scholarly journals Daily Rhythms of the Body and the Biological Clock

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Shochat ◽  
Eran Tauber
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Biological Clock ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Light Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Daily Rhythms ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Daily Cycles ◽  
The Brain

Earth’s rotation creates a cycle of day and night, which is observed as changes in light levels and temperature. During evolution, plants and animals adapted to these cycles, developing daily cycles of physical and behavioral processes that are driven by a central biological clock, also known as the circadian clock. Even in the absence of changes in light between day and night, the biological clock creates cycles called circadian rhythms. The nervous system transfers information about the external light level to the biological clock in the brain, which matches the clock’s cycle to the external environment. The biological clock prepares the body for environmental changes. The modern world has created disruptions in the circadian clock’s timing, because of electrical lighting, flights to other time zones, and work during the night. The study of chronobiology studies the mechanisms of the biological clock and the clock’s influence on human health.

Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone: Chemistry and Recent Developments

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 393 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Garner ◽  
Paul A. Keller ◽  
Adam McCluskey
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Biological Clock ◽  
The Body ◽  
Exciting Field ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Past ◽  
Corticotrophin Releasing Factor ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Fight Or Flight Response ◽  
The Brain

Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone [CRH; also known as Corticotrophin Releasing Factor (CRF)], a 41-amino-acid hormone, is one of the body’ major modulators of the stress response. CRH coordinates the endocrine, autonomic, and behavioural responses to stress through actions in both the brain and the periphery activating the ‘fight or flight’ response. CRH is also implicated in various neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and anorexia nervosa, and it has been described as a biological clock controlling the length of gestation in humans and other higher-order primates. In the past decade there has been an enormous effort expended in the design and development of new therapeutic agents targetting CRHs in the central nervous and peripheral systems. In this review, we examine the chemistry and recent developments in this exciting field.

Can human thoughts be encoded, decoded and manipulated to achieve symbiosis of the brain and the machine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay Raychev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Foreign Object ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Current State ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Brain

This article discusses the current state of neurointerface technologies, not limited to deep electrode approaches. There are new heuristic ideas for creating a fast and broadband channel from the brain to artificial intelligence. One of the ideas is not to decipher the natural codes of nerve cells, but to create conditions for the development of a new language for communication between the human brain and artificial intelligence tools. Theoretically, this is possible if the brain "feels" that by changing the activity of nerve cells that communicate with the computer, it is possible to "achieve" the necessary actions for the body in the external environment, for example, to take a cup of coffee or turn on your favorite music. At the same time, an artificial neural network that analyzes the flow of nerve impulses must also be directed at the brain, trying to guess the body's needs at the moment with a minimum number of movements. The most important obstacle to further progress is the problem of biocompatibility, which has not yet been resolved. This is even more important than the number of electrodes and the power of the processors on the chip. When you insert a foreign object into your brain, it tries to isolate itself from it. This is a multidisciplinary topic not only for doctors and psychophysiologists, but also for engineers, programmers, mathematicians. Of course, the problem is complex and it will be possible to overcome it only with joint efforts.

scholarly journals The daily rhythm of activity of corporal biologically active points of cattle in control, with chronic bronchopneumonia and castration

2019 ◽  
pp. 44-47
Author(s):  
Tatyana Antoninovna Kashutina ◽  
Vasiliy Nikolayevich Chuchin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Clock ◽  
Stress Factor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Daily Rhythm ◽  
Daily Rhythms ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Test Voltage ◽  
Chronic Bronchopneumonia ◽  
Biologically Active Points

Bioenergy studies have shown that daily rhythms of activity of corporate biologically active points of cattle in clinically healthy animals, with chronic bronchopneumonia and castration differ significantly. The current imbalance of life energy in internal organs of animals in accordance with the internal biological clock registers depending on the pathology in the vital points of the nearest part of the body in relation to the epicenter of the stress factor. So, in chronic bronchopneumonia, it is the canal of the lungs, and when castrated, it is the bladder. Biologically active points 52, 51, 10 - 17, 21, 24 and 97 were the most informative. According to the results of the experiment, “corridor of the norm” of life points biopotentials is approximately 9 – 10 µa. Test voltage up to 2 V was recorded in healthy and up to 3 V - in sick animals.

scholarly journals Nighttime Light Hurts Mammalian Physiology: What Diurnal Rodent Models Are Telling Us

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-250
Author(s):  
Jorge Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Biological Clock ◽  
The Body ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Natural Sunlight ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Circadian Biology

Natural sunlight permits organisms to synchronize their physiology to the external world. However, in current times, natural sunlight has been replaced by artificial light in both day and nighttime. While in the daytime, indoor artificial light is of lower intensity than natural sunlight, leading to a weak entrainment signal for our internal biological clock, at night the exposure to artificial light perturbs the body clock and sleep. Although electric light at night allows us “to live in darkness”, our current lifestyle facilitates nighttime exposure to light by the use, or abuse, of electronic devices (e.g., smartphones). The chronic exposure to light at nighttime has been correlated to mood alterations, metabolic dysfunctions, and poor cognition. To decipher the brain mechanisms underlying these alterations, fundamental research has been conducted using animal models, principally of nocturnal nature (e.g., mice). Nevertheless, because of the diurnal nature of human physiology, it is also important to find and propose diurnal animal models for the study of the light effects in circadian biology. The present review provides an overview of the effects of light at nighttime on physiology and behavior in diurnal mammals, including humans. Knowing how the brain reacts to artificial light exposure, using diurnal rodent models, is fundamental for the development of new strategies in human health based in circadian biology.

Neuromarketing

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Internal Communication ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Marketing Area ◽  
Evolution Of Technology ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

The human behavior results from a joint activity of the nervous system with the sensory organs and endocrine glands. The nervous system plays a decisive role in the behavior and mental processes, coordinating the relationship that the body has with the external environment and ensuring the internal communication of the body. With the evolution of technology and increasing public knowledge of marketing techniques to attract consumers to buy certain products, the Marketing area is currently faced with the need to develop new mechanisms for neurobehavioral interpretation. This, a new sub-area of Marketing begins to emerge designated Neuromarketing. Neuromarketing combines psychology, neuroscience, and economics to help marketers better understand consumer behaviour. Neuroscientific technologies are used in order to understand the consumer motivations and emotions and to study how the brain is physiologically affected by advertising and marketing strategies.

scholarly journals Extra Visual Function of the Human Eye.

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Keyword(s):  
Biological Clock ◽  
Biological Rhythms ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Photochemical Activity ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Scotopic Vision ◽  
Rods And Cones ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The eye is part of the sensory nervous system. However, there are a number of organ systems that also work with the eye. The retina is the only tissue in mammals that regulates photoreception due to the presence of photoreceptors, the rods and cones and performs both visual and non-visual functions Light plays a fundamental role in the behavior of almost all organisms. In addition to visual processes, light also induces important physiological responses. People with mild vascular disease that causes damage to the retina in the eye are more likely to have problems with thinking and memory skills. Everyone has a natural body clock that they are born with and all organs in the body operate according to biological rhythms. Our experiments with ophthalmic mutant rats also showed that the loss of vision also hampered their physiological activities and their rhythmicity was also disturbed. The menstrual cycle disturbances and age of menarche are regulated by many factors; nevertheless, blindness is one of the most impotent factors in regulating biological clock dependent functions. The human eyes are the only organs in the body capable of “seeing”- wavelengths of light and turning it into visual images. We can't “see” or get a visual image to the brain without eyes. The eye-like ability of skin to sense light by using a receptor (Cryptochrome) but failed to form image. Photoreceptors contain chemicals that change when they are hit by light. This causes an electrical signal, which is then sent to the brain along the optic nerve. Different types of photoreceptor allow us to see an enormous range of light and colours. There are two types of photoreceptors in the human retina, rods and cones. Rods are responsible for vision at low light levels (scotopic vision). They do not mediate colour vision and have a low spatial acuity. The blind: People who have lost their sight have different experiences. Some describe seeing complete darkness, like being in a cave. Some people see sparks or experience vivid visual hallucinations that may take the form of recognizable shapes, random shapes and colours, or flashes of light. An afterimage is an image that continues to appear in the eyes after a period of exposure to the original image. Afterimages occur because photochemical activity in the retina continues even when the eyes are no longer experiencing the original stimulus.

scholarly journals Micro RNAs and the biological clock: a target for diseases associated with a loss of circadian regulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1887-94
Author(s):  
Qianwen Ma ◽  
Genlin Mo ◽  
Yong Tan
Keyword(s):  
Biological Clock ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Biological Rhythms ◽  
Feedback Loops ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molecular Clocks ◽  
Micro Rnas ◽  
Regulated Gene Expression

Background: Circadian clocks are self-sustaining oscillators that coordinate behavior and physiology over a 24 hour peri- od, achieving time-dependent homeostasis with the external environment. The molecular clocks driving circadian rhythmic changes are based on intertwined transcriptional/translational feedback loops that combine with a range of environmental and metabolic stimuli to generate daily internal programing. Understanding how biological rhythms are generated through- out the body and the reasons for their dysregulation can provide avenues for temporally directed therapeutics. Summary: In recent years, microRNAs have been shown to play important roles in the regulation of the circadian clock, particularly in Drosophila, but also in some small animal and human studies. This review will summarize our current un- derstanding of the role of miRNAs during clock regulation, with a particular focus on the control of clock regulated gene expression. Keywords: MicroRNAs; biological clock; circadian rhythm.

The brain structure and neurosecretory cells of noctuid moth Anadevidia peponis: Noctuidae

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-437
Author(s):  
M. Sato ◽  
Y. Ogawa ◽  
M. Sasaki ◽  
T. Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
Biological Clock ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Noctuid Moth ◽  
The Right ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
The Brain

A virgin female of the noctuid moth, a kind of noctuidae that eats cucumis, etc. performs calling at a fixed time of each day, depending on the length of a day. The photoreceptors that induce this calling are located around the neurosecretory cells (NSC) in the central portion of the protocerebrum. Besides, it is considered that the female’s biological clock is located also in the cerebral lobe. In order to elucidate the calling and the function of the biological clock, it is necessary to clarify the basic structure of the brain. The observation results of 12 or 30 day-old noctuid moths showed that their brains are basically composed of an outer and an inner portion-neural lamella (about 2.5 μm) of collagen fibril and perineurium cells. Furthermore, nerve cells surround the cerebral lobes, in which NSCs, mushroom bodies, and central nerve cells, etc. are observed. The NSCs are large-sized (20 to 30 μm dia.) cells, which are located in the pons intercerebralis of the head section and at the rear of the mushroom body (two each on the right and left). Furthermore, the cells were classified into two types: one having many free ribosoms 15 to 20 nm in dia. and the other having granules 150 to 350 nm in dia. (Fig. 1).

Change of color appearance due to extremely high light level: corresponding colors under 100 and 3000 cd/m2

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (1) ◽  
pp. 320-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenyu Bao ◽  
Minchen Wei
Keyword(s):  
Light Level ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
High Light ◽  
Color Preference ◽  
Color Appearance ◽  
Appearance Model ◽  
Color Matching ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Appearance Models ◽  
Psychophysical Study

Great efforts have been made to develop color appearance models to predict color appearance of stimuli under various viewing conditions. CIECAM02, the most widely used color appearance model, and many other color appearance models were all developed based on corresponding color datasets, including LUTCHI data. Though the effect of adapting light level on color appearance, which is known as "Hunt Effect", is well known, most of the corresponding color datasets were collected within a limited range of light levels (i.e., below 700 cd/m2), which was much lower than that under daylight. A recent study investigating color preference of an artwork under various light levels from 20 to 15000 lx suggested that the existing color appearance models may not accurately characterize the color appearance of stimuli under extremely high light levels, based on the assumption that the same preference judgements were due to the same color appearance. This article reports a psychophysical study, which was designed to directly collect corresponding colors under two light levels— 100 and 3000 cd/m2 (i.e., ≈ 314 and 9420 lx). Human observers completed haploscopic color matching for four color stimuli (i.e., red, green, blue, and yellow) under the two light levels at 2700 or 6500 K. Though the Hunt Effect was supported by the results, CIECAM02 was found to have large errors under the extremely high light levels, especially when the CCT was low.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document