scholarly journals Optimization of Exopolysaccharides Production by Porphyridium sordidum and Their Potential to Induce Defense Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana against Fusarium oxysporum

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 282
Author(s):  
Marwa Drira ◽  
Jihen Elleuch ◽  
Hajer Ben Hlima ◽  
Faiez Hentati ◽  
Christine Gardarin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Expression Profile Analysis ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Protein

Polysaccharides from marine algae are one novel source of plant defense elicitors for alternative and eco-friendly plant protection against phytopathogens. The effect of exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by Porphyridium sordidum on elicitation of Arabidopsis thaliana defense responses against Fusarium oxysporum was evaluated. Firstly, in order to enhance EPS production, a Box–Behnken experimental design was carried out to optimize NaCl, NaNO3 and MgSO4 concentrations in the culture medium of microalgae. A maximum EPS production (2.45 g/L) higher than that of the control (0.7 g/L) was observed for 41.62 g/L NaCl, 0.63 g/L NaNO3 and 7.2 g/L MgSO4 concentrations. Structurally, the EPS contained mainly galactose, xylose and glucose. Secondly, the elicitor effect of EPS was evaluated by investigating the plant defense-related signaling pathways that include activation of Salicylic or Jasmonic Acid-dependent pathway genes. A solution of 2 mg/mL of EPS has led to the control of fungal growth by the plant. Results showed that EPS foliar application induced phenylalaline ammonia lyase and H2O2 accumulation. Expression profile analysis of the defense-related genes using qRT-PCR revealed the up-regulation of Superoxide dismutases (SOD), Peroxidase (POD), Pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1) and Cytochrome P450 monooxyge-nase (CYP), while Catalase (CAT) and Plant defensin 1.2 (PDF1.2) were not induced. Results suggest that EPS may induce the elicitation of A. thaliana’s defense response against F. oxysporum, activating the Salicylic Acid pathway.

Elicitor Recognition and Signal Transduction in Plant Defense Gene Activation

1990 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dierk Scheel ◽  
Jane E. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Defense Genes ◽  
Plant Defense Genes

Abstract Plants defend themselves against pathogen attack by activating a whole set of defense responses, most of them relying on transcriptional activation of plant defense genes. The same responses are induced by treatment of plant cells with elicitors released from the pathogen or from the plant surface. Several plant/elicitor combinations have been used successfully as experimental systems to investigate the molecular basis of plant defense responses. Receptor-like structures on the plasma membrane of plant cells appear to bind the elicitors. Thereby, intracellular signal transduction chains are initiated which finally result in the activation of plant defense genes. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of early processes in plant defense responses, as provided by these studies, may in the long term help to develop environmentally safe plant protection methods for agriculture.

scholarly journals Foliar Application or Seed Priming of Cholic Acid-Glycine Conjugates can Mitigate/Prevent the Rice Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease via Activating Plant Defense Genes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garima Pal ◽  
Devashish Mehta ◽  
Saurabh Singh ◽  
Kalai Magal ◽  
Siddhi Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Cholic Acid ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Defense Genes ◽  
Plant Defense Genes ◽  
Blight Disease

Xanthomonas Oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial blight and Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani) causes sheath blight in rice accounting for >75% of crop losses. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop strategies for the mitigation of these pathogen infections. In this study, we report the antimicrobial efficacy of Cholic Acid-Glycine Conjugates (CAGCs) against Xoo and R. solani. We show that CAGC C6 is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial and is also able to degrade biofilms. The application of C6 did not hamper plant growth and showed minimal effect on the plant cell membranes. Exogenous application of C6 on pre-infection or post-infection of Xoo on rice susceptible genotype Taichung native (TN1) can mitigate the bacterial load and improve resistance through upregulation of plant defense genes. We further demonstrate that C6 can induce plant defense responses when seeds were primed with C6 CAGC. Therefore, this study demonstrates the potential of CAGCs as effective antimicrobials for crop protection that can be further explored for field applications.

Plant Resistance Genes for Fungal Pathogens - Physiological Models and Identification in Cereal Crops

1991 ◽  
Vol 46 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 969-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Knogge
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Avirulence Gene ◽  
Physiological Models ◽  
Plant Genes ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction

The complex biological phenomenon “resistance” can be reduced to single Mendelian traits acting on both the plant and the pathogen side in a number of pathosystems. According to the “gene-for-gene hypothesis”, the outcome of a plant/pathogen interaction in these cases is incompatibility if a plant carrying a particular resistance gene and a pathogen with the complementary avirulence gene meet. This suggests a causal role of resistance genes in a recognition process initiating active plant defense responses. Fundamentally different strategies are followed to identify these genes molecularly depending on the plant and pathogen species involved. Fungal diseases of crop plants, especially those of cereals, cause dramatic yield losses worldwide. It is assumed that a molecular characterization of plant genes conferring resistance to fungal pathogens will lead to a better understanding of the plant defense system in general permitting the development of new methods of crop plant protection.

scholarly journals Transcriptome and Expression Profile Analysis of Highly Resistant and Susceptible Banana Roots Challenged with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. e73945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-Ting Bai ◽  
Wan-Bin Xie ◽  
Ping-Ping Zhou ◽  
Zi-Lin Wu ◽  
Wen-Chao Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Expression Profile ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Expression Profile Analysis ◽  
Race 4

scholarly journals Temperature Differentially Influences the Capacity of Trichoderma Species to Induce Plant Defense Responses in Tomato Against Insect Pests

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Di Lelio ◽  
Mariangela Coppola ◽  
Ernesto Comite ◽  
Donata Molisso ◽  
Matteo Lorito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
The Impact

Species of the ecological opportunistic, avirulent fungus, Trichoderma are widely used in agriculture for their ability to protect crops from the attack of pathogenic fungi and for plant growth promotion activity. Recently, it has been shown that they may also have complementary properties that enhance plant defense barriers against insects. However, the use of these fungi is somewhat undermined by their variable level of biocontrol activity, which is influenced by environmental conditions. Understanding the source of this variability is essential for its profitable and wide use in plant protection. Here, we focus on the impact of temperature on Trichoderma afroharzianum T22, Trichoderma atroviride P1, and the defense response induced in tomato by insects. The in vitro development of these two strains was differentially influenced by temperature, and the observed pattern was consistent with temperature-dependent levels of resistance induced by them in tomato plants against the aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, and the noctuid moth, Spodoptera littoralis. Tomato plants treated with T. afroharzianum T22 exhibited enhanced resistance toward both insect pests at 25°C, while T. atroviride P1 proved to be more effective at 20°C. The comparison of plant transcriptomic profiles generated by the two Trichoderma species allowed the identification of specific defense genes involved in the observed response, and a selected group was used to assess, by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), the differential gene expression in Trichoderma-treated tomato plants subjected to the two temperature regimens that significantly affected fungal biological performance. These results will help pave the way toward a rational selection of the most suitable Trichoderma isolates for field applications, in order to best face the challenges imposed by local environmental conditions and by extreme climatic shifts due to global warming.

scholarly journals Spermine Is a Potent Plant Defense Activator Against Gray Mold Disease on Solanum lycopersicum, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Arabidopsis thaliana

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (8) ◽  
pp. 1367-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed S. Seifi ◽  
Adel Zarei ◽  
Tom Hsiang ◽  
Barry J. Shelp
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Systemic Resistance

Polyamines (PAs) are ubiquitous aliphatic amines that play important roles in growth, development, and environmental stress responses in plants. In this study, we report that exogenous application of spermine (Spm) is effective in the induction of resistance to gray mold disease, which is caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and Arabidopsis thaliana. High throughput transcriptome analysis revealed a priming role for the Spm molecule in the genus Arabidopsis, resulting in strong upregulation of several important defense-associated genes, particularly those involved in systemic-acquired resistance. Microscopic analysis confirmed that Spm application potentiates endogenous defense responses in tomato leaves through the generation of reactive oxygen species and the hypersensitive response, which effectively contained B. cinerea growth within the inoculated area. Moreover, co-application of Spm and salicylic acid resulted in a synergistic effect against the pathogen, leading to higher levels of resistance than those induced by separate applications of the two compounds. The Spm plus salicylic acid treatment also reduced infection in systemic nontreated leaves of tomato plants. Our findings suggest that Spm, particularly when applied in combination with salicylic acid, functions as a potent plant defense activator that leads to effective local and systemic resistance against B. cinerea.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Characterization, Evolution, and Expression Profile Analysis of GATA Transcription Factors in Brachypodium distachyon

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2026
Author(s):  
Weiye Peng ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Na Song ◽  
Zejun Tang ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Expression Profile ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Expression Profile Analysis ◽  
Genome Wide

The GATA proteins, functioning as transcription factors (TFs), are involved in multiple plant physiological and biochemical processes. In this study, 28 GATA TFs of Brachypodium distachyon (BdGATA) were systematically characterized via whole-genome analysis. BdGATA genes unevenly distribute on five chromosomes of B. distachyon and undergo purifying selection during the evolution process. The putative cis-acting regulatory elements and gene interaction network of BdGATA were found to be associated with hormones and defense responses. Noticeably, the expression profiles measured by quantitative real-time PCR indicated that BdGATA genes were sensitive to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) treatment, and 10 of them responded to invasion of the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, which causes rice blast disease. Genome-wide characterization, evolution, and expression profile analysis of BdGATA genes can open new avenues for uncovering the functions of the GATA genes family in plants and further improve the knowledge of cellular signaling in plant defense.

scholarly journals Cytological Analysis of Defense-Related Mechanisms Induced in Pea Root Tissues in Response to Colonization by Nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo47

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
pp. 730-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Benhamou ◽  
Chantal Garand
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Outer Cortex ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Wall Appositions ◽  
Rapid Stimulation ◽  
Root Tissues

The ability of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum, strain Fo47, to trigger plant defense reactions was investigated using Ri T-DNA-transformed pea roots. Cytological investigations of strain Fo47-inoculated roots showed that the fungus grew actively at the root surface and colonized a number of epidermal and cortical cells, inducing marked host cell metabolic changes. In roots inoculated with pathogenic F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi, the pathogen multiplied abundantly through much of the tissues, whereas in Fo47-inoculated roots, fungal growth was restricted to the epidermis and the outer cortex. Invading cells of strain Fo47 suffered from serious alterations, a phenomenon that was not observed in control roots in which F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi grew so actively that the vascular stele was invaded within a few days. Strain Fo47 establishment in the root tissues resulted in a massive elaboration of hemispherical wall appositions and in the deposition of an electron-opaque material frequently encircling pathogen hyphae and accumulating in the noninfected xylem vessels. This suggests that the host roots were signaled to defend themselves through the rapid stimulation of a general cascade of nonspecific defense responses. The specific relationship established between strain Fo47 and the root tissues is discussed in relation to other types of plant-fungus interactions, including pathogenic and symbiotic associations.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Response of Huanglongbing-Infected Citrus sinensis Following Field Application of a Microbial Fermentation Product

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Lally ◽  
Kathleen Donaleshen ◽  
Ulalo Chirwa ◽  
Katie Eastridge ◽  
Wesley Saintilnord ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Pr Genes ◽  
Transcriptomic Response ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Protein ◽  
Citrus Trees

Huanglongbing (HLB) is considered the most destructive disease in Citrus production and threatens the future of the industry. Microbial-derived defense elicitors have gained recognition for their role in plant defense priming. This work assessed a 5% (V/V) microbial fermentation application (MFA) and its role in the elicitation of defense responses in HLB-infected Citrus sinensis trees following a foliar application with a pump sprayer. Using a PCR detection method, HLB infection levels were monitored in healthy and infected trees for 20months. Nutrient analysis assessed N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Fe, B, and Cu concentrations in the trees. MFA significantly increased Cu concentrations in treated trees and resulted in the stabilization of disease index (DI) in infected trees. Initial real-time qPCR analysis of defense-associated genes showed a significant increase in pathogenesis-related protein 2 (PR2) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) gene expression in healthy and HLB-infected trees in response to MFA. Gene expression of PR2 and PAL peaked 6h post-microbial fermentation application during an 8-h sampling period. A transcriptomic assessment using GeneChip microarray of the hour 6 samples revealed differential expression of 565 genes when MFA was applied to healthy trees and 909 genes when applied infected citrus trees when compared to their respective controls. There were 403 uniquely differentially expressed genes in response to MFA following an intersectional analysis of both healthy and infected citrus trees. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that several genes associated with plant development, growth, and defense were upregulated in response to MFA, including multiple PR genes, lignin formation genes, ROS-related genes, hormone synthases, and hormone regulators. This study provides further evidence that MFA may play an important role as a plant elicitor in an integrated pest management strategy in citrus and other agronomically important crops.

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