The Health Effect of the Number of Children on Chinese Elders: An Analysis Based on Hukou Category

Based on the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS 2018), from the perspective of urban-rural disparity, this paper investigates how fertility affects Chinese elders' health. We exploit the enactment of the one-child policy in 1979 to construct instrumental variables capturing the health effect of having only one child rather than multiple children. The empirical results show that the health condition of rural elders having only one child is worse than elders having multiple children, while the negative health effect of lower fertility becomes statistically insignificant for urban elderly parents. After considering the selection on both levels and gains, the results are still robust in marginal treatment effect (MTE) estimation. We investigate the potential mechanism in four ways, the results suggest that having only one child instead of multiple children depresses the upstream intergenerational transfer payments more for rural parents; ameliorates offspring's educational attainment more for urban parents; improves housing conditions more for urban elders; and decreases the visit frequency of children to both urban and rural parents. Our findings have important implications, in the context of increasing population aging, the urban-rural inequality caused by the hukou system has been magnified by the declining fertility rate. The Chinese government should pay more attention to rural elders with only one child, and more public-funded socioeconomic resources are needed for one-child parents in rural areas to improve their health. Moreover, the empirical results also imply that urbanization in China may be able to soften the health deterrent effect of lower fertility.

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Exploring the Path of Rural Tourism in China——Taking Yuanjia Village in Shaanxi as an Example

Applied Economics and Finance ◽

10.11114/aef.v7i2.4709 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Zhenghai Wu

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Tourism Development ◽

Practical Experience ◽

Cultural Tourism ◽

Rural Tourism ◽

Chinese Government ◽

New Era ◽

Rural Revitalization ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Major Decision

Implementing the strategy of revitalizing the countryside is a major decision-making arrangement made by the Chinese government, and it is the general leader of the work of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" in the new era. This article aims at rural tourism under the background of urban-rural coordination and rural revitalization. Taking Yuanjia Village's rural tourism as an example, it summarizes the basic practices of rural tourism development in Yuanjia Village. Based on the practical experience of rural tourism development in Yuanjia Village, it proposes the development of rural tourism. The overall idea is that the successful mechanism of Yuanjia Village's development of rural tourism lies in: Cohesion and courage are the primary prerequisites for the development of rural tourism; integrating resources and creating characteristics are the basic conditions for the development of rural tourism; sharing benefits and co-governance is rural Fundamental guarantee for tourism development; integration of cultural tourism and cultural people is the inner soul of rural tourism development.

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Socio-Economic Characteristics of Immigrants in Western Greece Region: Urban – Rural Continuum or Divide?

MIGRATION LETTERS ◽

10.33182/ml.v3i2.62 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 91-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Theodoros Iosifides ◽

Thanasis Kizos ◽

Elektra Petracou ◽

Ekaterini Malliotaki ◽

Konstantina Katsimantou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Centers ◽

Spatial Factors ◽

Limited Role ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Of Greece ◽

Western Greece

This paper aims at an investigation of factors of differentiation of basic social and economic characteristics of foreign immigrants in the Region of Western Greece. The paper explores whether the thesis of urban-rural divide is relevant for the differentiation of immigrants’ socio-economic characteristics in a typical Region of Greece, where there is a strong interplay between major urban centers and large rural areas. Findings show that spatial factors play a very limited role in the differentiation of socio-economic characteristics of immigrants and indicate that other factors are more important. Thus, and as regards socio-economic characteristics of immigrants, the overall picture is that of urban-rural continuum rather than divide.

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An Analysis of Consumption Pattern in Pakistan

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v21i4pp.275-296 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 275-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Rehana Siddiqui

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Household Size ◽

Consumption Pattern ◽

Total Expenditure ◽

Demand Growth ◽

Food Items ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

The paper aims at testing the validity of Engel's law with data on Pakistan. Consumption functions for urban and rural areas have been estimated separately. These functions are shown to be determined by total expenditure and household size. Engel's law is confirmed for some commodity groups but not for all. Following tests of urban-rural homogeneity and of stability of urban and rural consumption functions, demand growth rates for different food and non-food items have been calculated, assuming different growth rates of total expenditure and household size.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS, GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS SITUATED IN URBAN & RURAL AREAS OF HARYANA IN THE SECONDARY EXAMINATIONS CONDUCTED BY THE BOARD OF SCHOOL EDUCATION HARYANA IN 2020.

EPRA International Journal of Economic and Business Review ◽

10.36713/epra3438 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 38-43

Author(s):

Balkar Singh

Keyword(s):

Private Schools ◽

Rural Areas ◽

School Education ◽

Government Schools ◽

Poor Students ◽

Exam Preparation ◽

Urban City ◽

Urban Rural ◽

The Government ◽

Exam Result

The capability or calibre cannot be judged based on Results, as it depends on the student to student & also the examination is testing of knowledge of a student, for the whole year in two or three hours. In July 2020 the exam result of the secondary standard was declared by the Board of School Education Haryana, Bhiwani and there is a discussion about topper & the schools in which these toppers were studying & strategy of these toppers regarding exam preparation, their interviews & photos were published in the Newspapers, why not? It must be but in this spark light, there is some darkness behind this. Everyone is congratulating these students, as they are studied from the Private Schools of the Urban City areas of the Haryana, a few are from the most educated families, whose parents their selves are teachers or professors. Through this, we are ignoring a bitter truth of the poor students of the Government Schools, who despite lack of all the big & small facilities, as compare of these Private schools’ performed equal to these toppers. KEYWORDS: Testing of knowledge, Education in Private Schools, Toppers and Calibre.

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Urban–Rural Dichotomy in Planning: Review of Legal Framework in Four States of India

Indian Journal of Public Administration ◽

10.1177/00195561211001610 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 001955612110016

Author(s):

Anurima Mukherjee Basu ◽

Rutool Sharma

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Planning Process ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Quantum Jump ◽

Class 1 ◽

Urban Settlements ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Territorial Approach ◽

Sizeable Number

Current urbanisation trends in India show a quantum jump in number of ‘census towns’, which are not statutorily declared as urban areas, but have acquired all characteristics of urban settlements. Sizeable number of such census towns are not located near any Class 1 city. Lack of proper and timely planning has led to unplanned growth of these settlements. This article is based on a review of planning legislations, institutional framework and planning process of four states in India. The present article analyses the scope and limitations of the planning process adopted in the rapidly urbanising rural areas of these states. The findings reveal that states are still following a conventional approach to planning that treats ‘urban’ and ‘rural’ as separate categories and highlights the need for adopting an integrated territorial approach to planning of settlements.

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Inequalities in life expectancy by place of residence and its changes in Lithuania during 1990-2018

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.450 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

S Sauliune ◽

O Mesceriakova-Veliuliene ◽

R Kalediene

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Place Of Residence ◽

Entire Study ◽

Demographic Groups ◽

National Mortality ◽

Health Related ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Notable Increase ◽

Males And Females

Abstract Introduction Health inequalities have emerged as a big issue of public health in Lithuania. Recent studies have demonstrated increasing mortality differentials between different socio-demographic groups of the population. Urban/rural place of residence is related with a set of socio-economic characteristics, different access to material resources, presence or absence of social support, and attitudes to health-related behavior. The aim of the study To determine inequalities in life expectancy and its changes by place of residence (urban/rural) in Lithuania during 1990-2018. Methods Information on deaths and population numbers for the period of 1990-2018 was obtained from National Mortality Register and Population Register. Life expectancy for males and females of urban and rural populations was calculated using life tables. Changes in the magnitude of life expectancy inequalities by place of residence were assessed using rate differences (urban-rural); while trends in inequalities were estimated by conducting the Joinpoint regression analysis. Results Life expectancy among males and females was longer in urban compared to rural areas throughout the entire study period. Life expectancy increased statistically significantly for urban and rural males and females with the most notable increase for males, especially those living in rural areas (on average by 0.4% per year from 64.1 years in 1990 to 70.05 years in 2018). Inequalities in life expectancy by place of residence decreased statistically significantly among Lithuanian males from 3.48 years in 1990 to 1.39 years in 2018, while among females only the tendency of decrease was estimated. Conclusions Inequalities in life expectancy of males and females by place of residence decreased significantly in Lithuania throughout the period of 1990-2018, mainly due to positive changes in life expectancy among rural males. Key messages Inequalities in life expectancy of males and females by place of residence decreased significantly in Lithuania throughout the period of 1990-2018. Life expectancy increased for Lithuanian urban and rural males and females with the most notable increase for males, especially those living in rural areas.

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Delineation of the Urban-Rural Boundary through Data Fusion: Applications to Improve Urban and Rural Environments and Promote Intensive and Healthy Urban Development

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18137180 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (13) ◽

pp. 7180

Author(s):

Jun Zhang ◽

Xiaodie Yuan ◽

Xueping Tan ◽

Xue Zhang

Keyword(s):

Wavelet Transform ◽

Rural Development ◽

Data Fusion ◽

Urban Development ◽

Urban Sprawl ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Healthy Development ◽

Kappa Value ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

As one of the most important methods for limiting urban sprawl, the accurate delineation of the urban–rural boundary not only promotes the intensive use of urban resources, but also helps to alleviate the urban issues caused by urban sprawl, realizing the intensive and healthy development of urban cities. Previous studies on delineating urban–rural boundaries were only based on the level of urban and rural development reflected by night-time light (NTL) data, ignoring the differences in the spatial development between urban and rural areas; so, the comprehensive consideration of NTL and point of interest (POI) data can help improve the accuracy of urban–rural boundary delineation. In this study, the NTL and POI data were fused using wavelet transform, and then the urban–rural boundary before and after data fusion was delineated by multiresolution segmentation. Finally, the delineation results were verified. The verification result shows that the accuracy of delineating the urban–rural boundary using only NTL data is 84.20%, and the Kappa value is 0.6549; the accuracy using the fusion of NTL and POI data on the basis of wavelet transform is 93.2%, and the Kappa value is 0.8132. Therefore, we concluded that the proposed method of using wavelet transform to fuse NTL and POI data considers the differences between urban and rural development, which significantly improves the accuracy of the delineation of urban–rural boundaries. Accurate delineation of urban–rural boundaries is helpful for optimizing internal spatial structure in both urban and rural areas, alleviating environmental problems resulting from urban development, assisting the formulation of development policies for urban and rural fringes, and promoting the intensive and healthy development of urban areas.

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Urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, 2008–2012: a cross-sectional analysis of data from 36 cancer registers

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042762 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. e042762

Author(s):

Shuai Yuan ◽

Shao-Hua Xie

Keyword(s):

Cancer Incidence ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Cancer Type ◽

Anatomic Site ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Urban Rural

ObjectiveThe substantial differences in socioeconomic and lifestyle exposures between urban and rural areas in China may lead to urban–rural disparity in cancer risk. This study aimed to assess the urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China.MethodsUsing data from 36 regional cancer registries in China in 2008–2012, we compared the age-standardised incidence rates of cancer by sex and anatomic site between rural and urban areas. We calculated the rate difference and rate ratio comparing rates in rural versus urban areas by sex and cancer type.ResultsThe incidence rate of all cancers in women was slightly lower in rural areas than in urban areas, but the total cancer rate in men was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The incidence rates in women were higher in rural areas than in urban areas for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower for cancers of thyroid and breast. Men residing in rural areas had higher incidence rates for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower rates for prostate cancer, lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancer, and colorectal cancer.ConclusionsOur findings suggest substantial urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, which varies across cancer types and the sexes. Cancer prevention strategies should be tailored for common cancers in rural and urban areas.

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