scholarly journals Adolescent Empathy Influences Bystander Defending in School Bullying: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoping Deng ◽  
Junru Yang ◽  
Yuzhen Wu
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
School Bullying ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Peer Evaluation ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
The Relationship

Even though numerous studies have shown that adolescent empathy is positively related to bystander defending in school bullying, others have failed to detect a significant association between these two variables. To address this discrepancy, a three-level meta-analysis of 27 papers (35 independent studies, N = 25,012 adolescents) was conducted. The results showed that empathy was positively correlated with bystander defending. Furthermore, the strength of the relationship between empathy and bystander defending was moderated by the type of empathy and the evaluators of defending. Specifically, the correlation coefficient between affective empathy and bystander defending (r = 0.27, 95% CI [0.22, 0.32]) was significantly stronger than that between cognitive empathy and bystander defending (r = 0.22, 95% CI [0.17, 0.28]). Finally, the strength of the relationship between empathy and bystander defending was moderated by the evaluator of defending behavior. That is, the correlation coefficient of bystander defending measured by self-evaluation was significantly stronger than that measured by peer-evaluation. The results showed that empathy was closely related to bystander defending. Thus, school bullying can be prevented from the perspective of enhancing empathy among adolescents.

scholarly journals School Bullying: Empathy among Perpetrators and Victims

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1548
Author(s):  
Carlos Salavera ◽  
Pablo Usán ◽  
Pilar Teruel ◽  
Eva Urbón ◽  
Victor Murillo
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
School Bullying ◽  
Empathic Concern ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Personality Questionnaire ◽  
Socioeconomic Variables ◽  
Perpetrators And Victims ◽  
The Relationship

This study analyses the relationship between empathy and school bullying, taking both perpetrators and victims into consideration. The study sample comprised 840 students, 423 of which were female (50.36%), aged an average of 14.28 years. The instruments used were an ad hoc questionnaire for socioeconomic variables and bullying behaviour, an empathy questionnaire, and a personality questionnaire. Victims yielded higher scores in terms of empathic concern, while both groups, aggressors and victims, yielded similar results in terms of cognitive and affective empathy. Concerning the correlation between these variables and personality, anxiety was found to be correlated with affective empathy and empathetic concern in both groups. A correlation between cognitive empathy and impulsiveness and activity was also found in both groups. Remarkably, aggression and cognitive empathy were found to be correlated, but only among victims. Finally, experiences with classmates, anxiety, sincerity, and aggression were found to act as predictors of school bullying, while gender and aggression factors were found to act as predictors among perpetrators, but to a lesser extent, which suggests that other factors must be in place for bullying behaviour to occur. The results suggest that, although empathy levels are different in both groups, they cannot act as a predictor of bullying, especially concerning perpetrators.

scholarly journals The relationship between Internet use and self-concept clarity: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Elena Petre
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
The Relationship

There are three hypotheses regarding the relationship between Self-Concept Clarity (SCC) and Internet use. It was argued that Internet use: 1) decreases SCC, 2) increases SCC, 3) does not relate with SCC. The present study, in the form of a systematic and meta-analytic synthesis, aimed to explore: a) the extent empirical evidence can support each hypothesis; b) how Internet use-SCC relationship was addressed across studies; c) the intensity of the Internet use –SCC relationship; d) potential moderators. Twenty-one studies (N = 8,910) met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review (i.e., being quantitative, written in English, concerned with Internet use -SCC relationship) and 11 studies (N = 3,298) met the additional criteria for meta-analysis (i.e., being correlational, using self-evaluation instruments, quantifying general Internet use and including the information needed to calculate the meta-analysis specific indicators). Results emphasized that all three hypotheses are plausible, as distinct dimensions of Internet use related differently with SCC. However, the conclusions were limited by the extensive use of cross-sectional design. For general Internet use and SCC relationship the overall effect was -0.350, p < .01. Some moderators were significant: cultural background, Internet operationalization, age homogeneity, participants rewarding. This paper outlines the complexity of SCC – Internet relationship and underlines some of the gaps that should be further addressed. Implications and limits of the study (e.g., publication bias, excluded outcomes in the meta-analysis or possible omission of moderators) are discussed.

Empathic Differences in Men Who Witnessed Animal Abuse

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Beth Daly ◽  
L.L. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Nonhuman Animal ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Animal Abuse ◽  
Emotional Empathy ◽  
Cognitive Perspective ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This study draws on diverse research results from investigating the relationship between experiences with nonhuman animal abuse and empathy. We examined whether 108 men with a history of animal abuse showed differences between cognitive (perspective-taking) and affective (emotional) empathy. The effects related to three levels (never, once, multiple times) of witnessing the killing of animals and witnessing the torture of animals. Individuals who witnessed abuse were higher in cognitive empathy than affective empathy. This supports previous findings for a “dissociation hypothesis,” which suggests exposure to animal abuse may mediate between emotional and cognitive empathy. Therefore, it may be beneficial for an individual to have the ability to detach cognitive from emotional empathy—particularly those in careers related to animal welfare and veterinary care. An absence of emotional empathy may also lead to a callous or dismissive attitude to people in need. We sought an appropriate balance of the two.

scholarly journals Cognitive and affective empathy relate differentially to emotion regulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas M Thompson ◽  
Carien M. van Reekum ◽  
Bhismadev Chakrabarti
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Interference Effects ◽  
Emotional Interference ◽  
Difficulties In Emotion Regulation ◽  
Component Processes ◽  
The Relationship

The constructs of empathy (i.e. understanding/sharing another’s emotion) and emotion regulation (i.e. the processes by which one manages emotions) have largely been studied in relative isolation of one another. To better understand the interrelationships between their various component processes, this manuscript reports two studies that examined the relationship between empathy and emotion regulation using a combination of self-report and task measures. In study 1 (N=137), trait cognitive and affective empathy were found to share divergent relationships with self-reported emotion dysregulation. Emotion dysregulation was negatively related to cognitive empathy but showed no relationship with affective empathy. In the second study (N=92), the magnitude of emotion interference effects (i.e. the extent to which inhibitory control was impacted by emotional relative to neutral stimuli) in variants of a Go/NoGo and Stroop task were used as proxy measures of implicit emotion regulation abilities. Trait cognitive and affective empathy were found to share different relationships with both task metrics. Higher affective empathy was associated with increased emotional interference in the Emotional Go/NoGo; no such relationship was observed for trait cognitive empathy. In the Emotional Stroop, higher cognitive empathy was associated with reduced emotional interference, but no such relationship was observed for affective empathy. Together, these studies demonstrate that greater cognitive empathy was broadly associated with improved emotion regulation abilities, while greater affective empathy was typically associated with increased difficulties with emotion regulation. This finding points to the need for assessing the different components of empathy in psychopathological conditions marked by difficulties in emotion regulation.

The Differing Roles of Cognitive Empathy and Affective Empathy in the Relationship Between Trait Anger and Aggressive Behavior: A Chinese College Students Survey

2019 ◽  
pp. 088626051987922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Jiang ◽  
Ya-ting Yang ◽  
Chun-li Liu ◽  
Jia-wen Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Social Information Processing ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Model Analysis ◽  
Trait Anger ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
The Relationship

Empathy is essential for effective social interaction. People often express the belief that empathy is closely related to aggressive behavior, but empirical data has challenged this assumption. However, there is a lack of research that focuses on the role of empathy in the relationship between trait anger and aggressive behavior. The current research focuses on the roles that different components of empathy have performed in the combinations of trait anger-hostile cognition-aggressive behavior link and attempt to identify, with reference to Integrated Model of Emotion Processes and Cognition in Social Information Processing, at which step this may occur. Participants included 663 undergraduate students who completed self-report measures of Trait Anger Scale, Aggressive Behavior Questionnaire, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire. Results from correlation analysis show that there is no significant correlation between cognitive empathy and aggressive behavior ( r = −.06) but do however suggest a significant correlation between affective empathy and aggressive behavior ( r = −.19). Results from structural equation modeling reveal that different components of empathy perform different roles in relation to aggressive behavior. The moderated mediating model analysis results show that cognitive empathy played a moderating role in both the direct effect and the first stage of the mediating model of trait anger-hostile cognition-aggression behavior. The results of multiple mediation model analysis demonstrate that affective empathy only played a partial mediating role between hostile cognition and aggressive behavior. This study contributes to understanding of Social Information Processing Models (SIPMs) and provides insight into the relationship between empathy and aggressive behavior.

The Role of Normative Beliefs About Aggression in the Relationship Between Empathy and Cyberbullying

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1138-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca P. Ang ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Suzanne L. Seah
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Traditional Bullying ◽  
Normative Beliefs ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

The present study examined the relationship between empathy (affective and cognitive) and cyberbullying in a sample of 396 (male = 173, female = 219, and four did not report information on gender) school-going adolescents from Singapore (age ranging from 12 to 18 years). Both types of empathy were negatively associated with cyberbullying as expected, with affective empathy having a stronger association with cyberbullying. We also investigated the mediating and moderating role of normative beliefs about aggression in two pathways—the relationship between affective empathy and cyberbullying and the relationship between cognitive empathy and cyberbullying. Findings suggested that normative beliefs about aggression was a partial mediator and moderator in the affective empathy-beliefs-cyberbullying pathway but normative beliefs about aggression was neither a mediator nor moderator in the cognitive empathy-beliefs-cyberbullying pathway. Normative beliefs about aggression served as the mechanism partially accounting for the relationship between affective empathy and cyberbullying. Furthermore, the relation between affective empathy and cyberbullying was found to be stronger for those with higher levels of normative beliefs of aggression. Collectively, together with other studies, this research contributes to an increasing number of studies demonstrating a stronger association between low empathy (in particular, low affective empathy) and bullying, whether traditional bullying or cyberbullying in adolescents.

scholarly journals Malicious Mind Readers? A Meta-Analysis on Machiavellianism and Cognitive and Affective Empathy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Blötner ◽  
Ricarda Steinmayr ◽  
Sebastian Bergold
Keyword(s):  
Personality Trait ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Empathic Ability ◽  
And Performance ◽  
General Studies

This meta-analysis investigated how the antagonistic personality trait Machiavellianism (Mach) relates to cognitive and affective empathy. Due to the role of manipulation in Mach, previous research argued that Mach should go along with higher empathic ability but found negative effects very consistently. Thus, some scholars argued that individuals with high scores in Mach had empathic deficits. The current meta-analysis (70 studies, 76 samples, and 232 effect sizes) challenged both perspectives by investigating bivariate and multivariate relations between Mach, self-reported cognitive empathy, cognitive empathic skills, and affective empathy. Further, we tested if gender distributions, student samples, and different utilized Mach scales accounted for differences across studies (i.e., moderated those). Bivariate analyses revealed inverse correlations of Mach with all facets of empathy (ρs from -.10 to -.36). The relations with self-reported and performance-based cognitive empathy almost dissolved when controlling for affective empathy. Neither of the proposed moderators significantly explained differences across studies. In general, studies with a high percentage of men and those comprising non-students revealed more diverse correlations than studies with a large proportion of women and studies that exclusively recruited students. The results suggest low affective empathy in Mach but contradict both the empathic deficits- and the “skilled mind reader”-perspectives.

scholarly journals P–494 The relationship between the infertility specialist and the patient during the COVID–19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Iordăchescu
Keyword(s):  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Treatment Compliance ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
P Value ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Patient Relationship ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Study question What are the basic elements of the infertility specialist - patient relationship? Summary answer For study participants, elements such as empathy, communication, collaboration and trust are important factors in increasing compliance and satisfaction with treatment. What is known already In the literature, the doctor-patient relationship is seen as fundamental in the treatment of infertility, due to the emotional implications of fertilization procedures. However, not much data is available specifically for this relationship. Communication and interpersonal skills, empathy, trust, collaboration, compliance and satisfaction are essential elements in this medical context. Study design, size, duration A cross-sectional study was conducted between May and June 2020 and follows the methods of a quantitative analysis, the data being collected using questionnaires. The research plan is one specific to the path analysis with mediation effect, in which the hypotheses were tested. Participants/materials, setting, methods The research group consists of 151 women diagnosed with infertility, voluntarily recruited through online support communities. Self-reported questionnaires provided socio-demographic information, information related to infertility, as well as information on the relationship of patients with specialists. In order to test the proposed hypotheses, an analysis of structural equations was performed, using the AMOS 20 program. Main results and the role of chance According to statistical indicators, CMIN / DF = 2.124, RMSEA = .087 and the p value of the Chi-square is less than 5% significance level, the model proposed is accepted. Based on the reported NFI and CFI values ​​(.777 and .867), as well as the values of ​​RFI = .763, IFI = .868 and TLI = .859, it can be concluded that the model is appropriate for the sample data. The p value of all constructors is less than .05, except for trust in doctor - cognitive empathy and patient satisfaction. All the others paths are significant: the effect of communication on treatment compliance, mediated by trust in specialist and collaboration; the effect on communication on treatment compliance, mediated by affective empathy, trust in specialist and collaboration; the effect on communication on patient satisfaction, mediated by affective empathy and trust in doctor; the direct effect of communication on trust in doctor, as well as the mediated effect by affective empathy. Regarding the relationship with doctor during the COVID–19 pandemic, 33% of the study participants stated that the pandemic affected the relationship with doctor, and 44% discontinued contact with specialist and medical procedures between March and June 2020. Limitations, reasons for caution Only infertile, voluntary women participated in this study, which limits the generalizability to other populations. Because the data are cross-sectional and correlational, the direction of causation is not proven. Additional experimental research on larger populations is needed to examine the effects of communication on patient satisfaction and compliance. Wider implications of the findings: The study draws attention to the importance of basic concepts in the relationship of specialists with infertile patients. Thus, it is necessary for health care providers in assisted human reproduction to participate in programs for the continuous training of empathic communication skills, given the sensitivity of this diagnosis. Trial registration number Not applicable

scholarly journals Leading Groups To Create Healthy Culture Through Accomplishing Tasks Aligned To Strategy

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Jeffrey R. Moore ◽  
Lee E. Kizer ◽  
B. Philip Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Alignment ◽  
Competing Values Framework ◽  
Peer Evaluation ◽  
Work Culture ◽  
Competing Values ◽  
Management Skills ◽  
Organization Model ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Healthy Work ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the link between the consistency of self-evaluation versus peer-evaluation of managers skills and the level of relational stress in an organization and was based on two models: (a) the Competing Values Framework (CVF), which measures different management skills of individuals in an organization, and (b) the Healthy versus Toxic Organization Model, which focuses on the stress level in partnerships. The researchers hypothesized that the lower the stress in the organization, the more consistent the results will be between self-evaluation and peer-evaluation. In an empirical analysis, the researchers found that the relationship was most visible in the area of managers facilitator skills. With strong facilitator skills, managers can lead their organizations effectively and stay focused on maintaining strategic alignment. The study also examined how management skills could be most effective in developing a healthy work culture.

scholarly journals Can Empathy Help Individuals and Society? Through the Lens of Volunteering and Mental Health

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1406
Author(s):  
Yang-Woon Chung ◽  
Seunghee Im ◽  
Jung-Eun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
Volunteer Programs ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Relationship

(1) Background: Empathy affects an individual’s decision to participate in volunteering, and volunteering, in turn, influences mental health. Intriguingly, studies have been limited in exploring underlying mechanisms and boundary conditions for the relationship between empathy and mental health. Furthermore, volunteering studies have overlooked the multi-dimensionality of empathy. Therefore, this study seeks to contribute to extant literature by investigating the mediating effect of volunteering for the relationships between cognitive and affective empathy and mental health and the moderating effect of gender for the relationship between empathy and volunteering. (2) Methods; Data were collected using a survey in South Korea and consisted of 301 full-time employees who voluntarily engaged in their corporate volunteer programs. Furthermore, they voluntarily participated in the study. The hypotheses were tested with path analysis and a group comparison was also conducted. (3) Results: Volunteering was found to mediate the relationships between cognitive empathy and affective empathy with mental health. In addition, gender moderated the relationship between empathy and volunteering. (4) Conclusions: As the study found empathy to increase individuals’ engaging in volunteering activities which then improved mental health, the study supports extant theoretical frameworks on empathy and volunteering. Moreover, the study found gender differences on empathy and volunteering; thereby supporting and contributing to extant literature.

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