, indicating that high lycopene content is not restricted to hybrid or seedless melon germplasm. Six selections were found to be very high in lycopene (>80 μg·g-1), including the minimelon Hazera 6008 (Extazy). Total carotenoids and carotenoid profiles were determined by HPLC for 23 varieties in 2003. Both seeded and seedless type melons had varieties high in bcarotene, lycopene, and total carotenoids. These results indicate that commercial watermelon varieties have a wide range in lycopene and b-carotene content, and that most commercially important varieties are high in lycopene and total carotenoids, providing important sources of phytonutrients to the human diet.

scholarly journals Inheritance and Biochemical Analysis of a Carrot Carotenoid Mutant

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 595e-595
Author(s):  
I.L. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Total Carotenoid Content ◽  
Wild Carrot ◽  
Complex Inheritance ◽  
Derivatives Of

Pigments in orange carrot tissue, such alpha and beta carotene, are important vitamins in the human diet. Previously identified white or nonpigmented carrot roots, such as those from wild carrot and white derivatives of yellow or orange types, are dominant to the production of pigment, which is recessive. A nonpigmented carrot root was discovered during routine propagation of the inbred line W266 in 1992. Subsequent segregation analysis in the F2 and BC1 generations in three genetic backgrounds demonstrated the lack of pigmentation is due to a single recessive gene (reduced-pigment: rp). Total carotenoid content was reduced 92% in the roots of rprp genotypes compared to RPRP genotypes, however there were no differences in carotenoid content in leaves. Plants carrying rprp also exhibit white-speckled leaves during early stages of development, suggesting rp has an effect on leaf chlorophyll content. This character may prove useful in dissecting the complex inheritance of carotenoids in carrot.

scholarly journals Phytoene synthase 1 (Psy-1) and lipoxygenase 1 (Lpx-1) Genes Influence on Semolina Yellowness in Wheat Mediterranean Germplasm

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Parada ◽  
Conxita Royo ◽  
Agata Gadaleta ◽  
Pasqualina Colasuonno ◽  
Ilaria Marcotuli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Filling ◽  
Yellow Pigment ◽  
Phytoene Synthase ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Carotenoid Pigments ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Yellow Pigment Content ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Yellow Pigments

Phytoene synthase 1 (Psy1) and lipoxygenase 1 (Lpx-1) are key genes involved in the synthesis and catalysis of carotenoid pigments in durum wheat, regulating the increase and decrease in these compounds, respectively, resulting in the distinct yellow color of semolina and pasta. Here, we reported new haplotype variants and/or allele combinations of these two genes significantly affecting yellow pigment content in grain and semolina through their effect on carotenoid pigments. To reach the purpose of this work, three complementary approaches were undertaken: the identification of QTLs associated to carotenoid content on a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, the characterization of a Mediterranean panel of accessions for Psy1 and Lpx-1 genes, and monitoring the expression of Psy1 and Lpx-1 genes during grain filling on two genotypes with contrasting yellow pigments. Our data suggest that Psy1 plays a major role during grain development, contributing to semolina yellowness, and Lpx-1 appears to be more predominant at post-harvest stages and during pasta making.

Identification of high b-Carotene lines of maize in backcross (BC2F1)population by genotyping crtRB1 Allele specific marker

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pitambara . ◽  
P. Nagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Segregation Distortion ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Recurrent Parent ◽  
Carotene Content ◽  
Bc2f1 Population ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
Maize Kernels

In order to address the global problem of Vitamin A deficiency, biofortification is considered to be a cost effective and sustainable approach. The polymorphism in crtRB1gene is associated with b-carotene levels in maize kernels. The randomly selected 10 seeds of selected maize lines in BC2F1 population cobs when analyzed for b-carotene content through HPLC, showed confirmation of improvement in b-carotene content of 2.37 µg/g. The crtRB1 3’TE polymorphism in BC2F1 population of the cross revealed that the progenies showed segregation distortion(SD). The present study indicated the possiblity to develop a high b-carotene inbred with genetic identity closer to that of the recurrent parent.

scholarly journals Exploitation of nuclear and cytoplasm variability in Hordeum chilense for wheat breeding

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Rodríguez-Suárez ◽  
María J. Giménez ◽  
María C. Ramírez ◽  
Azahara C. Martín ◽  
Natalia Gutierrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Septoria Tritici Blotch ◽  
Septoria Tritici ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Hordeum Chilense ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Alloplasmic Lines ◽  
Ideal System

Hordeum chilense Roem. et Schultz. is a diploid wild barley native to Chile and Argentina. The high crossability of this species with other members of the Triticeae tribe promoted the development of the new species × Tritordeum Ascherson et Graebner. Hexaploid tritordeum was developed from the hybrid derived from the cross between H. chilense (used as female parent) and durum wheat. The interest of H. chilense is based on the presence of traits potentially useful for wheat breeding, including high endosperm carotenoid content, septoria tritici blotch resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. Besides, the variability at cytoplasm level is also important in this species. The development of common wheat–H. chilense alloplasmic lines (nucleus from wheat and cytoplasm from H. chilense) results in fertile or male sterile genotypes, depending on the accession donating the cytoplasm. Furthermore, these alloplasmic lines constitute an ideal system for deepening our knowledge on nuclear–cytoplasm interactions. In conclusion, H. chilense is an interesting source of variability for wheat breeding.

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