scholarly journals Preliminary Investigation of Microbial Community in Wastewater and Surface Waters in Sri Lanka and the Philippines

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Freire Cruz ◽  
R. G. S. Wijesekara ◽  
K. B. S. N. Jinadasa ◽  
Benjamin J. Gonzales ◽  
Takeshi Ohura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Bacterial Richness ◽  
Hospital Wastewaters

In this study, the composition and richness of bacterial communities in treated and untreated wastewater from hospitals, commercial, and non-commercial fish farming sites, sewage effluents, and surface waters, which included seawater and fresh water in Sri Lanka and the Philippines, were investigated through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence analysis. Firmicutes were found predominantly in Sri Lankan hospital wastewaters, while Cyanobacteria and Acidobacteria were typically detected in fish culture sites and the waste canal in Sri Lanka, respectively. The Shannon–Weaver index (SW) and number of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were higher in the Philippines than in Sri Lanka. The bacterial richness in the university non-commercial fish pond and sewage effluent displayed greater than that in hospital wastewaters. In addition, the bacterial richness was higher in the untreated wastewater compared to that in the treated wastewater in hospitals. These results indicate the differences among water types in terms of bacterial community, especially influenced by their source.

scholarly journals Diversity and community structure of marine microbes around the Benham Rise underwater plateau, northeastern Philippines

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrian P. Gajigan ◽  
Aletta T. Yñiguez ◽  
Cesar L. Villanoy ◽  
Maria Lourdes San Diego-McGlone ◽  
Gil S. Jacinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Marine Microorganisms ◽  
Marine Microbes ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

Microbes are central to the structuring and functioning of marine ecosystems. Given the remarkable diversity of the ocean microbiome, uncovering marine microbial taxa remains a fundamental challenge in microbial ecology. However, there has been little effort, thus far, to describe the diversity of marine microorganisms in the region of high marine biodiversity around the Philippines. Here, we present data on the taxonomic diversity of bacteria and archaea in Benham Rise, Philippines, Western Pacific Ocean, using 16S V4 rRNA gene sequencing. The major bacterial and archaeal phyla identified in the Benham Rise are Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Marinimicrobia, Thaumarchaeota and, Euryarchaeota. The upper mesopelagic layer exhibited greater microbial diversity and richness compared to surface waters. Vertical zonation of the microbial community is evident and may be attributed to physical stratification of the water column acting as a dispersal barrier. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) recapitulated previously known associations of taxa and physicochemical parameters in the environment, such as the association of oligotrophic clades with low nutrient surface water and deep water clades that have the capacity to oxidize ammonia or nitrite at the upper mesopelagic layer. These findings provide foundational information on the diversity of marine microbes in Philippine waters. Further studies are warranted to gain a more comprehensive picture of microbial diversity within the region.

scholarly journals Evidence for Better Lives Study: a comparative birth-cohort study on child exposure to violence and other adversities in eight low- and middle-income countries - foundational research (study protocol)

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e034986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Valdebenito ◽  
Aja Murray ◽  
Claire Hughes ◽  
Adriana Băban ◽  
Asvini D Fernando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Violence Against Children ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Foundational Research

IntroductionViolence against children is a health, human rights and social problem affecting approximately half of the world’s children. Its effects begin at prenatal stages with long-lasting impacts on later health and well-being. The Evidence for Better Lives Study (EBLS) aims to produce high-quality longitudinal data from cities in eight low- and middle-income countries—Ghana, Jamaica, Pakistan, the Philippines, Romania, South Africa, Sri Lanka and Vietnam—to support effective intervention to reduce violence against children. EBLS-Foundational Research (EBLS-FR) tests critical aspects of the planned EBLS, including participant recruitment and retention, data collection and analysis. Alongside epidemiological estimates of levels and predictors of exposure to violence and adversity during pregnancy, we plan to explore mechanisms that may link exposure to violence to mothers’ biological stress markers and subjective well-being.Methods and analysesEBLS-FR is a short longitudinal study with a sample of 1200 pregnant women. Data are collected during the last trimester of pregnancy and 2 to 6 months after birth. The questionnaire for participating women has been translated into nine languages. Measures obtained from mothers will include, among others, mental and physical health, attitudes to corporal punishment, adverse childhood experiences, prenatal intimate partner violence, substance use and social/community support. Hair and dry blood spot samples are collected from the pregnant women to measure stress markers. To explore research participation among fathers, EBLS-FR is recruiting 300 fathers in the Philippines and Sri Lanka.Ethics and disseminationThe study received ethical approvals at all recruiting sites and universities in the project. Results will be disseminated through journal publications, conferences and seminar presentations involving local communities, health services and other stakeholders. Findings from this work will help to adjust the subsequent stages of the EBLS project.

Sugarcane Biofuel Production in South Africa, Guatemala, the Philippines, Argentina, Vietnam, Cuba, and Sri Lanka

2019 ◽  
pp. 319-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Mandegari ◽  
Abdul Muhaymin Petersen ◽  
Yuda Benjamin ◽  
Johann F. Görgens
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Biofuel Production

scholarly journals Biological Activity of Wastewater Assessed Using in Vitro Cell-Based Assays

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adamo R. Petosa ◽  
Monica Nowierski ◽  
Viviane Yargeau
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
Receiving Waters

Abstract Bioanalytical tools, namely in vitro bioassays, can be employed in tandem with chemical analyses to assess the efficacy of wastewater treatment and the potential for adverse effects from the discharges of wastewater into receiving waters. In the present study, samples of untreated wastewater (i.e. influent) and treated wastewater (i.e. effluent) were collected from two wastewater treatment plants and a wastewater treatment lagoon serving municipalities in southern Ontario, Canada. In addition, grab samples of surface water were collected downstream of the lagoon discharge. After solid phase extraction (SPE) using ion-exchange columns for basic/neutral and acidic compounds, respectively, the extracts were analyzed for a suite of 16 indicator compounds. The two SPE extracts were combined for analysis of biological responses in four in vitro cell-based bioassays. The concentrations of several indicator compounds, including the estrogens, 17β-estradiol and 17α-ethinylestradiol, were below the limits of detection. However, androstenedione and estrone were detected in several influent samples. The concentrations of these steroid hormones and some of the other indicator compounds declined during treatment but acesulfame K, carbamazepine, trimethoprim and DEET persisted in the effluent. The MTS- CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS) indicated that cell viability was not affected by exposure to the extracts. The Qiagen Nuclear Receptors 10-Pathway Reporter Array indicated that several cellular pathways were upregulated, with the greatest upregulation observed with the estrogen receptor (i.e. induction ratios 12 to 47) and the liver X receptor (i.e. induction ratios 10 to 45). The ERα CALUX assay indicated that estrogenic activity was lower in effluents compared to influents, with the greatest estrogenic activity observed for grab samples of influent from the lagoon (i.e. 56-215 ng L-1 17β-estradiol equivalents). Finally, the results of the Nrf2 Luciferase Luminescence Assay indicated a lower oxidative stress in the effluent samples. Overall, the present study demonstrates that chemical analyses are limited in their ability to predict or explain reductions in the toxicity of treated wastewater. There are thus advantages to using a combination of chemical analyses and in vitro bioassays to monitor the treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment plants and to predict the potential impacts of wastewater discharges into receiving waters.

scholarly journals The effect of sub-irrigation with untreated and treated municipal wastewater on organic matter and Nitrogen content on two soil types

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Total N ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Zone Ii

<p>In order to study the chemical parameters of the soil after sub-irrigation with wastewater, a system was installed in one of the greenhouses of the Agricultural University of Athens. Wastewater was applied subsurface into the soil mass of the pots were used. Three treatments were used: Untreated wastewater (U), Treated wastewater (T) and tap water (W) as control. Two different types were used: Soil (a) characterized as Sandy loam and soil (b) characterized as Loamy sand. Moreover, in order to investigate the change of total Nitrogen and organic matter concentrations at the point where the emitter was placed, the soil mass was divided into two zones. The upper (zone I) and the lower one (zone II). The total nitrogen content, ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrogen nitrate (NO3-N) and the percentage of organic matter, were determined in the soil samples. Statistically significant differences (p &lt;0, 05) were observed in the organic matter and the total N%, only for soil (b). For soil (a), organic matter percentage was increased in zone (I) (irrigation with treated wastewater at 20 cm depth). For soil (b), total N% was increased in zone (I), while nitrate and ammonium were increased in zone (II) (irrigation with untreated wastewater at 20 cm depth).</p>

scholarly journals Microbial Diversity Profiling of Gut Microbiota of Macropus giganteus Using Three Hypervariable Regions of the Bacterial 16S rRNA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1721
Author(s):  
Christian O’Dea ◽  
Roger Huerlimann ◽  
Nicole Masters ◽  
Anna Kuballa ◽  
Cameron Veal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
Hypervariable Regions ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
V3 Region

Animal faecal contamination of surface waters poses a human health risk, as they may contain pathogenic bacteria or viruses. Of the numerous animal species residing along surface waterways in Australia, macropod species are a top contributor to wild animals’ faecal pollution load. We characterised the gut microbiota of 30 native Australian Eastern Grey Kangaroos from six geographical regions (five kangaroos from each region) within South East Queensland in order to establish their bacterial diversity and identify potential novel species-specific bacteria for the rapid detection of faecal contamination of surface waters by these animals. Using three hypervariable regions (HVRs) of the 16S rRNA gene (i.e., V1–V3, V3–V4, and V5–V6), for their effectiveness in delineating the gut microbial diversity, faecal samples from each region were pooled and microbial genomic DNA was extracted, sequenced, and analysed. Results indicated that V1-V3 yielded a higher taxa richness due to its larger target region (~480 bp); however, higher levels of unassigned taxa were observed using the V1-V3 region. In contrast, the V3–V4 HVR (~569 bp) attained a higher likelihood of a taxonomic hit identity to the bacterial species level, with a 5-fold decrease in unassigned taxa. There were distinct dissimilarities in beta diversity between the regions, with the V1-V3 region displaying the highest number of unique taxa (n = 42), followed by V3–V4 (n = 11) and V5–V6 (n = 8). Variations in the gut microbial diversity profiles of kangaroos from different regions were also observed, which indicates that environmental factors may impact the microbial development and, thus, the composition of the gut microbiome of these animals.

scholarly journals Spatially-explicit estimates of global wastewater production, collection, treatment and re-use

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward R. Jones ◽  
Michelle T. H. van Vliet ◽  
Manzoor Qadir ◽  
Marc F. P. Bierkens
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Data Driven Approach ◽  
Global Population

Abstract. Continually improving and affordable wastewater management provides opportunities for both pollution reduction and clean water supply augmentation, whilst simultaneously promoting sustainable development and supporting the transition to a circular economy. This study aims to provide the first comprehensive and consistent global outlook on the state of domestic and industrial wastewater production, collection, treatment and re-use. We use a data-driven approach, collating, cross-examining and standardising country-level wastewater data from online data resources. Where unavailable, data is estimated using multiple linear regression. Country-level wastewater data are subsequently downscaled and validated at 5 arc-minute (~ 10 km) resolution. This study estimates global wastewater production at 359.5 billion m3 yr−1, of which 63 % (225.6 billion m3 yr−1) is collected and 52 % (188.1 billion m3 yr−1) is treated. By extension, we estimate that 48 % of global wastewater production is released to the environment untreated, which is significantly lower than previous estimates of ~ 80 %. An estimated 40.7 billion m3 yr−1 of treated wastewater is intentionally re-used. Substantial differences in per capita wastewater production, collection and treatment are observed across different geographic regions and by level of economic development. For example, just over 16 % of the global population in high income countries produce 41 % of global wastewater. Treated wastewater re-use is particularly significant in the Middle East and North Africa (15 %) and Western Europe (16 %), while containing just 5.8 % and 5.7 % of the global population, respectively. Our database serves as a reference for understanding the global wastewater status and for identifying hotspots where untreated wastewater is released to the environment, which are found particularly in South and Southeast Asia. Importantly, our results also serve as a baseline for evaluating progress towards many policy goals that are both directly and indirectly connected to wastewater management (e.g. SDGs). Our spatially-explicit results available at 5 arc-minute resolution are well suited for supporting more detailed hydrological analyses such as water quality modelling and large-scale water resource assessments, and can be accessed at: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.918731 (Jones et al., 2020). A temporary link to this dataset for the review process can be accessed at: https://www.pangaea.de/tok/6631ef8746b59999071fa2e692fbc492c97352aa.

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