scholarly journals Change of Stunting, Wasting and Overweight Among Children Under 5 in China During 2000–2010 (P11-099-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Si ◽  
Yuying Wang ◽  
Suying Chang ◽  
Wenhua Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Cluster Method ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Children Under 5

Abstract Objectives To describe the change of children under 5 years old that are stunted, wasted or overweight without overlapping status in China during 2000–2010. Methods Data from 2000, 2005, and 2010 were sourced from the National Food and Nutrition Surveillance System. About 16 000 children under 5 years old were selected using a stratified random cluster method from 40 surveillance sites. Anthropometric measurements for children under 5 were conducted. Nutritional status was determined according to WHO child growth standards (2006).Stunting, wasting and overweight is defined as HAZ < -2 SD, WHZ < -2 SD and WHZ > + 2SD respectively. Results The prevalence of wasting only remained less than 3%(2.05%, 2.55%, and 2.03%); the prevalence of stunting only declined from 18.70% in 2000 to 8.77% in 2010; the prevalence of overweight only increased from 2.56% in 2000 to 5.62% in 2010; the prevalence of stunting, wasting or overweight declined from 24.55% in 2000 to 17.60% in 2010; the same trends were found in urban and rural areas during 2000–2010. Conclusions The prevalence of stunting is decreasing, and childhood overweight has increased dramatically in China that need for effective interventions. Funding Sources Unicef China Office; Ministry of Science and Technology, Special survey of basic science and technology resources 2017FY101107.

scholarly journals Forecasting the progress towards the target of Millennium Development Goal 1C in children under 5 years of age in Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1728-1736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Tanvir Hasan ◽  
Ricardo J Soares Magalhaes ◽  
Gail M Williams ◽  
Abdullah A Mamun
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
National Level ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Millennium Development Goal ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Children Under 5

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the average annual rates of reduction of stunting, underweight and wasting for the period 1996 to 2011, and to evaluate whether Bangladesh will be expected to achieve the target of Millennium Development Goal 1C of reducing the prevalence of underweight by half by 2015.DesignWe used five nationwide, cross-sectional, Demographic and Health Survey data sets to estimate prevalence of undernutrition defined by stunting, underweight and wasting among children under 5 years of age using the WHO child growth standards. We then computed the average annual rates of reduction of prevalence of undernutrition using the formula derived by UNICEF. Finally, we projected the prevalence of undernutrition for the year 2015 using the estimated average annual rates of reduction.SettingNationwide covering Bangladesh.SubjectsChildren under 5 years of age (n 28 941).ResultsThe prevalence of stunting decreased by 18·8 % (from 60·0 % to 41·2 %), underweight by 16·0 % (from 52·2 % to 36·2 %) and wasting by 5·1 % (from 20·6 % to 15·5 %) during 1996 to 2011. The overall average annual rates of reduction were 2·84 %, 2·69 % and 2·47 %, respectively, for stunting, underweight and wasting. We forecast that in 2015, the prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting will be 36·7 %, 32·5 % and 14·0 %, respectively, at the national level. The prevalence of undernutrition is likely to remain high in rural areas, in the Sylhet division and in the poorest wealth quintile.ConclusionsBangladesh is likely to achieve the Millennium Development Goal 1C target of reducing the prevalence of underweight by half by 2015. However, it is falling behind in reducing stunting and further investment is needed to reduce individual, household and environmental determinants of stunting in Bangladesh.

Effect of Economic Reforms on Child Growth in Urban and Rural Areas of China

1996 ◽  
Vol 335 (6) ◽  
pp. 400-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiefu Shen ◽  
Jean-Pierre Habicht ◽  
Ying Chang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

scholarly journals Strategies for Autism Diagnosis and Care in Resource Deprived Settings in Africa: An Overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
Yewande Olufunmilayo Oshodi ◽  
Elizabeth Adebola Campbell ◽  
Foluso Ebun Afolabi Lesi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Culturally Appropriate ◽  
Autism Diagnosis ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Support Research

Background and Goals: Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) exist in Africa as they do everywhere in the world. Historically they have been under recognized and under studied. The aim of this paper is to review the existing challenges of ASD care and diagnosis in Africa, with a view to describing workable unique strategies deployable within the continent. Methods: We present an overview of the existing medical literature and summarize key findings in relation to the topic of ASD in Africa. First, as a preliminary step, we highlight key findings from previous epidemiological surveys. Second, we undertook a review of relevant available evidence from the various African regions. When the authors were familiar with additional local or regional scientific works, these were also used and referenced. Discussion: There has been a growing awareness of the extent to which ASDs exist and have an impact on affected individuals and their families. There are many barriers to diagnosis and effective interventions. These include lack of trained personnel, stigma and cultural beliefs regarding etiology, disparities in resources between urban and rural areas, and poverty. Nonetheless, partnerships to support research and the development of culturally appropriate interventions can be developed and strengths exist in the communities that can be harnessed to improve care.

scholarly journals Stunting Distribution in Mexico, An Unsolved Problem

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1391-1391
Author(s):  
Lucia Cuevas-Nasu ◽  
Teresa Shamah-Levy ◽  
MarcoAntonio Avila Arcos ◽  
Luz María Gómez-Acosta
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
The South ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Children Development

Abstract Objectives To update the stunting prevalence among Mexican preschool children and its association with socio demographic variables and social development programs. Results from National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018 (ENSANUT 2018). Methods ENSANUT-2018 is a national survey based on a multistage, stratified design. It is representative of the urban and rural areas and the four regions of Mexico: north, central, south and Mexico City and is comparable with the national surveys conducted in Mexico since 1988. In 2018, the sample consisted of 3868 preschool-age children (9 million 738 thousand subjects aged 0–4 years). Measurements included weight and height. The stunting, low weight and wasting (&lt;−2 SD of z-score) prevalence's were obtained according to OMS 2006. Prevalences were adjusted for study design. Results Currently in Mexico, the stunting prevalence is 16.3%, that represent a million and a half of preschool children in such condition. In 2012 this cipher was three percentage points lower (13.6%). Low weight and wasting are at present 5.0% and 1.4% respectively. In rural localities from the south region of the Country stunting prevalence is 20%. In 40% of the households with low or very low Socioeconomic Index (NSE) a stunted preschool child lives. To inhabit in rural localities from the south of the country and live in a household with low NSE is positively associated with stunting in Mexico. Conclusions Mexico shows a slight increase of the stunting prevalence in contrast with the seen on previous decades. Chronical malnutrition is a risk factor for health, survival and children development, due to this, efforts must be enhanced for its control and prevention. Funding Sources Supported by Ministry of Health, Mexico.

scholarly journals Food insecurity and malnutrition in Chinese elementary school students

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (6) ◽  
pp. 952-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuhua Shen ◽  
Xiang Gao ◽  
Wenjing Tang ◽  
Xuanxia Mao ◽  
Jingyan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Elementary School Students ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Severe Malnutrition ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
School Students ◽  
Growth Standards

AbstractIt has been shown that food insecurity is associated with poor diet quality and unfavourable health outcomes. However, little is known about the potential effects of food insecurity on the overall malnutrition status among children. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of food insecurity among 1583 elementary school students, aged 6–14 years, living in Chinese rural areas and examined its association with four malnutrition signs, including rickets sequelae, anaemia, stunting and wasting. Information on food security was collected via questionnaires. Rickets sequelae were assessed by an experienced paediatrician during the interview. Anaemia was determined by the WHO Hb thresholds adjusted by the local altitude. Weight and height were measured during the interview. Stunting and wasting were then evaluated according to WHO child growth standards (2007). We examined the association between food insecurity and the number of malnutrition signs (total number=4), and the likelihood of having severe malnutrition (presence of 3+ signs), after adjusting for potential confounders, such as age, social-economic status and dietary intakes. During the previous 12 months, the overall prevalence of food insecurity was 6·1 % in the entire studied population and 16·3 % in participants with severe malnutrition. Participants with food insecurity had a slightly higher number of malnutrition signs (1·14 v. 0·96; P=0·043) relative to those who were food secure, after adjusting for potential confounders. Food insecurity was also associated with increased likelihood of having severe malnutrition (adjusted OR 3·08; 95 % CI 1·47, 6·46; P=0·003). In conclusion, food insecurity is significantly associated with malnutrition among Chinese children in this community.

scholarly journals Prevalence of malnutrition among refugee children traveling on “Balkan Route”

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Spiroski ◽  
Danche Gudeva Nikovska
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Refugee Children ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Children Under 5

AbstractIntroduction:Undernutrition indicates a lack of the necessary energy, macro or micronutrients in person's dietary intake. Overnutrition usually refers to existence of overweight and obesity. The objective of our study was to assess the prevalence of both undernutrition and overweight and obesity among refugee children population, traveling on so-called “Balkan route” from Syria and Iraq towards Western Europe, temporally situated in two transit centers in Macedonia, one at the south of the country (camp Gevgelija) and one at north (camp Tabanovce).Methods:Total of 99 children aged 0 to 19 years were measured for their height and weight. Of those children 35 were at the age of 0 to 5 years and 64 at the age of 5 to 19 years. WHO's child growth standards and references were used to assess the nutritional status of measured children. Undernutrition was defined through stunting and wasting, as below -2 standard deviations (SD) of the Height-for-age and Weight-for-height indexes. Overweight and obesity were defined as above + 1 and + 2 SD of the z-score for BMI-for-age index respectively for children age 5 to 19 and above + 2 and + 3 SD for Weight-for-height index for children up to 5 years of age.Results:Out of all children are 0–5, 26,5% were stunted (95% CI 10.2–42.8), 31,3% of them boys and 22.2% girls. In this population of children 5.9% were moderately wasted (95% CI 0–15.3), almost all of them boys. Among children age 5–19, 20.6% were below -2 SD of the index Height-for age (95% CI 9.8–31.4), 19.4% of them boys and 22.2% girls. There were no obese children under 5 in both transit centers in Macedonia, and 11.8% were overweight (95% CI 0–24.1). Out of all children age 5–19, 23.4% were considered overweight or obese (95% CI 12.3–34.6), 19.4% of them boys and 28.6% girls, and 3.1% obese (95% CI 0–8.2).ConclusionsWhen compared to the prevalence of both undernutrition and overweight (including obesity) in children in Macedonia, refugee children have higher prevalence of stunting and wasting. Overnutrition coexisted with undernutrition in refugee children population, particularly among children age 5 to 19. Specific conditions and relatively small number of participants in the study should be taken into account when drawing general conclusions.

scholarly journals RISK FACTORS FOR UNDERNUTRITION IN CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE IN TENOM, SABAH, MALAYSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Eric Tan Chee How ◽  
Suzana Shahar ◽  
Fredie Robinson ◽  
Abdul Marsudi bin Manah ◽  
Mohd Yusof Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Composite Index ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children ◽  
Children Under 5

Undernutrition is the result of complex interplay of factors such as household food security, childcare, feeding practices, nutrition and sanitation. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of stunting, wasting, underweight based on WHO child growth standards 2006 and undernutrition based on Composite Index Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) and its association with the biological, behavioural, socio-economic and physical environment factors among children under-5 years. This was a cross sectional study involving children aged between 6 and 59 months recruited through stratified random sampling from the Tenom district. Sociodemographic background was obtained from mothers via a questionnaire. Height and weight measurements were measured using standardised instrument. The height-for-age, weight-for-age and BMI-for-age were classified according to the WHO Child Growth Standard 2006. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted. The prevalence of undernutrition based on CIAF was 42.3%, underweight 34.7%, stunting 33.3% and wasting 10.0%. After adjusting for all confounders, childhood undernutrition was significantly associated with unimproved sanitation (adjusted OR 2.98, 95% CI: 1.082 to 8.225) and frequent illness (adjusted OR 2.07, 95% CI: 1.015 to 3.274). These findings support the association of biological and physical environmental factors with the nutritional status of children under-5 years old.

scholarly journals How Has Early Marriage, a Critical Social Determinant of Child Stunting and Wasting, Changed over a Decade in South Asia? Trends, Inequities and Drivers, 2005 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1484-1484
Author(s):  
Samuel Scott ◽  
Phuong Nguyen ◽  
Sumanta Neupane ◽  
Priyanjana Pramanik ◽  
Priya Nanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Social Determinant ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Poor Child ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Regression Decomposition

Abstract Objectives In South Asia, many women are married before their 18th birthday and give birth soon after. Delaying marriage is an attractive nutrition policy target as previous research shows that early marriage (EM) is associated with poor child growth outcomes, operating through many pathways. We sought to describe the prevalence, trends, inequities and predictors of EM in South Asia. Methods We used Demographic and Health Survey data available in the last 15 years for 7 South Asian countries: Afghanistan (AF; 2015), Bangladesh (BG; 2007, 2014), India (IN; 2006, 2016), Maldives (MV; 2009, 2017), Nepal (NP; 2005, 2016), and Pakistan (PK; 2007, 2018). EM was defined as the percentage of women aged 20–24 years who were married before 18 years of age. Our analyses included 133,680 women. The prevalence and absolute burden in terms of number of individuals affected were estimated for each survey round. Relative trends were examined using average annual rate of reduction (AARR). Inequities were examined by geography, wealth, place of residence, and education. Regression decomposition was used to examine the contribution of improvements in wealth and education to EM reductions. Results The most recent rounds of data show that EM is common in BG (69%), AF (52%), NP (52%), IN (41%), and PK (37%) but not MV (4%). IN accounts for 68% of the regional burden, with 21.9 million women married early in 2016. The fastest reductions in EM have occurred in IN (59% to 41% over 10 years, an AARR of −3.8% per year), PK (−2.8% per year), and BG (−1.5% per year). EM prevalence varies subnationally, e.g., from 5% to 52% for states within IN in 2016. Equity analysis shows that EM disproportionately burdens women who are poor, uneducated, and live in rural areas. Progress in narrowing these inequalities has been slow in the past decade. When examining predictors of EM, completion of secondary school was associated with a 20% (PK) to 36% (NP) lower EM prevalence. Decomposition analysis shows that improvements in wealth and education alone predicted between 46% (PK) and 96% (NP) of the actual EM reduction. Conclusions EM remains highly prevalent in South Asia and trends indicate an enduring problem. The nutrition community should invest in building linkages with researchers and practitioners to further understand and address this important social determinant of poor child growth. Funding Sources A4NH/IFPRI.

scholarly journals Stunting coexisting with overweight in 2·0–4·9-year-old Indonesian children: prevalence, trends and associated risk factors from repeated cross-sectional surveys

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (15) ◽  
pp. 2698-2707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cut Novianti Rachmi ◽  
Kingsley Emwinyore Agho ◽  
Mu Li ◽  
Louise Alison Baur
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Indonesian Family Life Survey ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

AbstractObjectiveThe persistence of undernutrition, along with overweight and obesity, constitute the double burden of malnutrition. The present study aimed to: (i) describe the prevalence and trends of concurrent stunting and overweight in Indonesian children; (ii) identify potentially associated risk factors; and (iii) determine whether stunted children are at greater risk of overweight compared with those of healthy height.DesignA secondary data analysis of children aged 2·0–4·9 years in four cross-sectional studies of the Indonesian Family Life Survey. Children’s height and BMI Z-scores were calculated based on the WHO Child Growth Standards (2006). We defined ‘concurrent stunting and overweight’ as height-for-age Z-score <−2 and BMI Z-score >+1. Multivariate generalised linear latent and mixed models were used to determine associated risk factors.SettingThirteen out of twenty-seven provinces in Indonesia.SubjectsChildren (n 4101) from four waves of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (1993–2007).ResultsThere were inconsistent trends in the prevalence of concurrent stunting and overweight from waves 1 to 4. Children were more likely to be stunted and overweight when they were in the youngest age group (2·0–2·9 years), were weaned after the age of 6 months, had short-statured mothers or lived in rural areas. Stunted children were significantly more likely to be overweight than healthy-height children (OR>1) but did not differ significantly different across each wave (OR=1·34–2·01).ConclusionsConcurrent stunting and overweight occurs in Indonesian children aged 2·0–4·9 years. Current policies and programmes need to be tailored for the management of this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Prevalence thresholds for wasting, overweight and stunting in children under 5 years

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes de Onis ◽  
Elaine Borghi ◽  
Mary Arimond ◽  
Patrick Webb ◽  
Trevor Croft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Growth ◽  
Advisory Group ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Expert Advisory ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Technical Expert ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Very High ◽  
Expert Advisory Group ◽  
Children Under 5

AbstractObjectivePrevalence ranges to classify levels of wasting and stunting have been used since the 1990s for global monitoring of malnutrition. Recent developments prompted a re-examination of existing ranges and development of new ones for childhood overweight. The present paper reports from the WHO–UNICEF Technical Expert Advisory Group on Nutrition Monitoring.DesignThresholds were developed in relation tosdof the normative WHO Child Growth Standards. The international definition of ‘normal’ (2sdbelow/above the WHO standards median) defines the first threshold, which includes 2·3 % of the area under the normalized distribution. Multipliers of this ‘very low’ level (rounded to 2·5 %) set the basis to establish subsequent thresholds. Country groupings using the thresholds were produced using the most recent set of national surveys.SettingOne hundred and thirty-four countries.SubjectsChildren under 5 years.ResultsFor wasting and overweight, thresholds are: ‘very low’ (<2·5 %), ‘low’ (≈1–2 times 2·5 %), ‘medium’ (≈2–4 times 2·5 %), ‘high’ (≈4–6 times 2·5 %) and ‘very high’ (>≈6 times 2·5 %). For stunting, thresholds are: ‘very low’ (<2·5 %), ‘low’ (≈1–4 times 2·5 %), ‘medium’ (≈4–8 times 2·5 %), ‘high’ (≈8–12 times 2·5 %) and ‘very high’ (>≈12 times 2·5 %).ConclusionsThe proposed thresholds minimize changes and keep coherence across anthropometric indicators. They can be used for descriptive purposes to map countries according to severity levels; by donors and global actors to identify priority countries for action; and by governments to trigger action and target programmes aimed at achieving ‘low’ or ‘very low’ levels. Harmonized terminology will help avoid confusion and promote appropriate interventions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document