scholarly journals Impact of N-Acetylcysteine on the Gut Microbiota in the Piglets Infected With Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Wu ◽  
Yang Lyu ◽  
Xueni Li ◽  
Mengjun Wu ◽  
Kui Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea ◽  
The Impact

This study was to investigate the impact of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the gut microbiota in the healthy piglets and the piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Forty seven-day-old piglets were allocated into four groups: control group, NAC group (supplemented with 50 mg/kg body weight NAC), PEDV group (inoculated with 104.5 TCID50 PEDV), and PEDV+NAC group (PEDV infection + NAC supplementation). The intestinal content was collected for DNA extraction and Illumina sequencing. The PEDV-infected piglets displayed distinct bacterial communities compared to the healthy piglets. PEDV infection decreased the abundance of Shigella and increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Odoribacter, Anaerovibrio, Helicobacter, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, and Sutterella; affected several functions associated with metabolism, barrier, and immune. NAC supplementation decreased the abundance of unclassified Rikenellaceae and increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus in the healthy piglets, decreased the abundance of Oscillospira and Prevotella and increased the abundance of Lactobacillus in the PEDV-infected piglets; altered multiple functions involving in amino acid metabolism, cell signaling, cellular community, disease-related pathways, endocrine, and excretory system. In conclusion, PEDV infection caused severe dysbiosis of gut microbiome, whereas NAC supplementation played a positive role in regulating the gut microbiome during PEDV infection. Therefore, substances that can regulate gut microbiota could be ideal candidates to prevent or treat PEDV infection.

scholarly journals Impact of dietary spray-dried bovine plasma addition on pigs infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-357
Author(s):  
Mark A Duffy ◽  
Qi Chen ◽  
Jianqiang Zhang ◽  
Patrick G Halbur ◽  
Tanja Opriessnig
Keyword(s):  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea ◽  
Spray Dried

Abstract Experimental data suggest that the addition of spray-dried plasma (SDP) to pig feed may enhance antibody responses against certain pathogens and negatively impact virus survival. The benefit of SDP on Escherichia coli infection is well documented. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of bovine SDP (BovSDP) in the pig diet on acute porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection. A total of 16 3-wk-old conventional crossbred pigs were used and divided into three groups. Treatments included 1) a negative control group fed a commercial diet and sham inoculated with commercial liquid porcine plasma (n = 3), 2) a positive control group fed a commercial diet and inoculated with PEDV-spiked porcine plasma (PEDV; n = 8), and 3) a third group of pigs fed the commercial diet with inclusion of 5% spray-dried bovine plasma and inoculated with PEDV-spiked porcine plasma (BovSDP; n = 5). Although clinical signs associated with PEDV infection were mild in the BovSDP group, two of eight pigs in the PEDV group developed moderate clinical disease and had to be euthanized. The PEDV IgG and IgA antibody levels and prevalence rates were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the PEDV–BovSDP group compared with the PEDV group at 7 d postinoculation. The average fecal PEDV RNA shedding time was 7.2 ± 1.0 d for the PEDV–BovSDP group and 9.3 ± 1.1 d for the PEDV group with an overall time to clearance of PEDV shedding of 11 d for PEDV–BovSDP pigs and at least 14 d for PEDV pigs, which was not different (P = 0.215). The results indicate that addition of BovSDP induced an earlier anti-PEDV antibody response in pigs experimentally infected with PEDV thereby reducing clinical disease and the amount and duration of viral shedding during acute PEDV infection.

scholarly journals Parenterally Administered Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus-Like Particle-Based Vaccine Formulated with CCL25/28 Chemokines Induces Systemic and Mucosal Immune Protectivity in Pigs

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1122
Author(s):  
Chin-Wei Hsu ◽  
Ming-Hao Chang ◽  
Hui-Wen Chang ◽  
Tzong-Yuan Wu ◽  
Yen-Chen Chang
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea

Generation of a safe, economical, and effective vaccine capable of inducing mucosal immunity is critical for the development of vaccines against enteric viral diseases. In the current study, virus-like particles (VLPs) containing the spike (S), membrane (M), and envelope (E) structural proteins of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) expressed by the novel polycistronic baculovirus expression vector were generated. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the PEDV VLPs formulated with or without mucosal adjuvants of CCL25 and CCL28 (CCL25/28) were evaluated in post-weaning pigs. While pigs intramuscularly immunized with VLPs alone were capable of eliciting systemic anti-PEDV S-specific IgG and cellular immunity, co-administration of PEDV VLPs with CCL25/28 could further modulate the immune responses by enhancing systemic anti-PEDV S-specific IgG, mucosal IgA, and cellular immunity. Upon challenge with PEDV, both VLP-immunized groups showed milder clinical signs with reduced fecal viral shedding as compared to the control group. Furthermore, pigs immunized with VLPs adjuvanted with CCL25/28 showed superior immune protection against PEDV. Our results suggest that VLPs formulated with CCL25/28 may serve as a potential PEDV vaccine candidate and the same strategy may serve as a platform for the development of other enteric viral vaccines.

scholarly journals Prevalence and factors associated to contamination from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus during the transportation of pigs to slaughterhouses in Colombia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria del Pilar Pineda Ortiz ◽  
Johanna Paola Corrales Morales ◽  
Gilma Hernández Herrera ◽  
Carlos Enrique Trillos Pena ◽  
Diana Corina Zambrano Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Pressurized Water ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes acute diarrhea, dehydration, and high mortality in newborn piglets and has caused high economic impact in the swine industry in the United States and Asia. Until March 2014, PED was an exotic disease in Colombia. This study was carried out at the beginning of the spread of PEDV in the country, and its main objective was to determine the prevalence and factors associated to the contamination of PEDV in the transportation of pigs to the slaughterhouses in Colombia through environmental samples analyzed by RT-PCR. 518 pig trucks in the 32 main slaughterhouses, were sampled and the drivers of the trucks fulfilled a questionnaire. The prevalence of PEDV at the entrance of the slaughterhouses was 71.8% (CI 95%: 70.8-72.8) versus 70.5% (CI 95%: 69.5-71.5) at the slaughterhouse exit, and there was no evidence of significant differences between both rates. (McNemar value p: 0.375). The factors that increased the possibility of truck contamination were: vehicles that visit national slaughterhouses (OR 15.9 95% CI: 4.9–51.85) and that visit national –export type (OR 9.0 95% CI: 2.20–36.91), trucks with mobility in area of ​​greatest slaughter (OR 9.05 95% CI: 2.9-27.63), the non-exclusive use of vehicles to transport pigs (OR 3.75 95% CI: 1.55-9.08) and visit animal feed mills (OR 13.5 95% CI: 4.1– 44.12). The factors identified that reduce the possibility of contamination were cleanliness of the body truck (OR 0.089 95% CI: 0.03-0.23) and the cabin (OR 0.16 95%CI: 0.08-0.31), use of disinfectant (OR 0.32 95% CI:0.16-0.62), pressurized water (OR 0.38 95% CI:0.15-0.95), and back pump (OR 0.17 95% CI:0.08-0.35) and the exclusive use of the vehicle for pig transportation (OR 0.36 95% CI: 0.19-0.70). The results showed that the high grade of mobilization of the trucks to points of concentration, failures in biosecurity and virus survival characteristics, enabled the spread of PEDV, turning it into an endemic disease in Colombia; however, the measures implemented by the farmers mitigated the impact of the disease. We evidenced the need of standardizing and regulating biosecurity protocols for slaughterhouses, pig transportation and farms.

scholarly journals Evaluation of antiviral activity of Bacillus licheniformis-fermented products against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

AMB Express ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju-Yi Peng ◽  
Yi-Bing Horng ◽  
Ching-Ho Wu ◽  
Chia-Yu Chang ◽  
Yen-Chen Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fermented Products

AbstractBacillus licheniformis (B. licheniformis) is commonly used as probiotic and its secondary metabolites are attractive anti-microbial candidate. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the antiviral activity of crude extracts from B. licheniformis against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a highly contagious enveloped porcine virus that has caused great economic loss in pigs. In vivo, PEDV-infected piglets supplemented with air-dried solid state fermentative cultivate containing B. licheniformis-fermented products (BLFP) showed milder clinical symptoms and decreased viral shedding. Importantly, no significant systemic pathological lesions and no reduction in average daily gain were noted in pigs supplemented with the BLFP, which suggests that it is safe for use in pigs. In vitro experiments revealed that while B. licheniformis crude extracts exhibited no toxicity in Vero cells, co-cultivation of B. licheniformis crude extracts with PEDV significantly reduced viral infection and replication. Summarized current results suggest that the B. licheniformis-fermented products could be a novel candidate food additive for reducing the impact of PED on the swine industry.

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection Induced the Unbalance of Gut Microbiota in Piglets

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 643-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuyun Liu ◽  
Lele Zhao ◽  
Zhengxiao Zhai ◽  
Wenjing Zhao ◽  
Jinmei Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea

scholarly journals Effect of pelleting on survival of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus–contaminated feed

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 1170-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Cochrane ◽  
L. L. Schumacher ◽  
S. S. Dritz ◽  
J. C. Woodworth ◽  
A. R. Huss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Heat Sensitivity ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a heat-sensitive virus that has devastated the U.S. swine industry. Because of its heat sensitivity, we hypothesized that a steam conditioner and pellet mill mimicking traditional commercial thermal processing may mitigate PEDV infectivity. Pelleting, a common feed processing method, includes the use of steam and shear forces, resulting in increased temperature of the processed feed. Two thermal processing experiments were designed to determine if different pellet mill conditioner retention times and temperatures would impact PEDV quantity and infectivity by analysis of quantitative reverse transcription PCR and bioassay. In Exp. 1, a 3 · 3 · 2 factorial design was used with 3 pelleting temperatures (68.3, 79.4, and 90.6°C), 3 conditioning times (45, 90, or 180 s), and 2 doses of viral inoculation (low, 1 · 102 tissue culture infectious dose50 (the concentration used to see cytopathic effect in 50% of the cells)/g, or high, 1 · 104 tissue culture infectious dose50/g). Noninoculated and PEDV-inoculated unprocessed mash were used as controls. The low-dose PEDV–infected mash had 6.8 ± 1.8 cycle threshold (Ct) greater (P < 0.05) PEDV than the high-dose mash. Regardless of time or temperature, pelleting reduced (P < 0.05) the quantity of detectable viral PEDV RNA compared with the PEDV-inoculated unprocessed mash. Fecal swabs from pigs inoculated with the PEDV-positive unprocessed mash, regardless of dose, were clinically PEDV positive from 2 to 7 d (end of the trial) after inoculation. However, if either PEDV dose of inoculated feed was pelleted at any of the 9 tested conditioning time · temperature combinations, no PEDV RNA was detected in fecal swabs or cecum content. Based on Exp. 1 results, a second experiment was developed to determine the impact of lower processing temperatures on PEDV quantity and infectivity. In Exp. 2, PEDV-inoculated feed was pelleted at 1 of 5 conditioning temperatures (37.8, 46.1, 54.4, 62.8, and 71.1°C) for 30 s. The 5 increasing processing temperatures led to feed with respective mean Ct values of 32.5, 34.6, 37.0, 36.5, and 36.7, respectively. All samples had detectable PEDV RNA. However, infectivity was detected by bioassay only in pigs from the 37.8 and 46.1°C conditioning temperatures. Experiment 2 results suggest conditioning and pelleting temperatures above 54.4°C could be effective in reducing the quantity and infectivity of PEDV in swine feed. However, additional research is needed to prevent subsequent recontamination after pelleting as it is a point-in-time mitigation step.

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