scholarly journals Temperature Differentially Influences the Capacity of Trichoderma Species to Induce Plant Defense Responses in Tomato Against Insect Pests

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Di Lelio ◽  
Mariangela Coppola ◽  
Ernesto Comite ◽  
Donata Molisso ◽  
Matteo Lorito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
The Impact

Species of the ecological opportunistic, avirulent fungus, Trichoderma are widely used in agriculture for their ability to protect crops from the attack of pathogenic fungi and for plant growth promotion activity. Recently, it has been shown that they may also have complementary properties that enhance plant defense barriers against insects. However, the use of these fungi is somewhat undermined by their variable level of biocontrol activity, which is influenced by environmental conditions. Understanding the source of this variability is essential for its profitable and wide use in plant protection. Here, we focus on the impact of temperature on Trichoderma afroharzianum T22, Trichoderma atroviride P1, and the defense response induced in tomato by insects. The in vitro development of these two strains was differentially influenced by temperature, and the observed pattern was consistent with temperature-dependent levels of resistance induced by them in tomato plants against the aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, and the noctuid moth, Spodoptera littoralis. Tomato plants treated with T. afroharzianum T22 exhibited enhanced resistance toward both insect pests at 25°C, while T. atroviride P1 proved to be more effective at 20°C. The comparison of plant transcriptomic profiles generated by the two Trichoderma species allowed the identification of specific defense genes involved in the observed response, and a selected group was used to assess, by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), the differential gene expression in Trichoderma-treated tomato plants subjected to the two temperature regimens that significantly affected fungal biological performance. These results will help pave the way toward a rational selection of the most suitable Trichoderma isolates for field applications, in order to best face the challenges imposed by local environmental conditions and by extreme climatic shifts due to global warming.

scholarly journals Trichoderma harzianum Strain T22 Modulates Direct Defense of Tomato Plants in Response to Nezara viridula Feeding Activity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuğcan Alınç ◽  
Antonino Cusumano ◽  
Ezio Peri ◽  
Livio Torta ◽  
Stefano Colazza
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Nezara Viridula ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Southern Green Stink Bug ◽  
The Impact

AbstractPlant growth-promoting fungi belonging to genus Trichoderma are known to help plants when dealing with biotic stressors by enhancing plant defenses. While beneficial effects of Trichoderma spp. against plant pathogens have long been documented, fewer studies have investigated their effect on insect pests. Here, we studied the impact of Trichoderma root colonization on the plant defense responses against stink bug feeding attack. For this purpose, a model system consisting of tomato plant, Solanum lycopersicum cv Dwarf San Marzano, Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 and the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula, was used. We firstly determined stink bug performance in terms of relative growth rate and survival on tomato plants inoculated by T. harzianum T22. Then, we evaluated relative expression of plant defense-related genes on inoculated plants induced by stink bug feeding. We found evidence that T. harzianum T22 affects tomato defense responses against N. viridula nymphs leading to reduction of growth rate. Our results also showed that T. harzianum T22 enhances plant direct defenses by an early increase of transcript levels of jasmonic acid marker genes. Yet this effect was time-dependent and only detected 8 h after herbivore induction. Taken together, our findings provide better understanding on the mechanisms underlying tomato induced resistance against herbivorous stink bugs.

scholarly journals Tomato Plants Treated with Systemin Peptide Show Enhanced Levels of Direct and Indirect Defense Associated with Increased Expression of Defense-Related Genes

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coppola ◽  
Lelio ◽  
Romanelli ◽  
Gualtieri ◽  
Molisso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Indirect Defense ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Exogenous Supply

Plant defense peptides represent an important class of compounds active against pathogens and insects. These molecules controlling immune barriers can potentially be used as novel tools for plant protection, which mimic natural defense mechanisms against invaders. The constitutive expression in tomato plants of the precursor of the defense peptide systemin was previously demonstrated to increase tolerance against moth larvae and aphids and to hamper the colonization by phytopathogenic fungi, through the expression of a wealth of defense-related genes. In this work we studied the impact of the exogenous supply of systemin to tomato plants on pests to evaluate the use of the peptide as a tool for crop protection in non-transgenic approaches. By combining gene expression studies and bioassays with different pests we demonstrate that the exogenous supply of systemin to tomato plants enhances both direct and indirect defense barriers. Experimental plants, exposed to this peptide by foliar spotting or root uptake through hydroponic culture, impaired larval growth and development of the noctuid moth Spodoptera littoralis, even across generations, reduced the leaf colonization by the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and were more attractive towards natural herbivore antagonists. The induction of these defense responses was found to be associated with molecular and biochemical changes under control of the systemin signalling cascade. Our results indicate that the direct delivery of systemin, likely characterized by a null effect on non-target organisms, represents an interesting tool for the sustainable protection of tomato plants.

Elicitor Recognition and Signal Transduction in Plant Defense Gene Activation

1990 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dierk Scheel ◽  
Jane E. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Defense Genes ◽  
Plant Defense Genes

Abstract Plants defend themselves against pathogen attack by activating a whole set of defense responses, most of them relying on transcriptional activation of plant defense genes. The same responses are induced by treatment of plant cells with elicitors released from the pathogen or from the plant surface. Several plant/elicitor combinations have been used successfully as experimental systems to investigate the molecular basis of plant defense responses. Receptor-like structures on the plasma membrane of plant cells appear to bind the elicitors. Thereby, intracellular signal transduction chains are initiated which finally result in the activation of plant defense genes. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of early processes in plant defense responses, as provided by these studies, may in the long term help to develop environmentally safe plant protection methods for agriculture.

Plant Resistance Genes for Fungal Pathogens - Physiological Models and Identification in Cereal Crops

1991 ◽  
Vol 46 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 969-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Knogge
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Avirulence Gene ◽  
Physiological Models ◽  
Plant Genes ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction

The complex biological phenomenon “resistance” can be reduced to single Mendelian traits acting on both the plant and the pathogen side in a number of pathosystems. According to the “gene-for-gene hypothesis”, the outcome of a plant/pathogen interaction in these cases is incompatibility if a plant carrying a particular resistance gene and a pathogen with the complementary avirulence gene meet. This suggests a causal role of resistance genes in a recognition process initiating active plant defense responses. Fundamentally different strategies are followed to identify these genes molecularly depending on the plant and pathogen species involved. Fungal diseases of crop plants, especially those of cereals, cause dramatic yield losses worldwide. It is assumed that a molecular characterization of plant genes conferring resistance to fungal pathogens will lead to a better understanding of the plant defense system in general permitting the development of new methods of crop plant protection.

scholarly journals Biocontrol of Tomato Fusarium wilt by Trichoderma Species under in vitro and in vivo Conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Barari
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Mazandaran Province ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Geographical Regions

AbstractTrichodermaspp. have long been used as biological control agents against plant fungal diseases, but the mechanisms by which the fungi confer protection are not well understood. Our goal in this study was to isolate species ofTrichoderma, that exhibit high levels of biocontrol efficacy from natural environments and to investigate the mechanisms by which these strains confer plant protection. In this study, efficacy of the native isolates ofTrichodermaspecies to promote the growth and yield parameters of tomato and to manageFusariumwilt disease underin vitroandin vivoconditions were investigated. The dominant pathogen, which causesFusariumwilt of tomato, was isolated and identified asFusarium oxysporumf. sp.lycopersici(FOL). Twenty eight nativeTrichodermaantagonists were isolated from healthy tomato rhizosphere soil in different geographical regions of Mazandaran province, Iran. Underin vitroconditions, the results revealed thatTrichoderma harzianum, isolate N-8, was found to inhibit effectively the radial mycelial growth of the pathogen (by 68.22%). Under greenhouse conditions, the application ofT. harzianum(N-8) exhibited the least disease incidence (by 14.75%). Also, tomato plants treated withT. harzianum(N-8) isolate showed a significant stimulatory effect on plant height (by 70.13 cm) and the dry weight (by 265.42 g) of tomato plants, in comparison to untreated control (54.6 cm and 195.5 g). Therefore, the antagonistT. harzianum(N-8) is chosen to be the most promising bio-control agent forF. oxysporumf. sp.lycopersici. On the base of present study, the biocontrol agents of plant diseases might be exploited for sustainable disease management programs to save environmental risk.

scholarly journals Identifying Beneficial Qualities ofTrichoderma parareeseifor Plants

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 1864-1873 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Belén Rubio ◽  
Narciso M. Quijada ◽  
Esclaudys Pérez ◽  
Sara Domínguez ◽  
Enrique Monte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Beneficial Effects

ABSTRACTTrichoderma parareeseiandTrichoderma reesei(teleomorphHypocrea jecorina) produce cellulases and xylanases of industrial interest. Here, the anamorphic strain T6 (formerlyT. reesei) has been identified asT. parareesei, showing biocontrol potential against fungal and oomycete phytopathogens and enhanced hyphal growth in the presence of tomato exudates or plant cell wall polymers inin vitroassays. ATrichodermamicroarray was used to examine the transcriptomic changes in T6 at 20 h of interaction with tomato plants. Out of a total 34,138Trichodermaprobe sets deposited on the microarray, 250 showed a significant change of at least 2-fold in expression in the presence of tomato plants, with most of them being downregulated.T. parareeseiT6 exerted beneficial effects on tomato plants in terms of seedling lateral root development, and in adult plants it improved defense againstBotrytis cinereaand growth promotion under salt stress. Time course expression patterns (0 to 6 days) observed for defense-related genes suggest that T6 was able to prime defense responses in the tomato plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. Such responses undulated, with a maximum upregulation of the jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET)-relatedLOX1andEIN2genes and the salt toleranceSOS1gene at 24 h and that of the salicylic acid (SA)-relatedPR-1gene at 48 h after T6 inoculation. Our study demonstrates that theT. parareeseiT6-tomato interaction is beneficial to both partners.

scholarly journals Optimization of Exopolysaccharides Production by Porphyridium sordidum and Their Potential to Induce Defense Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana against Fusarium oxysporum

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 282
Author(s):  
Marwa Drira ◽  
Jihen Elleuch ◽  
Hajer Ben Hlima ◽  
Faiez Hentati ◽  
Christine Gardarin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Expression Profile Analysis ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Protein

Polysaccharides from marine algae are one novel source of plant defense elicitors for alternative and eco-friendly plant protection against phytopathogens. The effect of exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by Porphyridium sordidum on elicitation of Arabidopsis thaliana defense responses against Fusarium oxysporum was evaluated. Firstly, in order to enhance EPS production, a Box–Behnken experimental design was carried out to optimize NaCl, NaNO3 and MgSO4 concentrations in the culture medium of microalgae. A maximum EPS production (2.45 g/L) higher than that of the control (0.7 g/L) was observed for 41.62 g/L NaCl, 0.63 g/L NaNO3 and 7.2 g/L MgSO4 concentrations. Structurally, the EPS contained mainly galactose, xylose and glucose. Secondly, the elicitor effect of EPS was evaluated by investigating the plant defense-related signaling pathways that include activation of Salicylic or Jasmonic Acid-dependent pathway genes. A solution of 2 mg/mL of EPS has led to the control of fungal growth by the plant. Results showed that EPS foliar application induced phenylalaline ammonia lyase and H2O2 accumulation. Expression profile analysis of the defense-related genes using qRT-PCR revealed the up-regulation of Superoxide dismutases (SOD), Peroxidase (POD), Pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1) and Cytochrome P450 monooxyge-nase (CYP), while Catalase (CAT) and Plant defensin 1.2 (PDF1.2) were not induced. Results suggest that EPS may induce the elicitation of A. thaliana’s defense response against F. oxysporum, activating the Salicylic Acid pathway.

scholarly journals Plant Defense Responses to Biotic Stress and Its Interplay With Fluctuating Dark/Light Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Iqbal ◽  
Mohammed Shariq Iqbal ◽  
Abeer Hashem ◽  
Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah ◽  
Mohammad Israil Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Biotic Stress ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Light Environment ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Signaling Cascade ◽  
Dark Light ◽  
The Impact

Plants are subjected to a plethora of environmental cues that cause extreme losses to crop productivity. Due to fluctuating environmental conditions, plants encounter difficulties in attaining full genetic potential for growth and reproduction. One such environmental condition is the recurrent attack on plants by herbivores and microbial pathogens. To surmount such attacks, plants have developed a complex array of defense mechanisms. The defense mechanism can be either preformed, where toxic secondary metabolites are stored; or can be inducible, where defense is activated upon detection of an attack. Plants sense biotic stress conditions, activate the regulatory or transcriptional machinery, and eventually generate an appropriate response. Plant defense against pathogen attack is well understood, but the interplay and impact of different signals to generate defense responses against biotic stress still remain elusive. The impact of light and dark signals on biotic stress response is one such area to comprehend. Light and dark alterations not only regulate defense mechanisms impacting plant development and biochemistry but also bestow resistance against invading pathogens. The interaction between plant defense and dark/light environment activates a signaling cascade. This signaling cascade acts as a connecting link between perception of biotic stress, dark/light environment, and generation of an appropriate physiological or biochemical response. The present review highlights molecular responses arising from dark/light fluctuations vis-à-vis elicitation of defense mechanisms in plants.

scholarly journals Latent defense response to non-pathogenic microbial factors impairs plant-rhizobacteria mutualism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Yang ◽  
Shenglan Chen ◽  
Li Peng ◽  
Xiaomin Liu ◽  
Richa Kaushal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
New Type ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Arabidopsis Mutant ◽  
Hidden Layer ◽  
Mutualistic Association

ABSTRACTUnlike pathogens that trigger plant defense responses, commensal or beneficial microbes are compatible with plants and do not elicit a defense response. An assumption underlying the compatibility is that plants are inert in mounting a defense response to non-pathogenic microbial factors. However, the mechanisms underlying this inertness in defense are unknown. Here a forward genetic screen led to the isolation of an Arabidopsis mutant displaying a new type of immunity which we named as latent defense response (LDR) to a beneficial rhizobacterium. The mutant, known as gp1 for Growth-Promotion 1, is impaired in rhizobacteria-induced plant growth-promotion due to disrupted oleic acid homeostasis and consequent activation of defense responses. Several bacterial volatile compounds trigger LDR in gp1 but not wild type plants. GP1 dysfunction strongly represses colonization of the beneficial rhizobacterium and alters root-associated microbiota. Our findings reveal a hidden layer of plant defense, LDR, which is suppressed by GP1 to allow mutualistic association between plants and beneficial rhizobacteria.One Sentence SummaryA hidden layer of host immunity against non-pathogenic microbes leads to plant incompatibility with beneficial rhizobacteria.

scholarly journals Differential Response of Tomato Plants to the Application of Three Trichoderma Species When Evaluating the Control of Pseudomonas syringae Populations

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 626 ◽  
Author(s):  
María E. Morán-Diez ◽  
Eduardo Tranque ◽  
Wagner Bettiol ◽  
Enrique Monte ◽  
Rosa Hermosa
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Oxidase Gene ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Tomato Plants

Trichoderma species are well known biocontrol agents that are able to induce responses in the host plants against an array of abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we investigate, when applied to tomato seeds, the potential of Trichoderma strains belonging to three different species, T. parareesei T6, T. asperellum T25, and T. harzianum T34, to control the fully pathogenic strain Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000, able to produce the coronatine (COR) toxin, and the COR-deficient strain Pst DC3118 in tomato plants, and the molecular mechanisms by which the plant can modulate its systemic defense. Four-week old tomato plants, seed-inoculated, or not, with a Trichoderma strain, were infected, or not, with a Pst strain, and the changes in the expression of nine marker genes representative of salicylic acid (SA) (ICS1 and PAL5) and jasmonic acid (JA) (TomLoxC) biosynthesis, SA- (PR1b1), JA- (PINII and MYC2) and JA/Ethylene (ET)-dependent (ERF-A2) defense pathways, as well as the abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive gene AREB2 and the respiratory burst oxidase gene LERBOH1, were analyzed at 72 hours post-inoculation (hpi) with the bacteria. The significant increase obtained for bacterial population sizes in the leaves, disease index, and the upregulation of tomato genes related to SA, JA, ET and ABA in plants inoculated with Pst DC3000 compared with those obtained with Pst DC3118, confirmed the COR role as a virulence factor, and showed that both Pst and COR synergistically activate the JA- and SA-signaling defense responses, at least at 72 hpi. The three Trichoderma strains tested reduced the DC3118 levels to different extents and were able to control disease symptoms at the same rate. However, a minor protection (9.4%) against DC3000 was only achieved with T. asperellum T25. The gene deregulation detected in Trichoderma-treated plus Pst-inoculated tomato plants illustrates the complex system of a phytohormone-mediated signaling network that is affected by the pathogen and Trichoderma applications but also by their interaction. The expression changes for all nine genes analyzed, excepting LERBOH1, as well as the bacterial populations in the leaves were significantly affected by the interaction. Our results show that Trichoderma spp. are not adequate to control the disease caused by fully pathogenic Pst strains in tomato plants.

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