scholarly journals Recent Patterns of Stunting and Wasting in Venezuelan Children: Programming Implications for a Protracted Crisis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Raffalli ◽  
Carlos Villalobos
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Humanitarian Crisis ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Considerable Damage ◽  
Children Under 5

This study aims to assess the patterns of wasting and stunting and their concurrence among vulnerable Venezuelan children. We performed an analysis of 46,462 anthropometric records captured by Caritas Venezuela between 2017 and 2019 and relating to children under 5 years old in the poorest parishes. Based on the WHO 2006 child growth standards, we identify 31.7% and 11.5% of the records from 2019 as stunted and wasted, respectively. Our unconditional analysis shows that stunting was more frequent among boys and shows an inverted U-shape association with age. The prevalence of stunting increases from 0.28 in 2017 to 0.32 in 2019. By contrast, the wasting prevalence decreases from 0.15 in 2017 to 0.11 in 2019. The concurrence of stunting and wasting slightly decreases over the same period from 0.045 to 0.039, all three trends being statistically significant. Using multilevel regression models, our conditional analysis shows that the odds of wasted children being stunted are 1.079 times greater than for non-wasted children. Similarly, the odds of stunted children being wasted are 1.085 times greater than for non-stunted children. While age is not statistically associated with stunting, it reduces the likelihood of being wasted. Furthermore, each additional month of age reduces by 1.16% the odds of facing the simultaneous concurrence of stunting and wasting instead of not facing it. The children's sex is also found to have a significant association with the probability of stunting and wasting. The odds of stunting and wasting amongst boys are found to be 1.19 and 1.084 times greater than for girls, respectively. We also found a significant and sizeable association between food insecurity and both stunting and wasting. Although lack of access to clean water is not associated with stunting, it is associated with higher levels of wasting. Protracted humanitarian crisis in Venezuela has brought considerable damage to child growth. Findings have policy and programming implications: stunting should be targeted as a humanitarian priority in protracted crisis, not only to mitigate the growth failure in children facing multiple nutritional deficiencies, but also as an approach for preventing persistent acute malnutrition.

scholarly journals Change of Stunting, Wasting and Overweight Among Children Under 5 in China During 2000–2010 (P11-099-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Si ◽  
Yuying Wang ◽  
Suying Chang ◽  
Wenhua Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Cluster Method ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Children Under 5

Abstract Objectives To describe the change of children under 5 years old that are stunted, wasted or overweight without overlapping status in China during 2000–2010. Methods Data from 2000, 2005, and 2010 were sourced from the National Food and Nutrition Surveillance System. About 16 000 children under 5 years old were selected using a stratified random cluster method from 40 surveillance sites. Anthropometric measurements for children under 5 were conducted. Nutritional status was determined according to WHO child growth standards (2006).Stunting, wasting and overweight is defined as HAZ < -2 SD, WHZ < -2 SD and WHZ > + 2SD respectively. Results The prevalence of wasting only remained less than 3%(2.05%, 2.55%, and 2.03%); the prevalence of stunting only declined from 18.70% in 2000 to 8.77% in 2010; the prevalence of overweight only increased from 2.56% in 2000 to 5.62% in 2010; the prevalence of stunting, wasting or overweight declined from 24.55% in 2000 to 17.60% in 2010; the same trends were found in urban and rural areas during 2000–2010. Conclusions The prevalence of stunting is decreasing, and childhood overweight has increased dramatically in China that need for effective interventions. Funding Sources Unicef China Office; Ministry of Science and Technology, Special survey of basic science and technology resources 2017FY101107.

scholarly journals Penyuluhan Kesehatan Cegah Stunting dengan Perbaikan Pola Makan, Pola Asuh Dan Sanitasi pada Ibu Hamil di UPT Puskesmas Antang

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (02) ◽  
pp. 123-127
Author(s):  
Nour Sriyanah ◽  
Suradi Efendi ◽  
Nurmaulida N ◽  
Zulfadhilah Z ◽  
Rahmawati R
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Nutritional Intake ◽  
Growth Disorders ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Severe Stunting ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Short Body

: Stunting is a chronic malnutrition problem caused by lack of nutritional intake for a long time, resulting in growth disorders in children, namely the child's height is lower or shorter (short) than the standard age. The condition of a child's short body is often said to be a hereditary factor (genetic) from both parents, so that many people just accept it without doing anything to prevent it. In fact, as we all know, genetics is a determinant of health that has the least effect when compared to behavioral, environmental (social, economic, cultural, political) factors and health services. In other words, stunting is a preventable problem. Stunting is a growth failure problem experienced by infants under 5 years of age who are malnourished since in the womb until the baby is born. Assessment of stunting nutritional status can be done through anthropometric measurements of TB/U classified through nutritional classification status. Stunting is a condition where the child's height is shorter than the height of children his age. According to UNICEF, stunting occurs in children aged 0 to 59 months with a height below minus (moderate and severe stunting) and minus three (chronic stunting) measured from the WHO child growth standards. In Indonesia, stunting is still a health problem in quite a large number. Based on the 2013 Basic Health Research, around 37.2 percent of Indonesian children under the age of 5 are stunted.

scholarly journals Forecasting the progress towards the target of Millennium Development Goal 1C in children under 5 years of age in Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1728-1736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Tanvir Hasan ◽  
Ricardo J Soares Magalhaes ◽  
Gail M Williams ◽  
Abdullah A Mamun
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
National Level ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Millennium Development Goal ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Children Under 5

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the average annual rates of reduction of stunting, underweight and wasting for the period 1996 to 2011, and to evaluate whether Bangladesh will be expected to achieve the target of Millennium Development Goal 1C of reducing the prevalence of underweight by half by 2015.DesignWe used five nationwide, cross-sectional, Demographic and Health Survey data sets to estimate prevalence of undernutrition defined by stunting, underweight and wasting among children under 5 years of age using the WHO child growth standards. We then computed the average annual rates of reduction of prevalence of undernutrition using the formula derived by UNICEF. Finally, we projected the prevalence of undernutrition for the year 2015 using the estimated average annual rates of reduction.SettingNationwide covering Bangladesh.SubjectsChildren under 5 years of age (n 28 941).ResultsThe prevalence of stunting decreased by 18·8 % (from 60·0 % to 41·2 %), underweight by 16·0 % (from 52·2 % to 36·2 %) and wasting by 5·1 % (from 20·6 % to 15·5 %) during 1996 to 2011. The overall average annual rates of reduction were 2·84 %, 2·69 % and 2·47 %, respectively, for stunting, underweight and wasting. We forecast that in 2015, the prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting will be 36·7 %, 32·5 % and 14·0 %, respectively, at the national level. The prevalence of undernutrition is likely to remain high in rural areas, in the Sylhet division and in the poorest wealth quintile.ConclusionsBangladesh is likely to achieve the Millennium Development Goal 1C target of reducing the prevalence of underweight by half by 2015. However, it is falling behind in reducing stunting and further investment is needed to reduce individual, household and environmental determinants of stunting in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Prevalence of malnutrition among refugee children traveling on “Balkan Route”

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Spiroski ◽  
Danche Gudeva Nikovska
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Refugee Children ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Children Under 5

AbstractIntroduction:Undernutrition indicates a lack of the necessary energy, macro or micronutrients in person's dietary intake. Overnutrition usually refers to existence of overweight and obesity. The objective of our study was to assess the prevalence of both undernutrition and overweight and obesity among refugee children population, traveling on so-called “Balkan route” from Syria and Iraq towards Western Europe, temporally situated in two transit centers in Macedonia, one at the south of the country (camp Gevgelija) and one at north (camp Tabanovce).Methods:Total of 99 children aged 0 to 19 years were measured for their height and weight. Of those children 35 were at the age of 0 to 5 years and 64 at the age of 5 to 19 years. WHO's child growth standards and references were used to assess the nutritional status of measured children. Undernutrition was defined through stunting and wasting, as below -2 standard deviations (SD) of the Height-for-age and Weight-for-height indexes. Overweight and obesity were defined as above + 1 and + 2 SD of the z-score for BMI-for-age index respectively for children age 5 to 19 and above + 2 and + 3 SD for Weight-for-height index for children up to 5 years of age.Results:Out of all children are 0–5, 26,5% were stunted (95% CI 10.2–42.8), 31,3% of them boys and 22.2% girls. In this population of children 5.9% were moderately wasted (95% CI 0–15.3), almost all of them boys. Among children age 5–19, 20.6% were below -2 SD of the index Height-for age (95% CI 9.8–31.4), 19.4% of them boys and 22.2% girls. There were no obese children under 5 in both transit centers in Macedonia, and 11.8% were overweight (95% CI 0–24.1). Out of all children age 5–19, 23.4% were considered overweight or obese (95% CI 12.3–34.6), 19.4% of them boys and 28.6% girls, and 3.1% obese (95% CI 0–8.2).ConclusionsWhen compared to the prevalence of both undernutrition and overweight (including obesity) in children in Macedonia, refugee children have higher prevalence of stunting and wasting. Overnutrition coexisted with undernutrition in refugee children population, particularly among children age 5 to 19. Specific conditions and relatively small number of participants in the study should be taken into account when drawing general conclusions.

scholarly journals RISK FACTORS FOR UNDERNUTRITION IN CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE IN TENOM, SABAH, MALAYSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Eric Tan Chee How ◽  
Suzana Shahar ◽  
Fredie Robinson ◽  
Abdul Marsudi bin Manah ◽  
Mohd Yusof Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Composite Index ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children ◽  
Children Under 5

Undernutrition is the result of complex interplay of factors such as household food security, childcare, feeding practices, nutrition and sanitation. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of stunting, wasting, underweight based on WHO child growth standards 2006 and undernutrition based on Composite Index Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) and its association with the biological, behavioural, socio-economic and physical environment factors among children under-5 years. This was a cross sectional study involving children aged between 6 and 59 months recruited through stratified random sampling from the Tenom district. Sociodemographic background was obtained from mothers via a questionnaire. Height and weight measurements were measured using standardised instrument. The height-for-age, weight-for-age and BMI-for-age were classified according to the WHO Child Growth Standard 2006. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted. The prevalence of undernutrition based on CIAF was 42.3%, underweight 34.7%, stunting 33.3% and wasting 10.0%. After adjusting for all confounders, childhood undernutrition was significantly associated with unimproved sanitation (adjusted OR 2.98, 95% CI: 1.082 to 8.225) and frequent illness (adjusted OR 2.07, 95% CI: 1.015 to 3.274). These findings support the association of biological and physical environmental factors with the nutritional status of children under-5 years old.

scholarly journals Prevalence thresholds for wasting, overweight and stunting in children under 5 years

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes de Onis ◽  
Elaine Borghi ◽  
Mary Arimond ◽  
Patrick Webb ◽  
Trevor Croft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Growth ◽  
Advisory Group ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Expert Advisory ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Technical Expert ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Very High ◽  
Expert Advisory Group ◽  
Children Under 5

AbstractObjectivePrevalence ranges to classify levels of wasting and stunting have been used since the 1990s for global monitoring of malnutrition. Recent developments prompted a re-examination of existing ranges and development of new ones for childhood overweight. The present paper reports from the WHO–UNICEF Technical Expert Advisory Group on Nutrition Monitoring.DesignThresholds were developed in relation tosdof the normative WHO Child Growth Standards. The international definition of ‘normal’ (2sdbelow/above the WHO standards median) defines the first threshold, which includes 2·3 % of the area under the normalized distribution. Multipliers of this ‘very low’ level (rounded to 2·5 %) set the basis to establish subsequent thresholds. Country groupings using the thresholds were produced using the most recent set of national surveys.SettingOne hundred and thirty-four countries.SubjectsChildren under 5 years.ResultsFor wasting and overweight, thresholds are: ‘very low’ (<2·5 %), ‘low’ (≈1–2 times 2·5 %), ‘medium’ (≈2–4 times 2·5 %), ‘high’ (≈4–6 times 2·5 %) and ‘very high’ (>≈6 times 2·5 %). For stunting, thresholds are: ‘very low’ (<2·5 %), ‘low’ (≈1–4 times 2·5 %), ‘medium’ (≈4–8 times 2·5 %), ‘high’ (≈8–12 times 2·5 %) and ‘very high’ (>≈12 times 2·5 %).ConclusionsThe proposed thresholds minimize changes and keep coherence across anthropometric indicators. They can be used for descriptive purposes to map countries according to severity levels; by donors and global actors to identify priority countries for action; and by governments to trigger action and target programmes aimed at achieving ‘low’ or ‘very low’ levels. Harmonized terminology will help avoid confusion and promote appropriate interventions.

scholarly journals Maternal Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Relation to Child Malnutrition in Gauteng, South Africa: A Retrospective Analysis

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Perpetua Modjadji ◽  
Mpinane Pitso
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
World Health ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Current Tobacco

Tobacco and alcohol use among mothers is associated with numerous adverse consequences for affected offspring, including poor growth and development. This study determined the association between maternal tobacco and alcohol use, and malnutrition, among infants aged ≤ 12 months (n = 300), in selected health facilities situated in Gauteng, South Africa. Data on alcohol and tobacco use were collected using a validated questionnaire, in addition to mothers’ socio-demographic characteristics and obstetric history. Stunting (low height/length-for-age), underweight (low weight-for-age) and thinness (low body mass index-for-age) were calculated using z-scores based on the World Health Organization child growth standards. The association of tobacco and alcohol use with stunting, underweight and thinness was analysed using logistic regression analysis. The results showed a mean age of 29 years (24.0; 35.0) for mothers and 7.6 ± 3 months for infants, and over half of the mothers were unemployed (63%). Approximately 18.7% of mothers had used tobacco and 3% had used alcohol during pregnancy. The prevalence of current tobacco and alcohol use among mothers were estimated at 14.3% and 49.7%, respectively, and almost three-quarters (67.3%) of them were still breastfeeding during the study period. Stunting (55%) was the most prevalent malnutrition indicator among infants, while underweight was 41.7%, and thinness was 22%. Current tobacco use was associated with increased odds of being thin [OR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.09–5.45), and after adjusting for confounders, current alcohol use was associated with the likelihood of being underweight [AOR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.06–3.63] among infants. Future prospective cohort studies that examine growth patterns among infants who are exposed to maternal tobacco and alcohol use from the intrauterine life to infancy are necessary to inform, partly, the public health programmes, to reduce malnutrition among children.

scholarly journals Online News and Protest Participation in a Political Context: Evidence from Self-Reported Cross-Sectional Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 205630512098445
Author(s):  
Nora Kirkizh ◽  
Olessia Koltsova
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Online News ◽  
Political Context ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Internet Media ◽  
The Relationship

Availability of alternative information through social media, in particular, and digital media, in general, is often said to induce social discontent, especially in states where traditional media are under government control. But does this relation really exist, and is it generalizable? This article explores the relationship between self-reported online news consumption and protest participation across 48 nations in 2010–2014. Based on multilevel regression models and simulations, the analysis provides evidence that those respondents who reported that they had attended a protest at least once read news online daily or weekly. The study also shows that the magnitude of the effect varies depending on the political context: surprisingly, despite supposedly unlimited control of offline and online media, autocratic countries demonstrated higher effects of online news than transitional regimes, where the Internet media are relatively uninhibited.

scholarly journals Examining the Effects of the Sacramento Dockless E-Bike Share on Bicycling and Driving

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 368
Author(s):  
Dillon T. Fitch ◽  
Hossain Mohiuddin ◽  
Susan L. Handy
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Combine Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Bike Share

One way cities are looking to promote bicycling is by providing publicly or privately operated bike-share services, which enable individuals to rent bicycles for one-way trips. Although many studies have examined the use of bike-share services, little is known about how these services influence individual-level travel behavior more generally. In this study, we examine the behavior of users and non-users of a dockless, electric-assisted bike-share service in the Sacramento region of California. This service, operated by Jump until suspended due to the coronavirus pandemic, was one of the largest of its kind in the U.S., and spanned three California cities: Sacramento, West Sacramento, and Davis. We combine data from a repeat cross-sectional before-and-after survey of residents and a longitudinal panel survey of bike-share users with the goal of examining how the service influenced individual-level bicycling and driving. Results from multilevel regression models suggest that the effect of bike-share on average bicycling and driving at the population level is likely small. However, our results indicate that people who have used-bike share are likely to have increased their bicycling because of bike-share.

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