scholarly journals Differential Impact of COVID-19 Risk Factors on Ethnicities in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant Athavale ◽  
Vijay Kumar ◽  
Jeremy Clark ◽  
Sumona Mondal ◽  
Shantanu Sur
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
National Level ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Us

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has revealed existing health inequalities in racial and ethnic minority groups in the US. This work investigates and quantifies the non-uniform effects of geographical location and other known risk factors on various ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic at a national level. To quantify the geographical impact on various ethnic groups, we grouped all the states of the US. into four different regions (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West) and considered Non-Hispanic White (NHW), Non-Hispanic Black (NHB), Hispanic, Non-Hispanic Asian (NHA) as ethnic groups of our interest. Our analysis showed that infection and mortality among NHB and Hispanics are considerably higher than NHW. In particular, the COVID-19 infection rate in the Hispanic community was significantly higher than their population share, a phenomenon we observed across all regions in the US but is most prominent in the West. To gauge the differential impact of comorbidities on different ethnicities, we performed cross-sectional regression analyses of statewide data for COVID-19 infection and mortality for each ethnic group using advanced age, poverty, obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes as risk factors. After removing the risk factors causing multicollinearity, poverty emerged as one of the independent risk factors in explaining mortality rates in NHW, NHB, and Hispanic communities. Moreover, for NHW and NHB groups, we found that obesity encapsulated the effect of several other comorbidities such as advanced age, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. At the same time, advanced age was the most robust predictor of mortality in the Hispanic group. Our study quantifies the unique impact of various risk factors on different ethnic groups, explaining the ethnicity-specific differences observed in the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings could provide insight into focused public health strategies and interventions.

scholarly journals Changing Trends in the Prevalence and Disparities of Obesity and Other Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Three Racial/Ethnic Groups of USA Adults

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila X. Romero ◽  
Tomas E. Romero ◽  
Judith C. Shlay ◽  
Lorraine G. Ogden ◽  
Dana Dabelea
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity

Objectives. To examine trends in the prevalence and disparities of traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among the major race/ethnic groups in the USA: non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs), non-Hispanic Blacks (NHBs), and Mexican Americans (MAs).Methods. We used cross-sectional trend analysis in women and men aged 25–84 years participating in the NHANES surveys, years 1988–1994 (n=14,341) and 1999–2004 (n=12,360).Results. The prevalence of obesity and hypertension increased significantly in NHW and NHB, both in men and women; NHB had the highest prevalence of obesity and hypertension in each time period. Diabetes prevalence showed a nonsignificant increasing trend in all groups and was higher in MA in both periods. Smoking significantly decreased in NHW men and NHB, the latter with the largest decline although the highest prevalence in each period; no changes were noted in MA, who had the lowest prevalence in both periods. Race/ethnic CVD risk factors disparities widened for obesity and hypercholesterolemia, remained unchanged for diabetes and hypertension, and narrowed for smoking.Conclusions. The increasing prevalence of obesity and hypertension underscores the need for better preventive measures, particularly in the NHB group that exhibits the worst trends. The decline in smoking rates may offset some of these unfavorable trends.

scholarly journals Risk factors for cardiovascular disease among Mexican-American adults in the United States and Mexico: a comparative study

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo S Morales ◽  
Yvonne N Flores ◽  
Mei Leng ◽  
Noémie Sportiche ◽  
Katia Gallegos-Carrillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Us ◽  
Low Hdl

 Objective. To compare cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in a cohort of Mexican health workers with repre­sentative samples of US-born and Mexico-born Mexican-Americans living in the US. Materials and methods. Data were obtained from the Mexican Health Worker Cohort Study (MHWCS) in Mexico and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) IV 1999-2006 in the US. Regression analyses were used to investigate CVD risk factors. Results. In adjusted analyses, NHANES participants were more likely than MHWCS participants to have hypertension, high total cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, and abdominal obesity, and were less likely to have low HDL cholesterol and smoke. Less-educated men and women were more likely to have low HDL cholesterol, obesity, and ab­dominal obesity. Conclusions. In this binational study, men and women enrolled in the MHWCS appear to have fewer CVD risk factors than US-born and Mexico-born Mexican-American men and women living in the US.

Disproportionate impact of COVID-19 disease among racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. cancer population as seen in CancerLinQ Discovery data.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (29_suppl) ◽  
pp. 84-84
Author(s):  
Danielle Potter ◽  
Mark Riffon ◽  
Sirisha Kakamada ◽  
Robert S. Miller ◽  
George Anthony Komatsoulis
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Malignant Neoplasm ◽  
The United States ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
The Us ◽  
Icd 10

84 Background: Patients with cancer may face difficult care decisions during the COVID-19 outbreak in the US. Understanding COVID-19 risk factors may help patients and oncologists identify high-risk patients and plan for the best cancer treatment in a timely fashion. This analysis provides an assessment of racial and ethnic risk factors for COVID-19 disease within the CancerLinQ (CLQ) Discovery database. Methods: CLQ is a health technology platform developed by ASCO, which collects and aggregates longitudinal electronic health record (EHR) data from oncology practices throughout the United States. Patients with a diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm and at least two encounters in the past year at a reporting CLQ practice were defined as the underlying cancer patient population at risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. COVID-19 cases were identified via a positive RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and/or an ICD-10 code for coronavirus (e.g., B97.29, U07.1, or U07.2). Relative risks and 95% CI were calculated using SAS. Results: We identified 232,428 patients with cancer. From 1/1/2020-4/30/2020, we identified 223 COVID-19 cases in patients with cancer. Of these, 203 had a positive RT-PCR, 26 had an ICD-10 diagnosis code for SARS-CoV-2, and 6 had both. SARS-CoV-2 cases were identified from 19 of the 35 CLQ practices (52.8%) reporting data during the study period. Compared to white patients, African Americans were approximately 2 times more likely to have COVID-19 disease (RR = 1.95; 95% CI = 1.40-2.71), and Hispanics were more than 4 times more likely (RR = 4.65; 95% CI = 3.36-6.43). Patients with hematologic cancers were 1.5 times as likely to be diagnosed with COVID-19 (RR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.09-2.16) compared to patients with solid tumors. At the time of this abstract, 10 patients (4.5%) died. Conclusions: These results are based on data from a sample of CLQ practices and represent an initial analysis of COVID-19 in the CLQ population. The elevated risk for COVID-19 among African Americans and Hispanics with cancer is noteworthy, particularly since these patients often suffer poorer cancer outcomes. The elevated risk among patients with hematologic cancers is also worth noting because these patients often have compromised immune systems and are already susceptible to many other types of infection. Because the US is in the midst of an active outbreak, we are continuing to analyze new cases and additional risk factors, such as geographical location, anti-cancer treatments, and other cancer variables (e.g. stage).

scholarly journals Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency is Associated with Cardiovascular Disease in U.S. Military Centers

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Thomas ◽  
Seungho Kang ◽  
Charles J. Wyatt ◽  
Forest S. Kim ◽  
A. David Mangelsdorff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Oxidant Stress ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) protects erythrocytes from oxidative stress and hemolysis; G6PD deficiency is the most prevalent enzymopathy. The United States military routinely performs tests to prevent exposing G6PD-deficient personnel to antimalarial drugs that might cause life-threatening hemolytic reactions. In addition, G6PD is a key determinant of vascular function, and its deficiency can lead to impaired nitric oxide production and greater vascular oxidant stress—precursors to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Using military medical records, we performed a retrospective, cross-sectional study to investigate whether deficient G6PD levels are associated with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease than are normal levels, and, if so, whether the relationship is independent of accepted cardiovascular risk factors. We analyzed the medical records of 737 individuals who had deficient G6PD levels and 16,601 who had normal levels. Everyone had been screened at U.S. military medical centers from August 2004 through December 2007. We evaluated our dependent variable (composite cardiovascular disease) at the individual level, and performed binary logistic regression of our independent variable (G6PD status) and control variables (modifiable cardiovascular risk factors). The adjusted odds ratio of 1.396 (95% CI, 1.044–1.867; P <0.05) indicated that G6PD-deficient individuals have 39.6% greater odds of developing cardiovascular disease than do those with normal levels. Early intervention may reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease in military personnel and civilians who have deficient G6DP levels.

scholarly journals Risk for Disability and Poverty Among Central Asians in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Siordia ◽  
Athena K. Ramos
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
English Language ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Us

Understanding the disability-poverty relationship among minority groups within the United States (US) populations may help inform interventions aimed at reducing health disparities. Limited information exists on risk factors for disability and poverty among “Central Asians” (immigrants born in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and other Central Asian regions of the former Soviet Union) in the US. The current cross-sectional analysis used information on 6,820 Central Asians to identify risk factors for disability and poverty. Data from the 2009-2013 Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) file from the American Community Survey (ACS) indicate that being married, non-Latino-white, and having higher levels of educational attainment are protective against disability and poverty. In contrast, older age, residing in the Middle Atlantic geographic division, and having limited English language ability are risk factors for both disability and poverty. Research should continue to develop risk profiles for understudied immigrant populations. Expanding knowledge on the well-being of Central Asians in the US may help impact public health interventions and inform health policies.

scholarly journals College Students’ Knowledge of Risk Factors Related to Cardiovascular Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Christine Andrew ◽  
Deborah Hiles-Gaddy ◽  
Mikayla Lauren MacRitchie ◽  
Sam Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
College Students ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Further Education ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a prevalent health issue, accounting for a large proportion of deaths worldwide. Despite the high prevalence of this potentially detrimental condition, many college students are not fully aware of its contributing risk factors. The purpose of the current study was to determine college students’ knowledge of risk factors related to CVD. Methods: This was a quantitative, cross-sectional study with a descriptive design. A survey with 5 demographic questions and 20 Likert-type statements was administered to 118 students in a Midwestern college in the United States. Results: The majority of the students displayed knowledge of risk factors such as smoking tobacco, inactive lifestyle, hypertension, low intake of fruits and vegetables, elevated cholesterol levels, high dietary sodium and obesity. However, a knowledge deficit existed regarding gender and ethnicity, which are non-modifiable risk factors, albeit important considerations.Conclusions: Although students appeared knowledgeable about areas such as cholesterol in cardiovascular health, further education could be beneficial to improve this knowledge base.

scholarly journals Examining the geographic distribution of six chronic disease risk factors for severe COVID-19: Veteran–nonveteran differences

2021 ◽  
pp. 174239532110282
Author(s):  
Michelle McDaniel ◽  
Justin T McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
National Level ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Objectives We aimed to better understand where the prevalence of risk factors for severe COVID-19 occur, especially among veterans and nonveterans – populations that are given the opportunity to seek healthcare from separate entities. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we use data from the SMART Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to estimate the prevalence (i.e., survey-weighted %) of six risk factors for severe COVID-19 (i.e., chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder [COPD], asthma, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease) for veterans and nonveterans at the national level, in 155 metropolitan/micropolitan statistical areas, and in Veteran Integrated Service Networks (veterans only). We examine differences in these outcomes among veterans and between geographic areas using chi-square analysis or multivariable logistic regression. Results In the national aggregate, veterans exhibited higher prevalence rates of COPD, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease than nonveterans, but not asthma and obesity. However, we show significant variation in the prevalence of risk factors for severe COVID-19 among veterans by geographic location. Discussion This study provides a dataset that can be used by healthcare providers in order to prioritize prevention programming for veterans who may be at higher risk for COVID-19 due to their increased risk for certain chronic diseases.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORSIN SEMI-URBAN COMMUNITIES OF NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 338-345
Author(s):  
Joshua Eyitemi ◽  
◽  
Richmond Namuna ◽  
Osaze Uduebor ◽  
Michael Nwachukwu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North Central

Background:Several studies have estimated the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors (CRFs) in various communities in Nigeria. However, few have investigated the prevalence patterns in semi-urban communitiesof North-Central Nigeria. We aim to determine the prevalence patterns of CRFs in this geographical location, as a result of the growing incidence of Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) and Heart Failure (HF) in Nigeria. Methods:A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted. The study was conducted across nine (9) local government councils in the southern part of Benue state, one of the six (6) states that make up the North-Central region of Nigeria. Overall, 108 participants aged > 18 years participated in the study. Risk factors were estimated by collecting information about the participants age, weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol,HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and fasting blood glucose. Questionnaires, results of laboratory and instrumental diagnosis were used to collect information about the variables. Results:The overall mean of age was 50.35 ± 22.02 years. Findings showed that the prevalence of the examined cardiovascular disease risk factors was as follows: hypertension – 55(52.4%), generalized obesity (BMI > 30) – 10(9.26%)abdominal obesity –35 (32.4%) diabetes –9 (8.3%), hypercholesterolemia – 17(15.7%). The result also indicated an increase in the prevalence of hypertension with an increase in age the indices of obesity increased significantly with age but later decreased slightly among the elderly. Conclusion:Findings from the study revealed that about half of the population were hypertensive. Other key risk factors were also prevalent in this population. There is a call on relevant stakeholders for important preventive and control initiatives for awareness, as this population is at high risk of the complications that arise from the underlying disease conditions.

scholarly journals Relationship of Preeclampsia With Maternal Place of Birth and Duration of Residence Among Non-Hispanic Black Women in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Boakye ◽  
Garima Sharma ◽  
S. Michelle Ogunwole ◽  
Sammy Zakaria ◽  
Arthur J. Vaught ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Healthy Immigrant Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality in the United States. It disproportionately affects non-Hispanic Black (NHB) women, but little is known about how preeclampsia and other cardiovascular disease risk factors vary among different subpopulations of NHB women in the United States. We investigated the prevalence of preeclampsia by nativity (US born versus foreign born) and duration of US residence among NHB women. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Boston Birth Cohort (1998–2016), with a focus on NHB women. We performed multivariable logistic regression to investigate associations between preeclampsia, nativity, and duration of US residence after controlling for potential confounders. Results: Of 2697 NHB women, 40.5% were foreign born. Relative to them, US-born NHB women were younger, in higher percentage current smokers, had higher prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m 2 ) and maternal stress, but lower educational level. The age-adjusted prevalence of preeclampsia was 12.4% and 9.1% among US-born and foreign-born women, respectively. When further categorized by duration of US residence, the prevalence of all studied cardiovascular disease risk factors except for diabetes was lower among foreign-born NHB women with <10 versus ≥10 years of US residence. Additionally, the odds of preeclampsia in foreign-born NHB women with duration of US residence <10 years was 37% lower than in US-born NHB women. In contrast, the odds of preeclampsia in foreign-born NHB women with duration of US residence ≥10 years was not significantly different from that of US-born NHB women after adjusting for potential confounders. Conclusions: The prevalence of preeclampsia and other cardiovascular disease risk factors is lower in foreign-born than in US-born NHB women. The healthy immigrant effect, which typically results in health advantages for foreign-born women, appears to wane with longer duration of US residence (≥10 years). Further research is needed to better understand these associations.

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