scholarly journals Putting Stress in Historical Context: Why It Is Important That Being Stressed Out Was Not a Way to Be a Person 2,000 Years Ago

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Hutmacher
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Scientific Concept ◽  
Psychological Responses ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
The Social ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Universal Mechanism

It was not until the middle of the twentieth century that scientists and Western societies began to label the combination of physiological and psychological responses that people display when things are getting too much and out of balance as “stress.” However, stress is commonly understood as a universal mechanism that exists across times and cultures. In a certain sense, this universality claim is correct: the physiological and endocrinological mechanisms underlying the stress response are not a modern invention of our body. In another sense, the universality claim is potentially problematic: stress has become, but has not always been, a way to be a person. That is, the social practices, in which the physiological and endocrinological stress mechanisms are embedded, are not the same across times and cultures. Crucially, these social practices are not a negligible by-product, but form an essential part of the way stress is commonly understood and experienced. Against this background, one may still decide to use the word “stress” when speaking about other times and cultures. Nevertheless, one should at least be cautious when doing so for three reasons. First, using the word “stress” when referring to societies different from our own may create the impression of a similarity between then and now, which does not actually exist. Second, it may blind us to the nature of the differences between times and cultures. Third, it naturalizes a contemporary scientific concept, which is more adequately viewed as the result of complex social, historical, and societal processes. Putting the stress concept in historical context and acknowledging that its use emerged in a specific historical environment enables us to take a step back and to think about the ways that stress shapes our lives. In other words, viewing stress as a culture-bound concept can give us the possibility to reflect upon our modern societies, in which the concept emerged.

scholarly journals Communication as existential and social phenomenon in the philosophy of the XX century

KANT ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-134
Author(s):  
Elena Gennadyevna Loginova ◽  
Elena Nikolaevna Gvozdeva
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Communicative Action ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Analytical Philosophy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Universal Mechanism

The article provides the results of a comparative study of the main theories of language and communication in the philosophical thought of the twentieth century. The authors focus on the social significance of the considered phenomena, their role in the transformation and consolidation of society. An analysis of the ideas of existentialist thinkers, analytical philosophy, the theory of communicative action by J. Habermas and others shows their relevance and practical importance for creating a universal mechanism for the development of modern society based on the principles of agreement, mutual understanding and openness.

THE ANXIETIES OF TIME IN THE SOCIAL LYRICS OF KYAZIM MECHIEV

Kavkazologiya ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 181-193
Author(s):  
T.Sh. BITTIROVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Social Protest ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
First Time

This article aims to determine the place of the topic of social justice in the work of the classic of Karachai-Balkarian literature Kyazim Mechiev and the forms of its artistic embodiment. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time the poet's social lyrics are viewed in a broad historical context, in relation to the chronotope. The results obtained showed the scale of the poet's thinking, his sensitivity to historical and political transformations in the life of highland society. The work establishes how the events of the early twentieth century are refracted through the author's worldview and what place the theme of social protest occupies in the poetic heritage of the classic of Karachai-Balkarian literature K.B. Mechiev. Analyzed the poems of K. Mechiev, dedicated to the pre-revolutionary and revolutionary events, the civil war, their accordance to historical realities. The article reveals the depth and scale of reflection of the challenges of the time in the poet's work, his pain, despair and hope.

Back to the Origins: The Tragic History of the Szekler Sabbatarians

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 566-585
Author(s):  
Gábor Győrffy ◽  
Zoltán Tibori-Szabó ◽  
Júlia-Réka Vallasek
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
World War ◽  
Institutional Form ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
Detailed Presentation

Sabbatarians were the only proselyte religious community that had an official institutional form in nineteenth-century Europe. This study aims to present the history and gradual disintegration of the Sabbatarian community and their acceptance of a common fate with Transylvanian Jewry during the Second World War. This is realized by, first, outlining the historical context of the formation of Sabbatarianism; second, by describing the social and political circumstances of Transylvanian Jews in the first half of the twentieth century; and third, by giving a detailed presentation of the 1944 deportations and other related events.

When Men Wore Veils to Worship: the Historical Context of 1 Corinthians 11.4

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Oster
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
1 Corinthians ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Concerns ◽  
Full Study

1 Corinthians 11. 2–16, because of the social concerns of much contemporary exegesis and theology, has provided a rich vein from which to quarry materials for current feminist agendas. However, exegetes have tended to neglect the ‘male issue’ in this text and the Corinthian context underlying it. The purpose of this article is to reconstruct the most plausible matrix of the practices addressed by Paul in 1 Cor 11. 4 when he refers to. Numerous exegetical issues and ancient social practices relevant to a full study of 1 Cor 11. 2–16 do not fall within the purview of this narrow investigation. Questions such as the origin and character of Paul's views of women as well as their apparel, and the question of ancient Greek, Roman, and Jewish customs concerning the veiling of women in their domestic and street apparel will not be broached here.

Gente que veio da terra: experiências educativas vivenciadas na infância de roça por assentados da reforma agrária de São Carlos (SP) / People who came from the land: educational experiences of rural childhood...

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
Diogo Marques Tafuri
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Life Trajectories ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Educational Processes ◽  
The Social

Neste artigo, pretendemos discutir a educação enquanto fenômeno ontológico, a partir de uma investigação realizada acerca das ações econômicas e dos processos educativos por elas engendrados no contexto histórico das trajetórias de vida de agricultores e agricultoras do Assentamento Santa Helena, situado no meio rural de São Carlos, município do interior do estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, fundamentamos o eixo analítico de nossa perspectiva de produção de conhecimento a partir das categorias “práticas sociais” e “processos educativos”, entendendo que as práticas sociais vivenciadas cotidianamente pelos seres humanos se constituem enquanto práxis essencialmente intersubjetiva, geradora de processos educativos que se projetam no tempo-espaço a partir de situações gnosiológicas problematizadoras da realidade social, a qual, portanto, se conserva permanentemente em transformação. Por meio da fenomenologia, partimos da análise dos acontecimentos descritos pelos (as) agricultores (as) durante as entrevistas realizadas em trabalho de campo, de forma a contemplar a integralidade entre uma possível gnosiologia das relações econômicas e os diversos elementos educativos a ela relacionados, os quais se mostraram presentes no seio de suas trajetórias de vida e que, em nossa compreensão, integram um todo encarnado em suas formas de ser e de agir no presente.Palavras-chave: Processos Educativos; Ação Econômica; Assentamentos da Reforma Agrária; Educação Camponesa. ABSTRACT: In this article, we intend to discuss education as an ontological phenomenon. The discussion is based on an investigation carried out on the economic actions and educational processes that they engendered in the historical context of the life trajectories of farmers in the Santa Helena Settlement in São Carlos, a municipality in the interior of the state of São Paulo. In order to do so, we base the analytical axis of our perspective on knowledge production from the categories “social practices” and “educational processes”, considering that the social practices lived daily by human beings constitute an essentially inter-subjective praxis, generating educational processes that are projected in time-space from problematic gnosiological situations from social reality, which is kept in constant transformation. Through phenomenology, we start with an analysis of events described by farmers during interviews conducted during fieldwork, in order to contemplate the integrality between a possible gnosiology of economic relations and the various educational elements related to it, which have been present in the midst of their life trajectories and which, in our understanding, integrate a whole embodied in their ways of being and acting in the present.Keywords: Educational Processes; Economic Action; Settlements of Agrarian Reform; Peasant Education.

scholarly journals Origins and Consequences of Market Citizenship

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-42
Author(s):  
Ceren Ark-Yıldırım ◽  
Marc Smyrl
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
The Social ◽  
Philosophical Debates ◽  
Citizenship Regime

AbstractIn this chapter, we establish the historical context needed to understand the place of cash transfer in contemporary market-enhancing social policy. To this end we outline the circumstances that led to the establishment of the twentieth-century regime of “industrial citizenship,” to growing criticism of it, and finally to the rise to prominence of a competing model, labeled (largely by its opponents) as “market citizenship.” We pay considerable attention at each step to the social and philosophical debates that surrounded this evolution, trying to understand not just how one citizenship regime was challenged and partially replaced by another, but why.

The technological era of ‘sound’: a challenge for musicology and a new range of social practices

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Delalande
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Contemporary Music ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Social Organisation ◽  
Musical Form ◽  
Technological Revolution ◽  
The Social ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Analysis Society ◽  
The Aesthetic

AbstractThe ‘technological revolution’ that took place in music during the twentieth century is equivalent to the revolution that took place between the twelfth and fourteenth century, which transformed musical notation into applications of technology related to creation. This second revolution, as well as the first one, concerns not only musical form, but also the social organisation related to music. The aesthetic of sound is the key factor (in all the genres of contemporary music), which is a major challenge for musical analysis. Society is reorganising itself, favouring the appropriation and amateur practices within musical creation. Musical research institutions – and particularly the GRM – develop new forms of collaboration with their audience and contribute to the constitution of a ‘horizontal’ society, based on exchange, in frank opposition with the ‘vertical’ society, based on a reduced number of producers and a large amount of consumers.

Structuralism in social science

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore R. Schatzki
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Ferdinand De Saussure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Structural Linguistics ◽  
Cooking Practices ◽  
The 1960S

Any school of thought in the social sciences that stresses the priority of order over action is ‘structural’. In the twentieth century, however, ‘structuralism’ has been used to denote a European, largely French language, school of thought that applied methods and conceptions of order developed in structural linguistics to a wide variety of cultural and social phenomena. Structuralism aspired to be a scientific approach to language and social phenomena that, in conceiving of them as governed by autonomous law-governed structures, minimized consideration of social-historical context and individual as well as collective action. Structural linguistics was developed in the early part of the twentieth century primarily by the Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Saussure. After the Second World War, it fostered roughly three phases of structural approaches to social phenomena. Under the lead of above all the French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss, classical structuralism applied structural linguistic conceptions of structure with relatively little transformation to such social phenomena as kinship structures, myths, cooking practices, religion and ideology. At the same time, the French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan appropriated Saussure’s conceptual apparatus to retheorize the Freudian unconscious. In the 1960s, a second phase of structural thought, neo-structuralism, extended structural linguistic notions of order to a fuller spectrum of social phenomena, including knowledge, politics and society as a whole. Many of Saussure’s trademark conceptions were abandoned, however, during this phase. Since the 1970s, a third phase of structuralism has advanced general theories of social life that centre on how structures govern action. In so refocusing structural theory, however, the new structuralists have broken with the conception of structure that heretofore reigned in structural thought.

Composer–performer collaborations in the long twentieth century

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold Whittall
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
String Quartet ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
The Social ◽  
Peter Maxwell Davies ◽  
Sustained Involvement

This account of a musical period centred around a modernist aesthetic provides a historical context for the contemporary case studies which follow in subsequent chapters. It surveys documented interactions of composers and performers in strongly contrasted contexts, from brief encounters to sustained involvement. In the latter case, such associations during the conception as well as the completion of works can have a decisive impact on the musical result. Benjamin Britten’s longstanding relationship with the singer Peter Pears is a well-known instance, and even when the music is less directly connected to the personal characteristics of particular performers, the consequences can be significant. The discussions between Sir Peter Maxwell Davies and the Maggini String Quartet during the composition of the ten Naxos Quartets (2002–07) vividly demonstrate the social dynamics that can be involved as uncompromisingly modernist music is prepared for presentation to an audience.

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