scholarly journals Toward a Theory of Emotions in Competitive Sports

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darko Jekauc ◽  
Julian Fritsch ◽  
Alexander T. Latinjak
Keyword(s):  
Affect Regulation ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Competitive Sports ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Affective Processes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Physiological Reactions

In this article, we introduce a theory on the dynamic development of affective processes, affect regulation, and the relationship between emotions and sport performance. The theory focusses on how affective processes emerge and develop during competitive sport involvement. Based on Scherer’s component process model, we postulate six components of emotion that interact with each other in a circular fashion: (I) triggering processes, (II) physiological reactions, (III) action tendencies, (IV) expressive behaviors, (V) subjective experience, and (VI) higher cognitive processes. The theory stresses the dynamics of affective processes and describes the consequences for performance in competitive sports. It assumes that the peculiarities of different sports must be taken into account in order to understand the affective processes, and offers starting points on which strategies can be used to effectively regulate affective states. Consequences for research and practice are derived and discussed. To study the development of affective processes, future research should test the assumptions in ecologically valid contexts, such as real competitions or competition-like situations, using multi-component measures of emotions.

scholarly journals Intelligent Monitoring of Affective Factors Underlying Sport Performance by Means of Wearable and Mobile Technology

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (19) ◽  
pp. 1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Bailon ◽  
Miguel Damas ◽  
Hector Pomares ◽  
Daniel Sanabria ◽  
Pandelis Perakakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Complete Evaluation ◽  
Affective Factors ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Sport Events ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The fluctuation of affective states is a contributing factor to sport performance variability. The context surrounding athletes during their daily life and the evolution of their physiological variables beyond sport events are relevant factors, as they modulate the affective state of the subject over time. However, traditional procedures to assess the affective state are limited to self-reported questionnaires within controlled settings, thus removing the impact of the context. This work proposes a multimodal, context-aware platform that combines the data acquired through smartphones and wearable sensors to assess the affective state of the athlete. The platform is aimed at ubiquitously monitoring the fluctuations of affective states during longitudinal studies within naturalistic environments, overcoming the limitations of previous studies and allowing for the complete evaluation of the factors that could modulate the affective state. This system will also facilitate and expedite the analysis of the relationship between affective states and sport performance.

scholarly journals A dual-process model of diversity outcomes: The case South African police service in the Pretoria area

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon T.B. Jackson ◽  
Fons J.R. Van de Vijver ◽  
Davey H. Molokoane
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Dual Process Model ◽  
Police Service ◽  
South African Police Service ◽  
Health Related ◽  
South African Police ◽  
The Relationship

Orientation: The study addresses the question of how employees of the South African Police Service (SAPS) cope with intercultural relations in an increasingly diverse organisation.Research purpose: A dual-process model of diversity outcomes was tested in which a distinction is made between a positive (work-related) stream that links positive diversity conditions through active coping to work outcomes and a relatively independent health related) stream of negative antecedents, mediating passive coping skills and ill-health related outcomes.Motivation for the study: To test the viability of a dual-process model to understand diversity outcomes in the workplace.Research design, approach and methods: A convenience sample (n= 158) was recruited from members of the SAPS in Gauteng, using a cross-sectional design. Instruments used in previous acculturation research were adapted to measure contextual factors, coping and diversity outcomes.Main findings: A very good fit for the proposed hypothetical model was found. Approach coping partially mediated the relationship between positive acculturation conditions and the subjective experience of work success whereas avoidance coping fully mediated the relationship between discrimination, and ill-health symptoms are related to ill-health symptoms.Practical/managerial implications: Mainstream-facilitating conditions and discrimination influence individual coping styles, which in turn impact on ill-health and the subjective experience of work success. In addition, ill-health also impacts negatively on work-success experiences amongst the sampled SAPS members. It would thus make sense for the SAPS to sanction discrimination.Contribution/value added: A variation of the mediated dual-process model for diversity (Jackson & Van de Vijver, in press), using coping strategies as mediators was supported. The model adds new insights in diversity in organisations.

scholarly journals Intensity of affective experience is modulated by magnitude of intracranial electrical stimulation in human orbitofrontal, cingulate, and insular cortex

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Yih ◽  
Danielle E. Beam ◽  
Kieran Fox ◽  
Josef Parvizi
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
Neurosurgical Patients ◽  
Intracranial Electrodes ◽  
The Relationship

The subjective and behavioral effects of intracranial electrical stimulation (iES) have been studied for decades, but there is a knowledge gap regarding the relationship between the magnitude of electric current and the type, intensity, and valence of evoked subjective experiences. We report on rare iES data from 18 neurosurgical patients with implanted intracranial electrodes in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the insula (INS), and the anterior portion of cingulate cortex (ACC). ACC stimulation elicited somatic and visceral sensations, whereas OFC stimulation predominantly elicited olfactory and gustatory responses, and INS stimulation elicited a mix of effects involving somatic and visceral sensations, olfaction, and gustation. Further, we found striking evidence that the magnitude of electric current delivered intracranially correlated positively with the perceived intensity of subjective experience and the evoked emotional state, a relationship observed across all three regions. Finally, we observed that the majority of reported experiences were negatively-valenced and unpleasant, especially those elicited by ACC stimulation. The present study provides novel case studies from the human brain confirming that these structures contribute causally to the creation of affective states, and demonstrates a direct relationship between the magnitude of electrical stimulation of these structures and the qualia of elicited subjective experience.

scholarly journals Moral Disengagement Strategies in Videogame Players and Sports Players

2021 ◽  
pp. 958-978
Author(s):  
Lavinia McLean ◽  
Mark D. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Video Game ◽  
Moral Disengagement ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Sports Psychology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Competitive Sports ◽  
Game Play ◽  
Video Gamers ◽  
The Relationship

Research in the area of video game play and sports psychology has suggested that specific strategies are often employed by players to justify aggressive behaviour used during gameplay. The present study investigates the relationship between game play and moral disengagement strategies in a group of 605 adults who played violent videogames or regularly played competitive sports. The results suggest that sports players were more likely than violent game players to endorse moral disengagement strategies. The video gamers were more likely to use a specific set of moral disengagement strategies (i.e., cognitive restructuring) than the other groups and this may be related to the structural characteristics of videogames. The findings add to recent research exploring the mechanisms by which individuals engage in aggressive acts both virtually and in real-life situations. The results are discussed in relation to similar relevant research in the area, along with recommendations for future research.

scholarly journals Nomological Network of Dispositional Mindfulness: Evidence from MIDUS-II and MIDUS-III

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Min-Sun Kim ◽  
Atsushi Oshio ◽  
Eun-Joo Kim ◽  
Satoshi Akutsu ◽  
Ayano Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Nomological Network ◽  
Dispositional Mindfulness ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Health And Well Being

While dispositional mindfulness is a popular construct in the field of positive psychology, its nomological network in the context of health and well-being is not well established. Our study addresses this limitation by examining the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and various health-related psychological constructs, including personality, social well-being, and affective states. Data for this study were gathered from the national longitudinal studies of health and well-being called Midlife in the United States (MIDUS-II and MIDUS-III). The nomological network analysis of dispositional mindfulness showed positive associations with both religiosity and overall well-being measures (e.g., Social Well-Being, Sympathy, Optimism, and Generativity) and negative associations with maladaptive tendencies (e.g., Pessimism, Aggression, Neuroticism, and Personal Constraints). Finally, test-retest validity was positively verified by significant correlations among the variables, spanning over ten years. Articulating a nomological network of dispositional mindfulness has important implications for future research and practice.  

The Emotional Intelligence Sports Inventory (ESi): A cross-cultural analysis - Australia, Wales, and England

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-28
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Smith ◽  
Martyn Newman ◽  
Stephan Ledain ◽  
Joseph Zajda
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
Athletic Success ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

It has been widely documented that psychological constructs, specifically emotional intelligence, significantly contribute to athletic success. Yet the extant literature is limited and often inconsistent. Context-specific exploration of the impact of emotional intelligence on elite athletic performance can provide richer, more informed conclusions. Thus, this study explored the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and sport performance among 389 males and females from Australia, Wales, and England. The Emotional Intelligence Sports Inventory-ESi was used to identify EI differences between gender, level of sport participation, and nationality. Results showed there were significant differences between these factors on a number of the 11 ESi subscales. The implications of the results are discussed, and it is concluded that the study’s findings will facilitate a more robust and reliable use of the ESi in future research.

scholarly journals Investigating correlates of athletic identity and sport-related injury outcomes: a scoping review

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e044199
Author(s):  
Tian Renton ◽  
Brian Petersen ◽  
Sidney Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Athletic Identity ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Injury Outcomes ◽  
The Relationship

ObjectivesTo conduct a scoping review that (1) describes what is known about the relationship between athletic identity and sport-related injury outcomes and (2) describes the relationship that an injury (as an exposure) has on athletic identity (as an outcome) in athletes.DesignScoping review.ParticipantsA total of n=1852 athletes from various sport backgrounds and levels of competition.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary measure used within the studies identified was the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale. Secondary outcome measures assessed demographic, psychosocial, behavioural, physical function and pain-related constructs.ResultsTwenty-two studies were identified for inclusion. Samples were dominated by male, Caucasian athletes. The majority of studies captured musculoskeletal injuries, while only three studies included sport-related concussion. Athletic identity was significantly and positively associated with depressive symptom severity, sport performance traits (eg, ego-orientation and mastery-orientation), social network size, physical self-worth, motivation, rehabilitation overadherence, mental toughness and playing through pain, as well as injury severity and functional recovery outcomes. Findings pertaining to the association that an injury (as an exposure) had on athletic identity (as an outcome) were inconsistent and limited.ConclusionsAthletic identity was most frequently associated with psychosocial, behavioural and injury-specific outcomes. Future research should seek to include diverse athlete samples (eg, women, athletes of different races, para-athletes) and should continue to reference theoretical injury models to inform study methodologies and to specify variables of interest for further exploration.

scholarly journals The Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Performance in Competitive Sports: A Meta-Analytical Investigation

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Kopp ◽  
Darko Jekauc
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Analytical Investigation ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Competitive Sports ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
Model Concept ◽  
The Relationship

Emotional intelligence (EI) is considered as a factor influencing sport performance. The research findings are inconsistent with respect to the size and even the direction of the relationship, however. In order to summarise the available evidence, we conducted a meta-analysis examining the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and sports performance in competitive sports. A systematic literature search was conducted in June 2018. We identified 21 studies targeting EI and sports performance in competitive sports. We calculated correlation (r) to estimate the effect of the relationship. A random effects model was used to interpret findings. The meta-analysis of 22 effect sizes on the response of 3.431 participants found a small but significant relationship between EI and sports performance (r = 0.16). Additionally, the conceptualisation of EI (ability concept, trait concept, or mixed-model concept), type of publication, citation counts, and publication date turned out not to be significant moderators. Overall, the result is encouraging regarding the value of EI as a possible predictor in sports performance.

scholarly journals Author Reply: Arousal Reappraisal as an Affect Regulation Strategy

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-76
Author(s):  
Jeremy P. Jamieson ◽  
Emily J. Hangen ◽  
Hae Yeon Lee ◽  
David S. Yeager
Keyword(s):  
Affect Regulation ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Psychological Intervention ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Author Reply ◽  
Biological Stress ◽  
Regulatory Approach ◽  
Challenge And Threat ◽  
Silver Bullet

The biopsychosocial (BPS) model of challenge and threat posits that resource and demand appraisals interact in situations of acute stress to determine affective responses, and concomitant physiological responses, motivation, and decisions/behaviors. Regulatory approaches that alter appraisals to regulate challenge and threat affective states have the potential to facilitate coping. This reply clarifies the conceptualization of one such regulatory approach, arousal (or stress) reappraisal, and suggests avenues for future research. However, it is important to note that arousal reappraisal (or any brief psychological intervention) is not a “silver bullet” for improving stress outcomes, nor should this strategy be expected to positively impact all individuals. More work is needed to better elucidate how psychological and biological stress processes interact to shape health.

scholarly journals Subjective Rank of the Competition as a Factor Differentiating Between the Affective States of Swimmers and Their Sport Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Samełko ◽  
Monika Guszkowska ◽  
Anna Kuk
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThe aim of the study was to establish the differences in affective states of swimmers depending on the subjective rank of the competition and the relationship between affective states and performance in sports competitions of low, medium and high subjectively perceived rank.MethodsThe respondents (n = 31) aged from 15 to 23 years (18.1 ± 2.397) were studied using the psychological questionnaires Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Profile of Mood State (POMS), and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) during sports events. 362 measurements using POMS and 232 measurements using PANAS before the starts were collected. The significance of intergroup differences was determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test. A stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the emotional predictors of sports results.ResultsSubjective rank of sports competition differentiated significantly anger (chi2 = 6.826; p = 0.033), confusion (chi2 = 11.345; p = 0.003), depression (chi2 = 10.2; p = 0.006), fatigue (chi2 = 49.394; p ≤ 0.001), vigour (chi2 = 11.345; p ≤ 0.001), positive emotions (chi2 = 51.233; p ≤ 0.001), and negative emotions (chi2 = 11.552; p = 0.003). Regression analysis showed the influence of mood states and positive emotions on the sports result.ConclusionThe swimmers’ affective state changed depending on the subjective rank of the competition. Depression and positive emotional state made it possible to predict the result in medium- and high-rank competition.

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