scholarly journals Why Dieters Succeed or Fail: The Relationship Between Reward and Punishment Sensitivity and Restrained Eating and Dieting Success

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nienke C. Jonker ◽  
Elise C. Bennik ◽  
Peter J. de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Female Student ◽  
Reward Sensitivity ◽  
Restrained Eating ◽  
Behavioral Task ◽  
Punishment Sensitivity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

BackgroundThe current study set out to improve our understanding of the characteristics of individuals who are motivated to restrict their food intake yet who nevertheless fail to do so. We examined whether punishment sensitivity (PS) was related to restrained eating, and reward sensitivity (RS) to perceived dieting success. Additionally, it was examined whether executive control (EC) moderates the association between RS and perceived dieting success.MethodsFemale student participants (N = 290, aged 17–29, BMI between 18.5 and 38.0) completed questionnaires on restrained eating, perceived dieting success, RS and PS, and carried out a behavioral task to index EC.ResultsPS was indeed positively related to restrained eating. RS was positively related to perceived dieting success, yet, EC did not moderate this association.ConclusionThe current study adds to the evidence that PS is related to individuals’ motivation to restrict their food intake. Furthermore, it shows support for the suggestion that RS may facilitate food restriction.

Effects of diet and thermal acclimation on oxygen consumption in rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. N. Santos Pinto ◽  
J. Tarasantchi ◽  
M. A. Griggio
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Thermic Effect Of Food ◽  
Effect Of Food ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Thermic Effect

The relationship between food intake and oxygen consumption was studied in a group of 60 rats acclimated at environmental temperatures of either 30 or 10 °C. Three separate experiments were performed. In the first, 28 rats were divided into two groups: control, which received 20 and 32 g of food/day at 30 and 10 °C, respectively, from 0800 to 1700 and experimental, which received 10 and 25 g of food/day at 30, and 10 °C, respectively. The experimental period lasted 6 weeks. Oxygen consumption was measured weekly at environmental temperatures of 5, 15, 25, 30, and 35 °C. In the second experiment, 16 rats were subjected to the same food intake as the animals in the first experiment. After 1 week, their oxygen consumption was measured at 25 °C over a period of 24 h. The third experiment was carried out with 16 other rats in which the control groups received the same amount of food as in the first experiment, and the experimental groups were fed 6 and 11 g/day at 30 and 10 °C, respectively, during 1 week. In the first experiment, no changes in oxygen consumption (per kilogram 0.67) were apparent in the experimental rats during 6 weeks. However, after 1 week on severe food restriction a significant decrease in oxygen consumption (per kilogram 0.67) was observed. A long-lasting thermic effect of food was observed in control rats from the second experiment and a rapid effect was apparent in restricted rats. The results seem to indicate that in the rat, although the oxygen consumption does depend on the level of food intake, it is necessary to have a higher level of restriction to make it apparent when compared with larger species of animals. It is also suggested that energy conservation mechanisms did not interfere with cold acclimation.

Effects of food restriction on energy metabolism in male Apodemus chevrieri from Hengduan mountain region of China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan-long Zhu ◽  
Li-xin Chen ◽  
Xue-na Gong ◽  
Hao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Energy Strategies ◽  
Different Levels

To investigate the relationship between the energy strategies in response to food restriction and the levels of metabolism in small mammals, body mass, resting metabolic rate (RMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity were measured in Apodemus chevrieri that were subjected to different levels of food restriction (FR). The results showed that cold-exposed group had significantly increased RMR and NST, but decreased body mass and survival rate after being restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake compared with their counterparts maintained at room temperature. A. chevrieri with higher RMR consumed higher food intake than individuals with lower RMR, whereas no differences were observed in body mass and survival rate between two groups after being restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake. The results suggest that A. chevrieri characterized by higher levels of metabolism are sensitive to periods of FR, providing a support for the “metabolism switch hypothesis”.

The effect of a reduction in food intake during late pregnancy on nitrogen metabolism in ewes

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Guada ◽  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
C. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYTwelve Finnish Landrace × Dorset Horn ewes with a mean litter size of 1·92 and a mean body weight of 75±3 kg were individually penned from 80 days of gestation to parturition and offered a diet with a metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein content in the dry matter of 9·7 MJ/kg and 11·4% respectively. At 120 days of gestation daily ME intake was abruptly reduced from a mean of 0·48 to 0·25 MJ/kg W0·75for a period of 10 days.The observed increase in the plasma concentration of urea due to the reduction in food intake was better correlated with lamb birth weight (r= 0·87) than was the increase in plasma free fatty acid concentration (r= 0·53) or the decrease in plasma glucose concentration (r= 0·76). Mean daily nitrogen balance decreased from a mean of 5·6 g before food restriction to – 1·8 g after food restriction. Although the effect was not significant, single bearing ewes excreted more total and urea nitrogen in the urine than multiple bearing ewes before food restriction. During food restriction the trend was reversed. The change in urea nitrogen excretion (Y, g/day) that resulted from the reduction in food intake was correlated (r= 0·73,P< 0·01) with lamb birth weight (X, kg); the relationship wasY= 0·54(±0·16)X – 3·48. It was estimated that the daily loss of nitrogen from the maternal body during the period of food restriction was approximately 80% of published values for the urinary nitrogen excretion of fasting non-pregnant sheep.

The Relationship between Plasma Gastrin Concentration and Food Intake in the Chick

1996 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-167
Author(s):  
Mitsuhiro FURUSE ◽  
Jun-ichi OKUMURA
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Plasma Gastrin ◽  
The Relationship

Home, Sweet Home: Negotiating Intimacy in Brazilian Elitist Closed Condominiums

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 374-395
Author(s):  
Rafael Ignacio Estrada Mejia ◽  
Carla Guerrón Guerron Montero
Keyword(s):  
Collective Mode ◽  
Living Arrangement ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Social Distinction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Collective Production ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

This article aims to decrease the cultural invisibility of the wealthy by exploring the Brazilian emergent elites and their preferred living arrangement: elitist closed condominiums (BECCs) from a micropolitical perspective.  We answer the question: What is the relationship between intimacy and subjectivity that is produced in the collective mode of existence of BECCs? To do so, we trace the history of the elite home, from the master’s house (casa grande) to contemporary closed condominiums. Following, we discuss the features of closed condominiums as spaces of segregation, fragmentation and social distinction, characterized by minimal public life and an internalized sociability. Finally, based on ethnographic research conducted in the mid-size city of Londrina (state of Paraná) between 2015 and 2017, we concentrate on four members of the emergent elite who live in BECCs, addressing their collective production of subjectivity. 

The Relationship between Nutritional Knowledge and Attitudes toward Food Intake and Nutritional Status of People with HIVAIDS

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 213-223
Author(s):  
Meirina Dwi Larasati ◽  
Nurul Dwi Anggriyani ◽  
Susi Tursilowati ◽  
Ria Ambarwati ◽  
Yuniarti Yuniarti
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Nutritional Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
The Relationship

The Role of the Judiciary and Its Relationship to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Waddington
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Amicus Curiae ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Legal Duty ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

This chapter examines the role of the judiciary with regard to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). It considers the relationship which the judiciary have or appear to perceive themselves as having with the CRPD and explores some of the factors seemingly prompting courts to refer to it. The first section reflects on: whether judges are able to choose to refer to the Convention or have a legal duty to do so; the significance of the fact that the CRPD is international law; and whether judges appear to see themselves merely as domestic actors, or as agents or trustees of the CRPD. The second section explores whether judges are referring to the CRPD in response to arguments raised before the court or doing so of their own volition. Also considered are the relevance of amicus curiae interventions; reasons for referral related to the domestic legal system; and the role of particularly engaged individuals.

Protecting Natural Resources

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérémie Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
Conservation Of Natural Resources ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

This chapter focuses on the connection between the international legal framework governing the conservation of natural resources and human rights law. The objective is to examine the potential synergies between international environmental law and human rights when it comes to the protection of natural resources. To do so, it concentrates on three main areas of potential convergence. It first focuses on the pollution of natural resources and analyses how human rights law offers a potential platform to seek remedies for the victims of pollution. It next concentrates on the conservation of natural resources, particularly on the interconnection between protected areas, biodiversity, and human rights law. Finally, it examines the relationship between climate change and human rights law, focusing on the role that human rights law can play in the development of the current climate change adaptation and mitigation frameworks.

scholarly journals Anger Responses in Adolescents: Relationship with Punishment and Reward Sensitivity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Kreuze ◽  
P. J. de Jong ◽  
E. C. Bennik ◽  
M. H. Nauta
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Reward Sensitivity ◽  
Substantial Proportion ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Punishment Sensitivity ◽  
Trait Factors

AbstractA substantial proportion of youth with anxiety disorders shows comorbid behavioral (anger) problems. Such comorbid profile is associated with low treatment effectiveness and negative (longterm) outcomes. This study was therefore designed to examine trait factors that may promote anger responding in adolescents. By presenting participants (N = 158, mean age = 15.7, 56% female) with a series of common anger-eliciting situations, we tested whether high reward sensitivity would be associated with anger via perceived non-reward, and high punishment sensitivity via perceived threat. In line with the hypotheses, an indirect effect of reward sensitivity on anger was found via perceived non-reward, and an indirect effect of punishment sensitivity on anger via perceived threat. The latter association also had an indirect effect via perceived non-reward. High punishment and reward sensitivity may thus set adolescents at risk for developing (comorbid) anger problems via heightened threat and non-reward perceptions.

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