scholarly journals Fungal Endophyte: An Interactive Endosymbiont With the Capability of Modulating Host Physiology in Myriad Ways

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohini Sarkar ◽  
Abhijit Dey ◽  
Vinay Kumar ◽  
Gaber El-Saber Batiha ◽  
Mohamed A. El-Esawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Physiology ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Symbiotic Interaction ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

Endophytic fungi ubiquitously dwell inside the tissue-spaces of plants, mostly asymptomatically. They grow either intercellularly or intracellularly in a particular host plant to complete the whole or part of their life cycle. They have been found to be associated with almost all the plants occurring in a natural ecosystem. Due to their important role in the survival of plants (modulate photosynthesis, increase nutrient uptake, alleviate the effect of various stresses) they have been selected to co-evolve with their hosts through the course of evolution. Many years of intense research have discovered their tremendous roles in increasing the fitness of the plants in both normal and stressed conditions. There are numerous literature regarding the involvement of various endophytic fungi in enhancing plant growth, nutrient uptake, stress tolerance, etc. But, there are scant reports documenting the specific mechanisms employed by fungal endophytes to manipulate plant physiology and exert their effects. In this review, we aim to document the probable ways undertaken by endophytic fungi to alter different physiological parameters of their host plants. Our objective is to present an in-depth elucidation about the impact of fungal endophytes on plant physiology to make this evolutionarily conserved symbiotic interaction understandable from a broader perspective.

Revealing the endophytic mycoflora in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves in Sri Lanka: the first comprehensive study

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 514 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-260
Author(s):  
KASUN THAMBUGALA ◽  
DINUSHANI DARANAGAMA ◽  
SAGARIKA KANNANGARA ◽  
THENUKA KODITUWAKKU
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
Rdna Sequence Data

Endophytic fungi are a diverse group of microorganisms that live asymptomatically in healthy tissues of host and they have been reported from all kinds of plant tissues such as leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruits. In this study, fungal endophytes associated with tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) were collected from Kandy, Kegalle, and Nuwara Eliya districts in Sri Lanka and were isolated, characterized, and identified. A total of twenty endophytic fungal isolates belonging to five genera were recovered and ITS-rDNA sequence data were used to identify them. All isolated endophytic fungal strains belong to the phylum Ascomycota and the majority of these isolates were identified as Colletotrichum species. Phyllosticta capitalensis was the most commonly found fungal endophyte in tea leaves and was recorded in all three districts where the samples were collected. This is the very first investigation on fungal endophytes associated with C. sinensis in Sri Lanka based on molecular sequence data. In addition, a comprehensive account of known endophytic fungi reported worldwide on Camellia sinensis is provided.

Reduced growth and deterrence from feeding of the insect pest Helicoverpa armigera associated with fungal endophytes from cotton

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 995 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. McGee
Keyword(s):  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
New South ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Feeding Choice ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera ◽  
The Impact

More than 13 morphospecies of fungal endophyte were isolated from leaves of cotton collected from eastern New South Wales, Australia. Of the fungi tested, methanol extracts of 4 morphospecies offered with a food source reduced the larval growth rate of the insect pest Helicoverpa armigera. Extracts of different isolates of 1�common morphospecies had varying effects on growth rates of H. armigera and H. punctigera. The impact of the endophytes after inoculation to leaves of cotton also differed. Five of 10 selected isolates were associated with reduced feeding from leaf discs in a feeding-choice experiment with H. armigera. The data are consistent with the view that some fungal endophytes benefit their host through reduced herbivory of the plant.

scholarly journals Biodiversity study of endophytic fungi associated with two Quercus species in Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. e003
Author(s):  
Saied Ghasemi ◽  
Sima Khodaei ◽  
Kaivan Karimi ◽  
Majid Tavakoli ◽  
Illaria Pertot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Culture Collection ◽  
Its Rdna ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Quercus Species ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
East Azerbaijan

Aim of study: In this study, frequency and diversity of fungal endophyte communities inhabiting twigs and branches of apparently healthy Q. macranthera and Q. brantii in East Azerbaijan and Lorestan provinces of Iran is presented.Area of study: East Azerbaijan and Lorestan provinces in Iran.Materials and methods: Culturable fungal endophytes were recovered from wood tissues using routine technique for isolation of fungal endophytes. The identity of fungal isolates were determined based on morphological characteristics and sequences data of ITS-rDNA region and Beta-tubulin gene. Frequency and diversity among fungal communities were analyzed using chi-square test and biodiversity indices.Main results: The highest frequency and diversity was detected for fungal endophyte community recovered from Q. macranthera and East Azerbaijan province. The assemblage of endophytic fungi characterized in this study in healthy tissues of oak trees indicates that some of the fungi are possible latent pathogens such as Biscogniauxia mediterranea with 18.28% frequency followed by Alternaria alternata and Trichothecium roseum respectively. Two fungal taxa of Pyronema domesticum and Valsa persoonii are reported for the first time in Iran. Overall, the results of this study show that the plant species and growth location influence frequency and diversity of culturable fungal endophytic communities of Quercus in Iran.Keywords: Quercus macranthera, Quercus brantii, Fungal endophytes, Molecular identification.Abbreviations used: CBS (Centraal Bureau voor Schimmelcultures); CCTU (Culture Collection of University of Tabriz); GTR (General Time Reversible); HKY (Hasegawa Kishino Yano); ITS-rDNA (Internal Transcribed Space); km (kilometer) ; PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar); TUB (Tubulin).

scholarly journals Preliminary study of endophytic fungi in timothy (Phleum pratense) in Estonia

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Triin Varvas ◽  
Kristina Kasekamp ◽  
Bellis Kullman
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Experimental Plots ◽  
Isolate Identification

Timothy (<em>Phleum pratense </em>L.) is an important agricultural grass in Europe and North America, but there is little research into the occurrence and abundance of fungal endophyte species associated with this grass. The aim of this study was to identify fungal endophytes living within <em>P. </em>pratense and to determine if additional moisture applied during the growing season increases the diversity of endophytic fungi. We studied 58 isolates obtained from surface-sterilised blades of 60 <em>P. pratense </em>plants collected from Rõka Free Air Humidity Manipulation experimental plots (FAHM), Estonia. Morphological and molecular methods were used for isolate identification. As a result, 45 strains from 10 different taxa were identified, all belonging to Ascomycota. Five species were found to be new to <em>P. pratense</em>.

scholarly journals Development of Plant–Fungal Endophyte Associations to Suppress Phoma Stem Canker in Brassica

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2387
Author(s):  
Davood Roodi ◽  
James P. Millner ◽  
Craig R. McGill ◽  
Richard D. Johnson ◽  
Shen-Yan Hea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Leptosphaeria Maculans ◽  
Brassica Species ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Phoma Stem Canker ◽  
Pests And Diseases

Endophytic microorganisms are found within the tissues of many plants species, with some conferring several benefits to the host plant including resistance to plant diseases. In this study, two putative endophytic fungi that were previously isolated from wild seeds of Brassica, identified as Beauveria bassiana and Pseudogymnoascus pannorum, were inoculated into cultivars of three Brassica species—Brassica napus, Br. rapa and Br. oleracea. Both fungal endophytes were reisolated from above- and below-ground tissues of inoculated plants at four different plant-growth stages, including cotyledon, one-leaf, two-leaf, and four-leaf stages. None of the plants colonised by these fungi exhibited any obvious disease symptoms, indicating the formation of novel mutualistic associations. These novel plant–endophyte associations formed between Brassica plants and Be. bassiana significantly inhibited phoma stem canker, a devastating disease of Brassica crops worldwide, caused by the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans. The novel association formed with P. pannorum significantly suppressed the amount of disease caused by L. maculans in one out of two experiments. Although biological control is not a new strategy, endophytic fungi with both antiinsect and antifungal activity are a highly conceivable, sustainable option to manage pests and diseases of economically important crops.

scholarly journals Soybean Fungal Endophytes Alternaria and Diaporthe spp. are Differentially Impacted by Fungicide Application

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Carlson Batzer ◽  
Daren S. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Community Analysis ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
The Impact

In field trials in Iowa, we investigated the association of a fungicide applied at early pod set to the diversity and composition of foliar endophytic fungi in presenescent soybeans. The main purpose of our study was to determine whether fungicides affect the microbiome of soybean plants during the pod-fill reproductive stage. In a replicated experiment focused on the impact of a fungicide application including a quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) and a pyrazole-carboxamide spanning two growing seasons, healthy stems and leaves near the tops of soybean were sampled for endophytic fungi. The survey yielded 1,791 isolates belonging to 17 putative species, identified by morphology and sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region. Taxa were grouped by genus into operational taxonomic units: Alternaria, Colletotrichum, and Diaporthe were the dominant genera isolated. Plant parts were analyzed separately using a multivariate community analysis of isolate counts per plant. The 14.3% fluxapyroxad and 28.6% pyraclostrobin fungicide spray significantly increased the proportion of Diaporthe isolates over no-spray controls, whereas the inverse occurred for foliar Alternaria isolates. In addition, seed harvested from fields with shorter-season varieties and sprayed with fungicide showed higher percentages of Diaporthe isolates than fields with no fungicide spray. In conclusion, soybean farmers may want to consider that the application of a QoI fungicide in the absence of disease pressure might adversely impact seed quality.

Localization of fungal endophytes through histological study in healthy tissues of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.

Nova Hedwigia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-439
Author(s):  
Yash Mishra ◽  
Amla Batra ◽  
Madan Mohan Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Murraya Koenigii ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Cotton Blue ◽  
Almost All

Although endophytic fungi are widespread in almost all plants in the environment, few is known about their distribution in relation to specific plant cells and tissue. The aim was to locate endophytic fungi inside healthy leaflets of Murraya koenigii. The leaflet sections after staining with lactophenol cotton blue exhibited the presence of endophytic fungi in intercellular spaces of vascular bundles. In transverse sections at 1000× magnification, scattered endophytic hyphae were found between vessels of xylem tissues.

scholarly journals Endophytic fungal communities associated with field-grown soybean roots and seeds in the Huang-Huai region of China

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongjun Yang ◽  
Wenwu Ye ◽  
Jiaxin Ma ◽  
Dandan Zeng ◽  
Zhenyang Rong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
Abundant Genus ◽  
Culture Dependent

Plants depend on beneficial interactions between roots and fungal endophytes for growth, disease suppression, and stress tolerance. In this study, we characterized the endophytic fungal communities associated with the roots and corresponding seeds of soybeans grown in the Huang-Huai region of China. For the roots, we identified 105 and 50 genera by culture-independent and culture-dependent (CD) methods, respectively, and isolated 136 fungal strains (20 genera) from the CD samples. Compared with the 52 soybean endophytic fungal genera reported in other countries, 28 of the genera we found were reported, and 90 were newly discovered. Even though Fusarium was the most abundant genus of fungal endophyte in every sample, soybean root samples from three cities exhibited diverse endophytic fungal communities, and the results between samples of roots and seeds were also significantly different. Together, we identified the major endophytic fungal genera in soybean roots and seeds, and revealed that the diversity of soybean endophytic fungal communities was influenced by geographical effects and tissues. The results will facilitate a better understanding of soybean–endophytic fungi interaction systems and will assist in the screening and utilization of beneficial microorganisms to promote healthy of plants such as soybean.

Fungal endophyte assemblages from ethnopharmaceutically important medicinal trees

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 427-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mysore V Tejesvi ◽  
Basavanna Mahesh ◽  
Monnanda S Nalini ◽  
Harishchandra S Prakash ◽  
Kukkundoor R Kini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Southern India ◽  
Terminalia Arjuna ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Large Reservoir ◽  
Medicinal Tree ◽  
Individual Trees

Endophytic fungi represent an interesting group of microorganisms associated with the healthy tissues of terrestrial plants. They represent a large reservoir of genetic diversity. Fungal endophytes were isolated from the inner bark segments of ethnopharmaceutically important medicinal tree species, namely Terminalia arjuna, Crataeva magna, Azadirachta indica, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Terminalia chebula, and Butea monosperma (11 individual trees), growing in different regions of southern India. Forty-eight fungal species were recovered from 2200 bark segments. Mitosporic fungi represented a major group (61%), with ascomycetes (21%) and sterile mycelia (18%) the next major groups. Species of Fusarium, Pestalotiopsis, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Verticillium, and Chaetomium were frequently isolated. Exclusive fungal taxa were recovered from five of the six plant species considered for the study of endophytic fungi. Rarefaction indices for species richness indicated the highest expected number of species for bark segments were isolated from T. arjuna and A. indica (20 species each) and from C. magna (18 species).Key words: bark, endophytes, medicinal trees, southern India.

Contemporary Qur'anic Studies in Iran and its Relationship with Qur'anic Studies in the West

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-72
Author(s):  
Morteza Karimi-Nia
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
The West ◽  
Communications Technologies ◽  
Religious Learning ◽  
The Status ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The status of tafsīr and Qur'anic studies in the Islamic Republic of Iran has changed significantly during recent decades. The essay provides an overview of the state of Qur'anic studies in Iran today, aiming to examine the extent of the impact of studies by Western scholars on Iranian academic circles during the last three decades and the relationship between them. As in most Islamic countries, the major bulk of academic activity in Iran in this field used to be undertaken by the traditional ʿulamāʾ; however, since the beginning of the twentieth century and the establishment of universities and other academic institutions in the Islamic world, there has been increasing diversity and development. After the Islamic Revolution, many gradual changes in the structure and approach of centres of religious learning and universities have occurred. Contemporary advancements in modern sciences and communications technologies have gradually brought the institutions engaged in the study of human sciences to confront the new context. As a result, the traditional Shīʿī centres of learning, which until 50 years ago devoted themselves exclusively to the study of Islamic law and jurisprudence, today pay attention to the teaching of foreign languages, Qur'anic sciences and exegesis, including Western studies about the Qur'an, to a certain extent, and recognise the importance of almost all of the human sciences of the West.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document